Acid Secretion In Stomach Research Articles

Gastric Cancer associated with the use of Omeprazole in Adults

Introduction: proton pump inhibitors constitute a group of drugs used to suppress stomach acid secretion and whose consumption has intensified worldwide due to their consideration as the most effective gastric protectors, omeprazole being one of the most widely used. Objectives: to analyze the existence of gastric cancer risk due to long-term use of omeprazole in adults.Methods: a search for information was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar. Search formulas were used by combining the terms: “Omeprazole”, “Cancer Gastric”, “Omeprazole and Adverse effects”, “Omeprazole and Helicobacter Pylori”. From the total number of articles identified, after the screening process, 8 articles were chosen for the present study.Results: Prolonged treatment with omeprazole can induce histological changes in the gastric mucosa, including hyperplasia, increased gastrin-producing cells, atrophic gastritis and increased colonization of Helicobacter pylori. A rebound acid hypersecretion has been observed after discontinuation of treatment, persisting for at least two months. Endocrine hyperplasia may result from suppression of acid secretion, causing hypergastrinemia and increasing the risk of malignant lesions.Conclusions: information has been compiled on the effects of prolonged use of omeprazole and its relationship with gastric carcinoma. This use is becoming more frequent, which underlines the need to investigate its long-term effects, since it may alter gastric histoarchitecture and predispose to cancer

Consequences of long-term therapy with proton pump inhibitors

Introduction and purpose:
 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were first developed in the late 1970s and introduced to the market in 1989. They are one of the most commonly prescribed medications worldwide.
 PPIs reduce gastric acid secretion in the stomach by inhibiting the hydrogen-potassium ATPase enzyme. They have revolutionized the treatment of diseases related to excessive stomach acid secretion. Among the drugs belonging to this class, we should mention omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, dexlansoprasole and rabeprazole. 
 A brief description of the state of knowledge:
 Since the 1990s, the use of proton pump inhibitors has been consistently increasing. Doctors prescribe these drugs more frequently, in higher doses, and for longer durations, although such practices are only sometimes fully justified.
 Although using them for a short period (less than eight weeks) is relatively safe, there is growing evidence of possible risks linked to their extended use. Many studies highlight the impact of long-term therapy on the development of tumors, deficiencies in micronutrients, the functioning of the skeletal, urinary, nervous, and cardiovascular systems, and the development of infections and diabetes. 
 Summary (conclusions):
 Indeed, long-term therapy with proton pump inhibitors has an impact on the functioning of the body. Considering the increasing popularity of proton pump inhibitors and their expanding use, it is worth contemplating a more prudent prescription of these drugs by doctors.
 It should also be noted that the majority of studies are based on prescription PPIs. Future researchers must also take over-the-counter (OTC) medications into account.

Proton Pump Inhibitors and Cognitive Health: Review on Unraveling the Dementia Connection and Co-morbid Risks.

Dementia, an international health issue distinguished by the impairment of daily functioning due to cognitive decline, currently affects more than 55 million people worldwide, with the majority residing in low-income and middle-income countries. Globally, dementia entails significant economic burdens in 2019, amounting to a cost of 1.3 trillion US dollars. Informal caregivers devote considerable hours to providing care for those affected. Dementia imposes a greater caregiving and disability-adjusted life-year burden on women. A recent study has established a correlation between prolonged Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) usage and dementia, in addition to other neurodegenerative conditions. PPIs are frequently prescribed to treat peptic ulcers and GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) by decreasing stomach acid secretion. They alleviate acid-related symptoms through the inhibition of acid-secreting H+-K+ ATPase. In a number of observational studies, cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly have been linked to the use of PPIs. The precise mechanism underlying this relationship is unknown. These drugs might also alter the pH of brain cells, resulting in the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides and the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the compelling evidence supporting the association of PPIs with dementia, the results of studies remain inconsistent. The absence of a correlation between PPI use and cognitive decline in some studies emphasizes the need for additional research. Chronic PPI use can conceal underlying conditions, including cancer, celiac disease, vitamin B12 deficiency, and renal injury, highlighting dementia risk and the need for further investigations on cognitive health.

