Acid Red Research Articles

Mesoporous Fe3O4/graphene oxide nanohybrid for catalytic Ozonation: Preparation, characterization and process modeling by neural network

BackgroundCatalytic activity of graphene and its related compounds have been reported in the ozonation process. In addition, Fe3O4 has a good catalytic activity in the ozonation process. Fabrication of high porosity Fe3O4/graphene oxide nanohybrids can improve the production of reactive oxygen species. MethodsMesoporous Fe3O4/ graphene oxide nanohybrid was prepared by coprecipitation method. The catalytic activity of nanohybrid was investigated in ozonation degradation of acid red88 in the simulated wastewater. The progress of degradation process was determined using reactive oxygen species scavengers. The process was modeled by the artificial neural network. Significant FindingsThe mesoporous nanohybrid has a specific surface area of 252.7 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.353 cm3/g and mean pore diameter of 5.6 nm. Fe3O4/ graphene oxide showed superior catalytic activity compared to Fe3O4 and graphene oxide. Hydroxyl (OH·) and superoxide radicals (O2·−) were identified the main radical reactive species. The influence of ozone dosage, pH, dye and catalyst concentration, on the acid red88 degradation rate was investigated. The degradation process was pH dependent, and acidic condition was more favorable to mineralization of acid red88 than neutral or basic mediums. Chemical oxygen demand removal has reached 69% in the catalytic ozonation process, while it reached only 25% in single ozonation process. A very good agreement (R = 0.99) was observed between the calculated and experimental degradation efficiency. The results demonstrated that mesoporous nanohybrid is a promising catalyst for ozonation process, especially treating water polluted by azo dyes.

FeOOH quantum dot decorated flower-like WO3 microspheres for visible light driven photo-Fenton degradation of methylene blue and acid red-18

In this study, nano-flower WO3 hollow microspheres were synthesized by calcining SrWO4 precursors at 300 °C. The WO3-FeOOH-X series photocatalysts were synthesized by successfully anchoring the amorphous FeOOH quantum dots uniformly on the WO3 nanoflower petals. Azo dyes in single system (MB, AR-18) and mixed system (MB+AR-18) were treated synergistically by light and Fenton. The reusability of WO3-FeOOH-3 samples at ambient temperature was investigated. Active species removal experiments were conducted to reveal their photo-Fenton degradation mechanism of organic pollutants. The results showed that the degradation rate of WO3-FeOOH-3 was 98.69% for MB within 5 min. The degradation rate of AR-18 was 92.55%. The mixed dye system (MB+AR-18) became clarified within 5 min. The efficient degradation rate was attributed to the homogeneous dispersion centers and the multiple active sites provided by the WO3 petals for FeOOH anchoring. In conclusion, WO3-FeOOH-X provides a new pathway and applicability for the efficient degradation of MB and AR-18 azo dyes.

Development of physicochemically stable Z-scheme MIL-88A/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst with excellent charge transfer for improving acid red 1 dye decomposition efficiency

The MIL-88A/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst with high physicochemical stability and excellent charge transfer has been successfully developed in this study, and the synergistic effect and the photocatalytic mechanism of the MIL-88A/g-C3N4 composite for Acid Red 1 (AR1) dye decomposition has been discussed in detail. Under simulated-sunlight irradiation, the MIL-88A/g-C3N4 composite showed excellent photocatalytic efficiency for AR1 dye decomposition (100% decomposition efficiency within 30 min for 10 ppm AR1 dye) without the addition of any oxidizing agent, and the composite maintained 97% decomposition efficiency when used repeatedly. The Nyquist plot analysis and the electrochemical analysis results confirm that the improved photo-generated electrons and holes separation and transfer efficiencies of MIL-88A/g-C3N4 could be attributed to the Z-scheme structure formed between MIL-88A and g-C3N4, leading to excellent oxidation efficiency of AR1 dye. The effects of synthesis time of MIL-88A and coupling ratio of MIL-88A on the photocatalytic activity of MIL-88A/g-C3N4 heterojunction composites have been detailed evaluated in this study.

