Acid Pretreatment Research Articles

Effects of various pretreatments on fast pyrolysis of biomass to bio-oil: A case study of levoglucosan

Levoglucosan (LG), a valuable chemical derived from carbohydrates, is challenging to obtain with high yield directly from raw biomass. In this study, pyrolysis of a lignocellulosic biomass to LG was studied with various pretreatment methods, including acid, alkali, and torrefaction pretreatments. The results indicated that the hydrochloric acid washing effectively promoted the production of LG when the concentration of HCl was lower than 0.5 mol/L, mainly caused by the improved crystallinity of the cellulose fraction and the removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs). When 4% of NaOH solution was employed for the alkali pretreatment, the relative content of LG significantly increased from 3.07 to 73.59 with the temperature ranging from 130 to 170 ℃, owing to the effective removal of lignin and hemicellulose fractions. Biomass torrefaction at temperature lower than 250 ℃ slightly promoted LG production, but it inhibited the formation of LG when the temperature reached 300 ℃.

A New Experimental Method for Acid Pretreatment in Perforated Horizontal Wells: A Case Study of Mahu Conglomerate Reservoir

The Mahu Oilfield in Xinjiang, China, is the world’s largest conglomerate oilfield, with a daily output of more than 8000 tons. In the fracturing of perforated horizontal wells, the breakdown pressure is high, resulting in difficulties in their treatment. Acid pretreatment has been applied to reduce the breakdown pressure in the field, but with poor performance. Few studies have been conducted on how acid pretreatment affects the breakdown pressure under perforation conditions in the Mahu conglomerate reservoir. Also, existing fracturing or acid pretreatment experiments cannot simulate perforation well. Therefore, a new method was developed to make perforations by hydro jetting the fracturing specimens (300 mm × 300 mm × 300 mm) first. It can achieve specified perforation parameters, including the perforation angle, position, and length. Subsequently, true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments were conducted on the conglomerate specimens obtained from the Mahu area. The effects of the acid pretreatment on the fracture initiation and breakdown pressure were investigated by injecting the perforation section of the conglomerate using various acid systems. The study results showed that the perforation made by the new apparatus was extremely close to the perforation on-site. The acid pretreatment effectively dissolved minerals and could decrease the breakdown pressure down to 7.7 MPa. A combination of 6%HF + 10%HCl was recommended for the acid pretreatment in the Mahu conglomerate reservoir. A total of 60 min acid–rock contact time is necessary for sufficient rock dissolution. The mechanism of the acid pretreatment to decrease the breakdown pressure is that the rock dissolution by the acid reduces the rock tensile strength and increases the permeability. The raised permeability increases the fluid pressure of the reservoir near the wellbore so as to reduce the breakdown pressure of the formation. The research results provide technical support for reducing construction difficulty and optimizing parameters in the Mahu Oilfield.

Efficient activation of peroxydisulfate by modified red mud biochar derived from waste corn straw for levofloxacin degradation: Efficiencies and mechanisms

As using iron-based materials and biomass to prepare effective catalyst has emerged as a hit trend in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs), the problems associated with excessive chemical consumption, costly expenses, and complex synthetic processes have become more urgent to be addressed. Therefore, by using red mud (RM) and corn straw (CS), a modified red mud biochar catalyst (MRBC) was synthesized through acid pretreatment and pyrolysis (700 °C). MRBC presented excellently in peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation to degrade levofloxacin (LFX). Under the experimental setup involving 8 mM PDS, 10 mg L−1 LFX, and 1.6 g L−1 MRBC, 88.59% of LFX was effectively eliminated within 30 min with an exceedingly low Fe leaching rate of 0.049 mg L−1. Furthermore, even after four cycles of reuse, it was able to sustain a remarkable 61.63% efficiency in LFX degradation. The characterization of catalysts demonstrated the synergistic effect of RM and biomass could be responsible for the excellent catalytic properties of MRBC. The results of quenching experiment and the presence of DMPOX in EPR demonstrated radical pathway mainly contributed to the LFX degradation in MRBC/PDS system. Overall, PDS was activated by the active sites of MRBC such as Fe (II) and persistent free radicals (PFRs) to generate a large amount of SO4•− and •OH to remove LFX. This work investigated the synergy of RM and biomass in catalyst preparation, deepened the insights into the application of RM catalysts in PS-AOPs to degrade antibiotic, and contributed greatly to the recovery of waste resources.