Compounds Interacting with Cholecystokinin as Potential Drugs Against Excessive Weight Gain and Obesity

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide family that functions pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction, intestinal motility, satiety, and stomach acid secretion. The CCK peptides are derived from pro-CCK with a specific amino acid sequence (Asp, Tyr, Met, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp, and Phe) at their C-terminus, where the Tyr residue is sulfated. The CCK peptides are ligands of the CCK receptors 1 (CCK1) and 2 (CCK2). In this study, we propose an approach for treating overweight and obese patients, preventing or reducing CCK1 activation using compounds that specifically interact with CCK peptides to regulate their interactions with CCK1. The compounds were selected by molecular docking using a chemical library with the selected residues (Asp, Tyr, Met, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp, and Phe) in CCK. Their effects were evaluated in a diet-induced obese mice model. We show that compounds K2 and K5 decreased and maintained the body weight of the diet-induced obese mice model, respectively, likely by preventing/hindering interactions between CCK peptides and CCK1, modifying its activity. This study demonstrates another approach to treating overweight and obesity by regulating CCK1 functions. The K2 and K5 compounds have properties supporting their continued development as new drugs against these risk factors.

Inhibition of gastric acid secretion with omeprazole affects fish specific dynamic action and growth rate: Implications for the development of phenotypic stomach loss.

An acid-secreting stomach provides many selective advantages to fish and other vertebrates; however, phenotypic stomach loss has occurred independently multiple times and is linked to loss of expression of both the gastric proton pump and the protease pepsin. Reasons underpinning stomach loss remain uncertain. Understanding the importance of gastric acid-secretion to the metabolic costs of digestion and growth will provide information about the metabolic expense of acid-production and performance. In this study, omeprazole, a well characterized gastric proton pump inhibitor, was used to simulate the agastric phenotype by significantly inhibiting gastric acidification in Nile tilapia. The effects on post-prandial metabolic rate and growth were assessed using intermittent flow respirometry and growth trials, respectively. Omeprazole reduced the duration (34.4%) and magnitude (34.5%) of the specific dynamic action and specific growth rate (21.3%) suggesting a decrease in digestion and assimilation of the meal. Gastric pH was measured in control and omeprazole treated fish to confirm that gastric acid secretion was inhibited for up to 12 h post-treatment (p < 0.05). Gastric evacuation measurements confirm a more rapid emptying of the stomach in omeprazole treated fish. These findings reinforce the importance of stomach acidification in digestion and growth and present a novel way of determining costs of gastric digestion.

THE GASTRO-PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF UVARIA OVATA VIA ULCER SCORES, EXTRACTIBLE MUCUS, GASTRIC ACID SECRETION AND GASTRIC ACTIVITY USING RAT MODELS

The gastro-protective effect of ethanolic root extract of Uvaria ovata through ulcer scores, extractible mucus weight, stomach acid secretion and gastric activity was studied using rat models. A total of 40 Wistar rats were used for this study. The animals were separated into 2 experimental groups, namely: chronic (15 rats) and acute (25 rats), with rats in both groups weighing between 100-140g. For the chronic group, group 1 served as the control and received normal feed and distilled water only, group 2 were given low dose of 500mg/kg of Uvaria ovata root extract orally along with food and water, and group 3 were given high dose of 1000mg/kg of Uvaria ovata root extract orally along with feed and water for 30 days respectively. In the acute study, group 1 received no administration, group 2 were used as the negative control and were administered 800mg/kg of Aspirin. Group 3, which constituted the positive control, were administered 4mg/kg of Omeprazole, followed by 800mg/kg Aspirin. Group 4 were given low dose (400mg/kg) of Uvaria ovata root extract, followed by 800mg/kg of Aspirin, while group 5 were given high dose (800mg/kg) Uvaria ovata root extract followed by 800mg/kg of Aspirin. The findings suggested that Uvaria ovata root extract provided gastroprotection against gastric ulceration.