Techno-economical aspects of electrocoagulation optimization in three acid azo dyes’ removal comparison

This study compares the optimization models for three acid azo dyes removal by electrocoagulation (EC). First, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) models were evaluated and compared via four independent parameters, including initial pH (4–10), initial dye concentration (0–600 mg/L), current density (41.67–291.66 A/m2), and reaction time (3–15 min). Then, second-order polynomial equations of dye removal and operating cost models were separately applied as benefit and cost functions in the two-objective Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), respectively. According to the statistical analysis, not all the parameters are essential in removal efficiency for the three selected dyes. For example, the initial dye concentration and current density were the effective independent parameters in the Acid Red 18 removal model. According to the Pareto solutions, by changing the operating cost function from US$/m3 to US$/Kg removed dye, the difference between the Pareto curve points of Acid Brown 14 and Acid Orange 7 decreased significantly. Therefore, the unit of operating cost and dye type can affect the treatment policy in practice. The two-objective optimization showed an RSM deficit in predicting some corner points as previously depicted in RSM main effect plots.

Characterization of a Recombinant Laccase B from Trametes hirsuta MX2 and Its Application for Decolorization of Dyes.

Trametes hirsuta is able to secrete laccase isoenzymes including constitutive and inducible forms, and has potential application for bioremediation of environmental pollutants. Here, an inducible group B laccase from T. hirsuta MX2 was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, and its yield reached 2.59 U/mL after 5 days of methanol inducing culture. The optimal pH and temperature of recombinant laccase (rLac1) to 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were 2.5 and 60 °C, respectively. Metal ions showed different effect on rLac1 which Mg2+, Cu2+, and K+ increased enzyme activity as their concentration increased, whereas Zn2+, Na+, and Fe2+ inhibited enzyme activity as their concentration increased. rLac1 showed good tolerance to organic solvents, and more than 42% of its initial activity remained in 10% organic solvents. Additionally, rLac1 exhibited a more efficient decolorization ability for remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR) than for acid red 1 (AR1), crystal violet (CV), and neutral red (NR). Molecular docking results showed RBBR has a stronger binding affinity with laccase than other dyes by interacting with substrate binding cavity of enzyme. The results indicated rLac1 may be a potential candidate for dye removal from textile wastewater.

Synthesis of chitosan–magnetite gel microparticles with improved stability and magnetic properties: A study on their adsorption, recoverability, and reusability in the removal of monovalent and multivalent azo dyes

Here, the membrane emulsification technique was employed to synthesise novel size-controlled chitosan–magnetite emulsion droplets (diameter: 10–35 μm), which were subsequently converted into hydrogels via alkaline gelation and crosslinking with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE). The microscopy images revealed the efficient trapping of the magnetite nanoparticles within the chitosan emulsion droplets and crosslinked gel matrices. The microparticles exhibited an ideal surface morphology, which yielded a dye-removal percentage of 97% (pH 4), as well as a quick magnetic response. The adsorption reaction employing the chitosan–magnetite gel microparticles correlated with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, exhibiting remarkable adsorptions towards Acid Orange 7 (AO7, monovalent), Acid Red 13 (AR13, divalent), and Acid Red 27 (AR27, trivalent) dyes with maximum adsorption capacities, Qmax, of 1.71, 1.55, and 1.13 g-dye/g-dry adsorbent, respectively, in a pH 5 buffer. The calculated molar ratio of the adsorbed dyes revealed the contributions of almost all the amino groups of the chitosan gel microparticles to the adsorption of AO7 dye. The fast and efficient recovery of the adsorbent microparticles by magnets, as well as their reusability for over 10 adsorption–desorption cycles without any particle loss or significant decrease in adsorption capacities, were demonstrated. The synthesised chitosan–magnetite gel microparticles could be a “green” state-of-the-art adsorbent exhibiting excellent properties for applications in wastewater treatment.

