Accounts receivable turnover acid-test (quick) ratio alpha asset utilization Barron's confidence index beta book value per share cash flow from operations cash ratios chi-square (X2) test cost-volume formula current ratio decision tree economic order quantity (EOQ) elasticity of demand exponential smoothing future value of $1 instability index in earnings least squares (regression) mix and yield variances net asset value operating ratio opportunity cost present value of $1 price/book value ratio price-earnings ratio reorder point risk measures sampling formulas scattergraph method shadow prices simple rate of return standard deviation sunk costs trend analysis trend equation valuation of earnings value of stock right weighted-average yield on a stock z score.