Improving Dissolution Behavior and Oral Absorption of Drugs with pH-Dependent Solubility Using pH Modifiers: A Physiologically Realistic Mass Transport Analysis

Orally dosed drugs must dissolve in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract before being absorbed through the epithelial cell membrane. In vivo drug dissolution depends on the GI tract's physiological conditions such as pH, residence time, luminal buffers, intestinal motility, and transit and drug properties under fed and fasting conditions (Paixão, P. et al. Mol. Pharm. 2018 and Bermejo, et al. M. Mol. Pharm. 2018). The dissolution of an ionizable drug may benefit from manipulating in vivo variables such as the environmental pH using pH-modifying agents incorporated into the dosage form. A successful example is the use of such agents for dissolution enhancement of BCS class IIb (high-permeability, low-solubility, and weak base) drugs under high gastric pH due to the disease conditions or by co-administration of acid-reducing agents (i.e., proton pump inhibitors, H2-antagonists, and antacids). This study provides a rational approach for selecting pH modifiers to improve monobasic and dibasic drug compounds' dissolution rate and extent under high-gastric pH dissolution conditions, since the oral absorption of BCS class II drugs can be limited by either the solubility or the dissolution rate depending on the initial dose number. Betaine chloride, fumaric acid, and tartaric acid are examples of promising pH modifiers that can be included in oral dosage forms to enhance the rate and extent of monobasic and dibasic drug formulations. However, selection of a suitable pH modifier is dependent on the drug properties (e.g., solubility and pKa) and its interplay with the pH modifier pKa or pKas. As an example of this complex interaction, for basic drugs with high pKa and intrinsic solubility values and large doses, a polyprotic pH modifier can be expected to outperform a monoacid pH modifier. We have developed a hierarchical mass transport model to predict drug dissolution of formulations under varying pH conditions including high gastric pH. This model considers the effect of physical and chemical properties of the drug and pH modifiers such as pKa, solubility, and particle size distribution. This model also considers the impact of physiological conditions such as stomach emptying rate, stomach acid and buffer secretion, residence time in the GI tract, and aqueous luminal volume on drug dissolution. The predictions from this model are directly applicable to in vitro multi-compartment dissolution vessels and are validated by in vitro experiments in the gastrointestinal simulator. This model's predictions can serve as a potential data source to predict plasma concentrations for formulations containing pH modifiers administered under the high-gastric pH conditions. This analysis provides an improved formulation design procedure using pH modifiers by minimizing the experimental iterations under both in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship and Docking Studies on a series of H+/K+-ATPase inhibitors

Background: The Gastric H+/K+-ATPase is also known as proton pump is the enzyme responsible for the acidification of gastric juice. H+/K+ GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and other acid related diseases mainly depend on the inhibition of the gastric H+/K+- ATPase which will finally result in acid secretion in stomach. GERD is one of the diseases that have significant effect on the quality of human life and are the major burden on health care systems is that leads to heart burn, acid regurgitation, chest pain, epigastric pain, and respiratory conditions such as chronic cough. Hence the study of the inhibitors of Gastric H+/K+-ATPase is desired. Methods: Research and online content related to imidazo [1, 2-a]pyrazine and heterocyclic ring analogues (I) that were synthesized and evaluated for their Gastric H+/K+-ATPase inhibitory activity is reviewed, and in order to design and develop still better and more effective H+/K+-ATPase inhibitors, we have made Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR), docking and ADMET studies on these compounds. Results: The best MLR equation based on four descriptors along with statistical parameters is obtained using Statistica dataminer software. Using the model expressed by this study we predicted some new compounds of high H+/K+-ATPase inhibition potency. Each predicted compound has very high potency with which only a few compounds of existing series can match. Conclusion: The QSAR and molecular modelling studies suggested that still better compounds can be designed if the flexibility of the molecules can be increased for which attempts can be made to have more saturated atoms in the molecules. Such a compound predicted by us was found to have interactions with the enzyme H+/K+-ATPase almost in the same manner as the FDA approved compounds, lansoprazole, pantaprazole.