Mutual interaction between the secreted flavins and immobilized quinone in anaerobic removal of high-polarity aromatic compounds containing nitrogen by Shewanella sp. RQs-106

The immobilized anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (iAQS) could significantly promote anaerobic biotransformation of the contaminants. During this process, the role of flavins secreted by bacteria remains unclear. In the present study, mutual interaction between extracellular flavins and AQS-modified polyurethane foam (AQS-PUF) during the reduction of azo dye Acid Red 18 and 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (3-NBS) was investigated. Results showed that the amount of extracellular flavins secreted by Shewanella sp. RQs-106 was positively correlated with the concentration of iAQS ranging from 10 to 100 μM. The presence of iAQS resulted in the increased concentration of extracellular and intracellular flavins, implying that iAQS could induce the synthesis and secretion of flavins. The deletion of gene bfe encoding the flavin adenine dinucleotide exporter resulted in approximately 63.8% decrease in the amount of extracellular flavins. Further analysis showed that the decreased amount of extracellular flavins could contribute to around 50.8% reduction of iAQS. Moreover, around 23.2% and 34.0% decreases were observed in AQS-PUF-mediated removal rates of AR 18 and 3-NBS by mutant lacking bfe gene, respectively, compared with that by wild type strain RQs-106. These results indicated that the secreted flavins played an important role in the bio-reduction of AQS-PUF, resulting in their contribution to AQS-PUF-mediated removals of high-polarity aromatic compounds containing nitrogen.

Rapid Removal of Acid Red 88 by Zeolite/Chitosan Hydrogel in Aqueous Solution

In the present study, we developed a new adsorbent product with zeolite crosslinked chitosan (ZL–CH hydrogel) to remove acid red 88 (AR88) in an aqueous solution. The effects of several factors, such as the comparison of ZL–CH hydrogel and the absence of chitosan, pH, adsorbent dosage, initial AR88 concentration, contact time, and ion strength, were determined. Obtained results showed that ZL–CH hydrogel improved AR88 removal compared to the absence of chitosan, with an adsorption capacity of 332.48 mg/g in equilibrium time of 1 min, and adding ionic strength had no significant effect. However, with optimal conditions at pH 2.0, dry ZL–CH became hydrogel due to protonation of amino and hydroxyl groups through hydrogen bonds in the AR88 solution. Volume fraction and interaction force decreased with increasing porosity, leading to an increase in adsorption capacity and swelling ratio. Experimental data of the adsorption process showed the Freundlich isotherm model. The equilibrium for adsorption and swelling kinetics studies showed and fitted a pseudo-second-order model. NaOH was successful as a desorbing agent with 93.8%, and it followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The recycling process indicates great potential for AR88 removal.

Removal of protein, histological dye and tetracycline from simulated bioindustrial wastewater with a dual pore size PPSU membrane

Wastewater from production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) often contains proteins, azo dyes or antibiotics, which cause severe water eutrophication and growth of drug-resistant bacteria. A series of polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) membranes was prepared to determine the relationships between pore structures and the abilities of different membranes to separate foulants, and the characteristics and performance of the ultrafiltration membranes were investigated. The structure of the skin layer and the cross-sectional texture were converted from dense and finger-like macrovoids to porous sponge shapes because of a delayed liquid–liquid (L-L) demixing time. Formation of novel PPSU membranes via noncovalent bonding interactions was evaluated, and this selectively affected the membrane surface pore structure, layer thickness, surface polarity and electronic repulsive force. All PPSU membranes demonstrated excellent rejection of organic foulants, including bovine serum albumin (BSA) (~100% rejection) and acid red 1 (AR1) (~90% rejection). Additionally, M5 provided an excellent tetracycline (TC) rejection efficiency of 89% in the 1st cycle. Due to the small size of TC, pore size effects were displayed. Moreover, the pure water flux recovery rate (FRR) increased from 85% (M1, water/ethanol: 100/0) to 99.9% (M4, water/ethanol: 30/70) after BSA filtration because the weak nonsolvent decreased the roughness of the membrane surface, and the membrane made with added EtOH yielded excellent FRR values (99.9%) after AR1 filtration. Therefore, PPSU membranes successfully achieved over 90% rejection of organic foulants and excellent FRRs, indicating that they may be suitable for purifying wastewater from API plants that generate organic foulants with a wide range of sizes.