Biogas Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent at Low pH

The palm oil industry in Malaysia has aided our economy, but with any thriving industry comes the baggage of industrial waste. This paper focuses on palm oil mill effluent (POME), a waste product formed by palm oil milling operations. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the ability of POME to generate biogas through acid and heat pre-treatment methods. The feasibility of producing biogas at pH levels lower than 5 was investigated. The inoculum is effective microbe 1 (EM1), and the substrate is a liquid POME. Hydrochloric and phosphoric acid were used in this study, and the effect of low initial pH on biogas generation was investigated. The results show that POME alone produced the highest biogas volume (20.1 Nml). However, POME incubated with activated EM1 inoculant at low pH (3.74) generated consistent biogas during 57.75 hours of digestion. In conclusion, the EM1 is a good source of inoculum for POME treatment at low pH, with no pre-treatment required. The pre-treatment methods proposed in this study could have opened new doors for bio-renewable energy research, particularly in agricultural biomass, since substrate pre-treatment can enhance biogas production.

Potential brewer’s spent grain as a carbon source alternative for biosurfactant production by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (LBP4)

This study promoted the valorization of brewer’s spent grain (BSG) by using it as an alternative and low-cost carbon source in the production of biosurfactant by Rhodothorula mucilaginosa (LPB4) in an optimized process. The raw BSG was characterized: moisture content (80.0%), insoluble and soluble lignin (29.25%), proteins (6.43%), ash (4.22%), cellulose (47.37%) and pH (6.06), then to verify the increase of reducing sugars, BSG was tested by microwave-assisted alkali and diluted acid pretreatments and then the BSG with and without pretreatment were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. The microwave-assisted alkali, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis, achieved 181 mg of sugar.g-1 of BSG and was the most effective. The hydrolysate was used as a carbon source for the biosurfactant production assays and optimized under the following conditions: 30ºC, 120 rpm, 2.5 g.L- 1 of sugar, and pH 4. The biosurfactant was able to emulsify (%E24) different hydrophobic substrates, which were as follows: soybean oil (64.4%), motor oil (62.2%), kerosene (67.4%) and diesel oil (56.81%). Also, it showed stability under extreme temperatures, pH, and salinity. A critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 14.8 mg.mL- 1 was achieved with a decrease in surface tension (ST) from 71.26 mN.m-1 to 30.56 mN.m- 1. The extracted biosurfactant showed an anionic nature and structural similarities to a glycolipid. The present findings revealed that pretreated BSG may be used as a substrate in biosurfactant production using the yeast R. mucilaginosa. This is the first study regarding using LBP4 to optimize the production of biosurfactant using alkali enzymatic BSG hydrolysate.

Role of salicylic acid in improving the yield of two mung bean genotypes under waterlogging stress through the modulation of antioxidant defense and osmoprotectant levels

Waterlogging (WL) is a major hindrance to the growth and development of leguminous crops, including mung bean. Here, we explored the effect of salicylic acid (SA) pretreatment on growth and yield output of two elite mung bean genotypes (BU Mung bean-4 and BU Mung bean-6) subjected to WL stress. SA pretreatment significantly improved shoot dry weight, individual leaf area, and photosynthetic pigment contents in both genotypes, while those improvements were higher in BU Mung bean-6 when compared with BU Mung bean-4. We also found that SA pretreatment significantly reduced the reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative burden in both BU Mung bean-6 and BU Mung bean-4 by enhancing peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities, as well as total flavonoid contents. SA pretreatment further improved the accumulation of proline and free amino acids in both genotypes, indicating that SA employed these osmoprotectants to enhance osmotic balance. These results were particularly corroborated with the elevated levels of leaf water status and leaf succulence in BU Mung bean-6. SA-mediated improvement in physiological and biochemical mechanisms led to a greater yield-associated feature in BU Mung bean-6 under WL conditions. Collectively, these findings shed light on the positive roles of SA in alleviating WL stress, contributing to yield improvement in mung bean crop.