Poorly Documented Association of PPI Usage with Osteoporosis: A Review

Proton pump inhibitors are an effective class of pharmacotherapeutic drugs used to reduce stomach acid secretion and drug of choice for GERD, published literature suggested relatively less side effects and high efficacy but some recent studies have suggested that chronic PPIs usage leads to negative calcium balance with decreased absorption due to acid suppression and parathyroid hyperplasia as the plausible explanation for this less documented side effect of this widely used class of drugs increasing the risk for osteoporosis and resultant bone fractures. But no groundbreaking research has been published on interaction between PPIs and calcium homeostasis and must be taken up by researchers since the sheer prevalence of using PPIs further enhances the importance to completely understand the underlying mechanism and complex biochemical interactions and possible comorbidities with chronic usage.

Cimetidine down-regulates stability of Foxp3 protein via Stub1 in Treg cells

ABSTRACTFoxp3-expressing Treg cells have been well documented to provide immune regulation by promoting immune tolerance and suppressing immune over-reaction. Cimetidine (CIM), used to inhibit stomach acid secretion, has been reported to promote immune responses and suppress Treg cell function in several studies. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. To investigate CIM effects on the suppressive function of Treg and Foxp3, here we used CIM to stimulate human CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and Jurkat T cells and evaluated changes of Foxp3 expression and stability. Our data showed that CIM leads to a reduction of Foxp3 via E3 ligase Stub1-mediated proteosomal degradation, which is dependent on an activated PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Thus, CIM affects the suppressive function of Treg cells by destabilizing their Foxp3 expression.

PMK-S005 Alleviates Age-Related Gastric Acid Secretion, Inflammation, and Oxidative Status in the Rat Stomach.

Background/AimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the synthetic S-allyl-l-cysteine (SAC) PMK-S005 on gastric acid secretion, inflammation, and antioxidant enzymes in aging rats.MethodsThe rats were divided into four groups at 31 weeks of age and were continuously fed a diet containing a vehicle control, PMK-S005 (5 or 10 mg/kg), or lansoprazole (5 mg/kg). Gastric acid secretion and connective tissue thickness of the lamina propria were evaluated at 74 weeks and 2 years of age. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and COX-2 levels were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or Western blot assays. Levels of antioxidant enzymes, including heme oxyganase 1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), were also measured.ResultsAs the rats aged, gastric acid secretion significantly decreased, and the connective tissue of the lamina propria increased. However, 74-week-old rats in the PMK-S005 group exhibited greater levels of gastric acid secretion than those of the control and lansoprazole groups. The increase of TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2 expression in 74-week and 2-year-old control rats were inhibited by PMK-S005. In addition, the decrease in HO-1 and NQO-1 protein expression that occurred with aging was inhibited by PMK-S005 in the 74-week-old rats.ConclusionsThese results suggest that PMK-S005 has therapeutic potential as an antiaging agent to ameliorate age-related gastric acid secretion, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the stomach.

The impact of oxidative stress on Par2, Ptgs2 genes expression in rat duodenal epithelial cells under conditions of prolonged gastric hypochlorhydria and with administration of multiprobiotic

Development of dysbiosis is a key consequence of long hypoacidity, in which there is colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by pathogenic microflora that forms source of sustainable endogenous infection and leads to inflammation. The prevalence of free-radical processes of antioxidant defense system is an important pathogenetic link in the origin and development of various disorders. Because reactive oxygen species are important for transcription of Ptgs2 gene, the relationship between oxidative stress, antioxidant element and PAR2-mediated signaling pathways may take place under conditions of dysbiotic changes due to hypochlorhydria. To evaluate the intensity of free radical processes and their impact on Par2, Ptgs2 genes expression in rat duodenal epithelial cells under conditions of prolonged gastric hypochlorhydria and with administration of multiprobiotic. Four experimental groups were created with 8 rats in each. One group was a control, while others were injected with acid suppressant omeprazole or multi-strain probiotic preparation or with both compounds simultaneously for 28 days. Protein oxidative modification products, free SH-groups, metallothioneins content were measured in villus and crypt epithelial cells with standard biochemical assays. Level of Par2, Ptgs2 genes mRNA was determined with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Prolonged inhibition of acid secretion in stomach was accompanied by significant elevation of free radical processes (intensification of protein oxidative modification, free SH-groups pool reduction, changes of metallothioneins concentration) and elevation of Par2 and Ptgs2 genes expression levels in rat duodenal epithelial cells. Reduction of free radical processes intensity; restoration of redox balance and the normalization of Par2, Ptgs2 gene expression pattern in the duodenum upon the simultaneous administration of the multiprobiotic Symbiter were observed. Par2 overexpression leads to activation Ptgs2 on the background of free radical processes over the antioxidant defense system in the development of inflammation in the duodenum through dysbiotic changes in the conditions of prolonged hypochlorhydria.