Synthesis and characterization of NH2-MIL-88(Fe) for efficient adsorption of dyes

Many modern technologies are persistent to improve and adapt dyes removal. Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs) as the significant porous and multi-dimensional networks has been concerned for water pollutant elimination. In this research solvothermal technique has been used to prepare hexahedral NH2-MIL-88(Fe), which was subsequently characterized using various techniques. The prepared MOF with large surface area (865.59 m2/g) showed perfect adsorption for methylene blue (MB) as cationic dye and acid red 57 (AR57) as anionic dye in water. Several studies were produced like; adsorption technique, isotherm of adsorption, kinetics of adsorption, adsorption energy, and other thermodynamic characteristics. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to be most excellent model for fitting the adsorption of both MB and AR57 dyes onto NH2-MIL-88(Fe). The pseudo‐second‐order model fitted the data on adsorption and a comprehensive description of the adsorption method. Both dyes' adsorption reactions were endothermic, adsorption increasing as temperature is raised. In fact, the as-prepared NH2-MIL-88(Fe) proved that it was a vital material to remove MB and AR57 from water.

Degradation of acid red 73 wastewater by hydrodynamic cavitation combined with ozone and its mechanism

Many azo dyes are consumed in the textile and dyeing industry, which makes the wastewater recalcitrant and toxic to the aquatic environment. Dye degradation by the combination of hydrodynamic cavitation and ozone (HC + O3) has caused extensive interest. The degradation mechanism of the hybrid system needs further investigation. This study investigated the degradation of acid red 73 (AR73) by HC + O3. Meanwhile, the degradation pathways and mechanisms were present. The optimal operation parameters were: inlet pressure of 0.15 MPa, O3 dosage of 45 mg/min, initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L, and initial pH at 7.5. As a result, the decolorization rate, removal of UV254 and NH3–N were 100%, 71.28%, and 87.36% in 30 min, respectively. Humic acid and most of the co-existing anions (HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−, PO43−, NO3−) played a positive role in the degradation of AR73, while NO2− restrained. The reactive species of singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and super oxygen radicals (·O2−) showed synergism in the hybrid system, and the decolorization was attributed to the fracture of azo bonds by 1O2. Meanwhile, aromatic amines were generated and further degraded into small molecule compounds. The research certificated that the HC + O3 can be an effective technology for azo dye degradation.

Improving photocatalytic activity of the ZnS QDs via lanthanide doping and photosensitizing with GO and g-C3N4 for degradation of an azo dye and bisphenol-A under visible light irradiation

In this research, insertion of Gd ions (2 wt%) into the crystalline lattice of the ZnS QDs enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the QDs. In addition, the influence of graphene oxide (GO) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was assessed on the photocatalytic activity of the ZnS QDs through degradation of acid red 14 (AR14) and bisphenol-A (BA) under visible light. Higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency (97.1% for AR14 and 67.4% for BA within 180 min) and higher total organic carbon (TOC) removal (67.1% for AR14 and 59.2% for BA within 5 h) was achieved in the presence of ZnS QDs/g-C3N4 compared with ZnS QDs/GO nanocomposite. Finally, the Gd-doped ZnS QDs were hybridized with g-C3N4 as optimal support to fabricate a potent visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the decomposition of organic contaminants. The maximum photocatalytic degradation of 99.1% and 80.5% were achieved for AR14 and BA, respectively, in the presence of Gd-doped ZnS QDs/g-C3N4 nanocomposite. The photosensitization mechanism was suggested for the improved photocatalytic activity of the ZnS QDs/GO, ZnS QDs/g-C3N4, and Gd-doped ZnS QDs/g-C3N4 nanocomposites under visible light.