Sustainability assessment of lignocellulosic biorefineries based on sequential pretreatments

AbstractBACKGROUNDPretreatments are critical in biorefinery analysis, affecting further reactions and downstream processes. However, most pretreatments are studied and optimized as single‐step schemes, focusing on maximizing a side stream. Sequential pretreatments have been shown to improve the selective isolation of platforms for further valorization. However, pretreatment performance can consider not only technical but also economic, environmental, and social concerns. This work assessed the sustainability of sequential pretreatments in rice husk‐based biorefineries.RESULTSFour biorefinery scenarios were designed, simulated, and assessed considering dilute acid and wet air oxidation pretreatment technologies in sequential and single‐step schemes. Economic feasibility was demonstrated for sequential pretreatments when phenolic compounds are contemplated, generating gross incomes of 4.76 M‐USD yr−1. From an environmental perspective, the rice supply chain generated a carbon footprint of 2.17 kg CO2 eq kg−1 of rice husks, where the producer link is the largest contributor due to fertilizer use. Likewise, it was shown that supplying energy demands using black liquor as fuel relieves operating costs and reduces the carbon footprint. The social dimension showed that between 69 and 77 jobs could be generated annually along the value chain and the biorefinery schemes. However, biorefineries have a high risk due to the high volume of cooling water.CONCLUSIONSAll dimensions were weighted to calculate a sustainability index, where it was concluded that sequential pretreatment biorefineries improved sustainability against the single‐step schemes. However, the scenario of valorization of the three fractions (Sc1) is the best scheme to be implemented as it has always demonstrated economic feasibility. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Stabilization of mitochondrial function by chlorogenic acid protects against kainic acid-induced seizures and neuronal cell death in rats

The current study investigated the effect of chlorogenic acid, a polyphenolic compound found in numerous plant products, on a kainic acid-induced seizure rat model and its potential mechanism. Rats were administered chlorogenic acid (10 and 50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 30 min before kainic acid (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneal administration. Pretreatment with chlorogenic acid decreased the seizure score, increased the latency to onset of the first seizure, and decreased the mortality rate. Chlorogenic acid pretreatment also resulted in a significant reduction in glutamate elevation and neuronal death in the hippocampus of kainic acid-treated rats. In addition, electron microscopy revealed that kainic acid-induced changes in hippocampal mitochondrial structure were prevented by chlorogenic acid pretreatment. Additionally, the levels of mitochondrial function-related proteins, including sirtuin 3, Complex I, glutamate dehydrogenase 1 and ATP synthase, were increased, and the level of the mitochondrial damage marker cytochrome C was decreased in the hippocampus of chlorogenic acid/kainic acid rats. Furthermore, the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins [AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sirtuin1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)] and mitophagy-related proteins [phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)] was decreased in the hippocampus of kainic acid-treated rats, which was reversed by chlorogenic acid pretreatment. These observations reveal the marked neuroprotective potential of chlorogenic acid against kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity and seizures through prevention of glutamate increase and preservation of AMPK/sirtuin 1/PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and PINK1/Parkin-induced mitophagy to maintain adequate mitochondrial homeostasis and function.

Effect of boric acid pretreatment on the formation and structural evolution of polyvinyl alcohol -iodine complex

Effect of boric acid pretreatment on the formation and structural evolution of polyvinyl alcohol -iodine complex

Tween 80 reversed adverse effects of combined autohydrolysis and p-toluenesulfonic acid pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar

In this study, a combined pretreatment involving autohydrolysis and p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) was performed on poplar to coproduce xylooligosaccharides (XOSs) and monosaccharides. The autohydrolysis (180 °C, 30 min) yielded 53.2 % XOS and enhanced the delignification efficiency in the subsequent p-TsOH treatment. Furthermore, considerably high glucan contents (64.1 %∼83.1 %) were achieved in the combined pretreated substrates. However, their enzymatic digestibilities were found to be extremely poor (9.6 %∼14.2 %), which were even lower than the single p-TsOH pretreated substrates (10.2 %∼35.8 %). The underlying reasons were revealed by systematically investigating the effects of the single and combined pretreatment strategies on substrate properties. Moreover, the Tween 80 addition successfully reversed the adverse effects of combined pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis, achieving a high glucose yield of 99.3 % at an enzyme loading of 10 filter paper units/g (FPU/g) glucan. These results deepen the understanding of the synergy of combined pretreatment on biomass fractionation and enzymatic saccharification.