Genetics, Genetic Testing, and Biomarkers of Digestive Diseases

Genetics, Genetic Testing, and Biomarkers of Digestive Diseases

Перспектива застосування агоністів PPARγ меланіну та піоглітазону при тривалій гіпоацидності шлунка

It was investigated the effects of agonists of nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) melanin and pioglitazone оn the secretory function of the stomach in rats under long hypoacidity of gastric juices caused bу the introduction of Н+-К+- ATPase blocker omeprazole during 28 days. As а result of studies it was found that administration of omeprazole for 28 days leads to increase of hydrochloric acid secretion of stomach, resulting in the development of hypergastrinemia. Activation of PPARy Bу pioglitazone and melanin in the conditions of the development of experimental hypergastrinemia prevents the hypertrophy of the gastric mucosa and decreases debit of the basal gastric acid secretion in rats.

Kir1.1 (ROMK) and Kv7.1 (KCNQ1/KvLQT1) are essential for normal gastric acid secretion: importance of functional Kir1.1.

Potassium channels comprise the apical leak pathway supplying extracellular K(+) for exchange with protons by the gastric H(+), K(+)-ATPase and provide potential therapeutic targets for inhibiting gastric acid secretion. The Kir1.1 (ROMK) potassium channel mediates the high capacity K(+) recycling necessary for NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the kidney, and this channel exhibits functional and regulatory characteristic well suited for K(+) recycling by gastric parietal cells. We report here that Kir1.1 channels are required for gastric acid secretion and that this channel participates with Kv7.1 (KCNQ1/KvLQT1) in the potassium recycling process. We show that Kir1.1 colocalizes with the β-subunit of H(+), K(+)-ATPase in gastric parietal cells of Kir1.1 wild-type mice. In Kir1.1-deficient mice, gastric mucosal morphology, as well as parietal cell number, proliferation index, and ultrastructure were normal but secretagogue-stimulated gastric acid secretion in whole stomach and perfused gastric glands was absent. Luminal application of potassium-restored acid secretion in perfused gastric glands from Kir1.1-deficient as well as barium-blocked wild-type mice. In wild-type mice, both luminal Tertiapin-Q, an inhibitor of Kir1.1, as well as XE991, an inhibitor of Kv7.1, reduced proton secretion. We propose that Kir1.1 and Kv7.1 channels collaborate in potassium and current recycling across the apical pole of parietal cells.

Drug-Excipient Interaction during Formulation Development, in vitro andin vivo Evaluation of Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System for Nizatidine

The present investigation dealswith the development and evaluation of floating tablets of nizatidine to prolong the gastric residence time, increase local delivery of drug to the H2-receptor of the parietal cell wall to reduce stomach acid secretion. The drug-excipient compatibility studies were conducted by using FTIR, DSC and visual observations. Citric acid inclusion in formulations resulted in incompatibility and the composition was modified to eliminate the problem of incompatibility. Floating matrix tablets of nizatidine were developed by direct compression method using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) and polyox WSR 1105 alone as release retardants and sodium bicarbonate as a gas-generating agent. Alleleven formulations exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics andin vitro buoyancy. Formulations F6 and F10 exhibited controlled and prolonged drug release for 10 h with zero order release. Formulation (F10) was selected as optimized formulation based on physicochemical properties and in vitro drug release and was used inradiographic studies by incorporating BaSO4. The radiographic studies were conducted in comparison with plain controlled release tablets. These studies revealed that gastric retention time of floating and plain controlled release tablets in fasting state were 2 ± 0.86 h and ≤ 0.5 h respectively in human volunteers. Gastric retention time of floating and plain controlled release tablets in fed state were 5.33 ± 0.57 h and 1.66 ± 0.28 h respectively in human volunteers. In conclusion, optimal floating matrix tablet for nizatidine with desired in vitro buoyancy, in vivo gastric retention time and prolonged release could be prepare