Employing electro-peroxone process for degradation of Acid Red 88 in aqueous environment by Central Composite Design: A new kinetic study and energy consumption

The Azo dyes are primarily employed in textile industries to produce high amounts of colored organic and inorganic wastewater. Therefore, their treatments are critical. In this research, the removal and mineralization of Acid red 88 (AR88), as a widely used mono Azo dye, was inspected by the Electro-peroxone(E-peroxone) method. It is a coupling of electrochemically produced H2O2 and ozone that can produce robust hydroxyl radicals. The Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied to explore the influence of operational variables on the removal of AR88 as a response. The optimal conditions predicted by the CCD were as the following; Applied current at 0.7 A, pH at 7.35, O3 Flowrate at 1.03 L min−1 and the concentration of AR88 at 527.29 mg. L−1. The Pareto chart showed that the concentration of AR88 has a significant influence on the response. At the predicted optimal conditions, the actual and predicted AR 88 removal were 95.4 and 92.96%, respectively. The removal of COD after 45 min was 70% representing the excessive efficiency of E-peroxone in mineralization of AR88. The E-peroxone follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics (kobs-E-peroxone = 6.56 × 10−2 min−1), which was more remarkable than the single ozonation, and electrolysis. The calculated specific energy consumption (SEC) in the E-peroxone was 40.14 kWh/Kg AR 18 removal, which was lower than the individual ozonation, and electrolysis methods. The operative production of H2O2 from O2 at the cathode is the critical factor in the high removal of AR88 in this process.

Individual and Competitive Adsorption of Negatively Charged Acid Blue 25 and Acid Red 1 onto Raw Indonesian Kaolin Clay

Individual and Competitive Adsorption of Negatively Charged Acid Blue 25 and Acid Red 1 onto Raw Indonesian Kaolin Clay

Application of boron doped diamond for electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton decolorization of azo dye from dye-containing wastewater: Acid Red 1

Application of boron doped diamond for electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton decolorization of azo dye from dye-containing wastewater: Acid Red 1

Enhanced Photo Catalytic Activity of ZnO Nano Particles Co-doped with Rare Earth Elements (Nd and Sm) Under UV Light Illumination

In the present report, synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nano particles (NPs) in pure form, 1 wt% of neodymium (Nd)-doped and 1 wt% of neodymium (Nd) and samarium (Sm) co-doped ZnO NPs in doped form by using simple co-precipitation method (samples namely PZ as pure, NZ as Nd-doped ZnO and NSZ as Nd–Sm co-doped ZnO NPs). Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of all the synthesized samples expose the hexagonal crystal structure of ZnO NPs without any impurity. The various functional groups presented in the synthesized samples were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies. From Ultraviolet (UV)–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), the band gap was found to be 2.81 eV, 2.90 eV and 3.10 eV respectively for pure, Nd-doped and Nd–Sm co-doped ZnO NPs. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum displays the broad emission at 393 nm and 450 nm for all the synthesized samples. The agglomeration of flower-like morphology of pure ZnO NPs, flake-like structure of Nd-doped and rod-like morphology of Nd–Sm co-doped ZnO NPs were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The surface chemical composition of samples was carried out with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared samples for dye degradation of acid orange 7 (AO-7) and acid red 13 (AR-13) was studied under UV light. The result revealed that, the Nd–Sm co-doped ZnO NPs found to have efficient degradation candidate materials.