Influence of pesticide exposure on carbonic anhydrase II from sheep stomach

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a widely distributed enzyme and has a crucial role in the cells, tissues and organs of living organisms. It is found that CA-II is one of the most abundant CA isoenzymes in the gastrointestinal system. It plays an important role in the gastric acid secretion in stomach. In this study, we purified CA-II isoenzyme from sheep stomach with a 615.2 purification fold, 78% purification yield and 5562.02 specific activity. Moreover, the in vitro effects of some commonly used pesticides including chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, glyphosate isopropylamine and lambda cyhalomethrin on the enzyme activity were investigated. Of these compounds, glyphosate isopropylamine and dichlorvos showed an inhibition on CA-II esterase activity. They have IC50 values of 0.155µM and 2.690µM and Ki values of 0.329µM and 3.654µM, respectively. Both glyphosate isopropylamine and dichlorvos inhibited CA-II isoenzyme in a noncompetitive manner.

Joseph B. Kirsner, MD, PhD, 1909-2012

Joseph B. Kirsner, MD, PhD, 1909-2012

Acidic Digestion in a Teleost: Postprandial and Circadian Pattern of Gastric pH, Pepsin Activity, and Pepsinogen and Proton Pump mRNAs Expression

Two different modes for regulation of stomach acid secretion have been described in vertebrates. Some species exhibit a continuous acid secretion maintaining a low gastric pH during fasting. Others, as some teleosts, maintain a neutral gastric pH during fasting while the hydrochloric acid is released only after the ingestion of a meal. Those different patterns seem to be closely related to specific feeding habits. However, our recent observations suggest that this acidification pattern could be modified by changes in daily feeding frequency and time schedule. The aim of this study was to advance in understanding the regulation mechanisms of stomach digestion and pattern of acid secretion in teleost fish. We have examined the postprandial pattern of gastric pH, pepsin activity, and mRNA expression for pepsinogen and proton pump in white seabream juveniles maintained under a light/dark 12/12 hours cycle and receiving only one morning meal. The pepsin activity was analyzed according to the standard protocol buffering at pH 2 and using the actual pH measured in the stomach. The results show how the enzyme precursor is permanently available while the hydrochloric acid, which activates the zymogen fraction, is secreted just after the ingestion of food. Results also reveal that analytical protocol at pH 2 notably overestimates true pepsin activity in fish stomach. The expression of the mRNA encoding pepsinogen and proton pump exhibited almost parallel patterns, with notable increases during the darkness period and sharp decreases just before the morning meal. These results indicate that white seabream uses the resting hours for recovering the mRNA stock that will be quickly used during the feeding process. Our data clearly shows that both daily illumination pattern and feeding time are involved at different level in the regulation of the secretion of digestive juices.

Natural products in treatment of ulcerative colitis and peptic ulcer

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory chronic disease that affects the mucosa and submucosa of the colon and rectum. Several types of drugs are available such as aminosalicylates. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide and it can be considered one of the most important common diseases in the world. Treatment of peptic ulcers depends on using a number of synthetic drugs that reduce the rate of stomach acid secretion (Antiacids), protect the mucous tissues that line the stomach and upper portion of the small intestine (Demulcents) or to eliminate Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). In most cases, incidence of relapses and adverse reactions is seen in the following synthetic antiulcer therapy. Accordingly, the main concern of the current article is to introduce a safe drug (or more) of natural origin, to be used for the management of gastric ulcers without side effects.A widespread search has been launched to identify new anti-ulcer therapies from natural sources. Herbs, medicinal plants, spices, vegetables and crude drug substances are considered to be a potential source to control various diseases including gastric ulcer and ulcerative colitis. In the scientific literature, a large number of medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites with potential anti-ulcer (anti-peptic ulcer and antiulcerative colitis) activities have been reported. Treatment with natural products produces promising results and fewer side effects. Our goal is to collect the published data in the last 24 years and reviews the natural products reported in the treatment of these diseases and their mechanism of action.