Design and synthesis of Fe–Ce–O@C with efficient photocatalytic activity

Fe–Ce–OH@AR14 was obtained via the adsorption of acid red 14 (AR14) on Fe–Ce–OH prepared by the codeposition of cerium nitrate hexahydrate, ferric nitrate nonahydrate, and ammonia, and then Fe–Ce–O@C with high photocatalyic efficiency was synthesized by the calcination of Fe–Ce–OH@AR14 in N2. For comparison, Fe–Ce–O was also prepared by the calcination of Fe–Ce–OH in N2. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron miscroscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis) techniques and the results show that the band gap of CeO2 can be greatly reduced by doping of Fe3+, and that loading carbon from the decomposition of AR14 can prolong carrier life, improve the intensity of visible light absorption, and enhance the concentration of oxygen vacancies. The photocatalytic results using AR14 as probe molecule illustrate that using 1% ferric nitrate nonahydrate (the mass percentage of ferric nitrate nonahydrate to cerium nitrate hexahydrate) as dopant and 25 mL of 0.01 mmol/L AR14 as loading carbon resource is helpful for the photocatalytic efficiency of CeO2.

Predicting of acid red 14 removals from synthetic wastewater in the advanced oxidation process using artificial neural networks and fuzzy regression

The titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst reactor is a widely used approach for eliminating non-biodegradable compounds in water and wastewater. Predicting the performance of the reactor in removing acid red 14 (AR14) was investigated using radial basis function (RBF), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and fuzzy regression analysis. The input variables in the models were radiation, irradiation time, the initial concentration of nanoparticle TiO2 to cement ratio (nTiO2/c), pH, initial concentration of AR14, flow rate, and initial concentration of oxidizing peroxydisulfate. In addition, for reducing the overfitting of the training process, we used K-fold cross-validation. The results of using the three methods indicated that the ANFIS performance was more suitable in comparison with the fuzzy regression models, such that the coefficient of determination (R2), index of agreement (IA), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (E) for model efficiency, Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Mean Bias Error (MBE) for training between the observed data and predicted data reached 0.965, 0.991, 0.73, 0.0132 and 0.019, respectively. Normalized input data improved slightly the training processes and performance of RBF compared with non-normalized input data. The ANFIS neural network for training process and model performance slightly achieved better results than the RBF neural network. The performance of the fuzzy regression approach was less suitable in comparison with RBF and ANFIS modeling. The sensitivity analysis of the RBF neural network depicted that the initial concentration of peroxydisulfate (S2O8) was the most effective factor (25.6%) in predicting the removal of AR14 from synthetic wastewater. After that, the effective factors were irradiation time (12.44%), initial concentration of AR14 (10.37%), pH (10.37), flow rate (8.55%), and the weight ratio of the initial concentration of nanoparticle TiO2 to cement ratio (nTiO2/c) (1.75%), respectively.

Synthesis of ZrO2:Dy3+ Nanoparticles: Photoluminescent, Photocatalytic, and Electrochemical Sensor Studies

Solution combustion was employed to create a series of ZrO2:Dy3+ (1-11 mol percent) nanoparticles (NPs) using oxalyl dihydrazide (ODH) as the fuel. ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs were subjected to calcination at about 700°C. ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs comprised of 1 to 11 mol% of Dy3+ were characterized by employing the X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopic (TEM), UV-visible, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) techniques. The crystallite diameters of 1 to 11 mol% ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs were observed to range from 8.1 nm to 16.3 nm, exhibiting spherical shape. According to BET tests, the pore volume of ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs was determined to be 100.129 cm3/g. The mean pore diameter of ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs was determined to be 4.803 nm from the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) plot. The photoluminescence and photocatalytic dye degradation properties of ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs were investigated. The acid red 88 (AR88) dye was applied to appraise the photocatalytic activities of the NPs under UV irradiation. ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs with 3 mol% Dy3+ exhibited improvised photocatalytic activity due to the operative departure of charge carriers. The electrochemical examination of ZrO2:Dy3+ NP modified carbon paste electrode in 0.1 N HCl demonstrated considerable redox potential output, as evidenced by cyclic voltammetric and amperometric measurements. The electrochemical sensor studies on ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs exhibited potentiality towards sensing of highly toxic metals like mercury and lead.

Influence of Cu–Zn co-doping on the degradation performance of a Ti/SnO2–Sb anode

A Ti/SnO2–Sb–Cu–Zn electrode was prepared for the electrocatalytic oxidation of Acid Red 18 (AR18).