Conversion of highly polymerized lignin into monophenolic products via pyrolysis: A comparative study of acidic and alkaline depolymerization pretreatments using deep eutectic solvents

Converting industrial residual lignin into monophenolic compounds remains a formidable challenge within biorefinery processes, especially when dealing with highly polymerized lignin. This study focuses on the depolymerization of industrial softwood enzyme hydrolysis lignin (SEHL), a by-product of bioethanol production, which possesses a substantial molar mass (M̅w ˃ 10000 g/mol), The approach involves utilizing acidic or alkaline deep eutectic solvent (DES) for pre-depolymerization, followed by rapid pyrolysis, achieving the selective generation of phenolic monomers. Applying acidic or alkaline DES pretreatments initiates depolymerization by breaking the β–aryl ether bonds (β–O–4) in lignin, but consequently triggers distinct reaction pathways. It is found that this pre-depolymerization leads to higher yields of phenolic monomers dominated by 4–methylguaiacol during the subsequent pyrolysis, moreover, the yields resulted from acidic DES-lignin were much higher than those from alkaline DES-lignin. We have comprehensively elucidated the lignin depolymerization process during DES pretreatments through computational simulations and experimental investigations. These efforts have provided valuable insights into the mechanisms involved in the structural changes of DES-lignin. Furthermore, we have established a more profound comprehension of how both acidic and alkaline DES pretreatments enhance the performance of lignin pyrolysis. This study emphasizes the importance of thoroughly understanding the intricate interplay between lignin structure and its thermochemical properties. Such insights are crucial for efficiently valorizing highly polymerized lignin to produce valuable phenolic compounds using the rapid pyrolysis technique.

Ultrasound-enhanced peracetic acid oxidation improves short-chain fatty acids production from waste activated sludge

This study proposed a new technology, i.e., ultrasound (US)-enhanced peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment, to enhance resource recovery from anaerobic sludge fermentation. Results show that the optimum operation condition was achieved with US-enhanced 10 mg PAA/g TSS (total suspended solids), leading to a remarkable 31.72-fold increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production compared to the control group (with PAA contribution in SCFAs deducted). Mechanism explorations prove that US-enhanced PAA pretreatment significantly promoted sludge disruption and organic matter release, creating a substantial amount of soluble substances (i.e., tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like substances) for subsequent fermentation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicates that US-enhanced PAA pretreatment induced alterations in the protein secondary structure and facilitated its transformation. Quenching experiments imply that the contribution of reactive species during sludge oxidation followed the order: 1O2 >OH > CH3C(O)O/CH3C(O)OO. These reactive species played essential roles in the inherent mechanisms responsible for sludge disintegration and organic conversion. On the other hand, the analysis of key enzyme activities reveals a severe inhibition of the enzymes associated with SCFAs consumption. Further microbial community investigation confirms the enrichment of acidogenic microorganisms, such as Clostridium_sensu_stricto_10 sp., norank_f__norank_o__Bacteroidales sp., etc. Overall, US-enhanced PAA pretreatment can facilitate energy recovery and enhance the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation, offering significant benefits in sustainable sludge management.

A comparative study between the conventional and advanced biomass pretreatment methods applied on the Napier Grass used as a biomass

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the traditional and advanced pretreatment methods on the Napier Grass used as a biomass. It is a perennial C-4 type grass belongs to a sugarcane family, also called as Pennisetum Purpureum. It is found in abundance all across the world and traditionally used as a cattle feed stock in India.The author made an attempt for better effectiveness of the Napier Grass processing towards better productivity by using various pretreatment methods viz: Spectrophotometry, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Enzyme Hydrolysis and Sonication.Napier Grass has lignocellulosic fibers with structural carbohydrates that requires pretreatment and enzymatically saccharified before they fermented into monomeric sugars and biofuel. The experimentation is carried out to examine the release of structural carbohydrate from Napier Grass using dilute acid pretreatment. In order to accelerate the process, the protein-rich fungus biomass Rhizopus Oligosporus has been added to the crude Napier Grass juice.It has been observed that, if green processed Napier Grass is treated with 5% concentrated sulfuric acid for a time span of 45 min at 120 °C, that results to yield the highest concentration of glucose from hemicellulose and cellulose with the highest quantum of xylose.The experimental result shows an increase in monomeric sugar that released from Napier Grass fibers after enzymatic saccharification process and the xylose and glucose concentrations achieved to 85.5% by dry weight of Napier grass.

Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Stover Pretreated with Sulfuric Acid in Different Soaking Durations

<p>The biogas production of pretreated corn stover has been determined in different soaking durations. Batch anaerobic digestion applies three different soaking durations in sulfuric acid pretreatment under room temperature. The study aimed to probe the effect of soaking durations during sulfuric acid pretreatment. The experiment was conducted in 600 mL digesters at room temperature. Biogas volume was measured using the water displacement method every three days. The observed cumulative biogas yields varied between 48.74 mL/g VS and 99.95 mL/g VS. The highest biogas yield was obtained when corn stover was soaked in sulfuric acid for 6 hours. The 24 h-pretreated corn stover got the lowest biogas yield. The statistical result proved a significant effect of soaking durations on biogas production (p < 0.05). The logistic model provided a better fit than the first-order model, with R2 values ranging from 0.9923 to 0.9987 and divergence between experimental and predicted values varying between 0.12% and 1.48%.</p>

Nitric Acid Pretreatment Applied to a Refractory Gold-Tellurides Ore

This paper presents the results obtained by processing a gold and silver telluride mineral concentrate from a mine in Colombia. An acid wash, also known as acidification, was carried out, followed by oxidation with nitric acid as a pretreatment. Cyanidations of the pretreatment residues were carried out and the results were compared with results from cyanidations of base materials. The removal of carbonates in the acidification, a tellurium extraction close to 90% during the pretreatment, and a 30% improvement in the gold recovery compared to the conventional process were achieved.

Alleviating lignin repolymerization facilitated the combined acid and deep eutectic solvent pretreatment of Populus

To elucidate the effects of lignin repolymerization on the combined pretreatment, the sequential acid and deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment was implemented on Populus (poplar) in this study. Effects of acid pretreatment with or without phenolic additives (2-naphthol (2 N) and resorcinol (RS)) on the DES post-treatment efficiency were examined. The results showed that 2 N inhibited the lignin repolymerization in the first-step pretreatment, and slightly enhanced the lignin removal during DES post-treatment. However, RS intensified the lignin repolymerization, significantly decreasing the delignification of DES post-treatment from 73.6%∼79.4% to 39.0∼43.0%. Moreover, the poorer enzymatic hydrolysis was observed in the combined pretreated substrates as compared to the single DES pretreated ones, due to the higher surface lignin coverage. The addition of 2 N counteracted the adverse effects of acid pretreatment on the hydrolysis yields of combined pretreated substrates, and facilitated the yields from 25.8%∼36.0% to 26.2∼67.3%, while the RS addition further decreased the hydrolysis yields to 8.6∼9.6%. The mechanism for the changes on enzymatic digestibilities of the combined pretreated substrates was elucidated.

Insight into key obstacles and technological strategy for enzymatic digestion of full cellulose fraction from poplar sawdust

Lignocellulosic biomass mainly consists of hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose, which differently affect the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. As for the typical representative for inert woody biomass, three components of cellulose were proposed conceptually for poplar sawdust, i.e., active cellulose, inert cellulose, and resistant cellulose. Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment, hydrogen peroxide-sulfuric acid delignification, and sulfuric acid-assisted glycerol swelling were, respectively, proven to break the three obstacle mechanisms that affect the cellulase of poplar. The removal of key obstacles improved the cellulase digestibility of poplar enzyme-hydrolyzed residues by 188.7 %, and glucose yield increased from 34.6 % to 99.9 %. Therefore, a total of 39.5 g glucose was obtained from 100 g poplar sawdust by integrating the above three technologies. This work presented insight into and removed the key obstacles to enzymatic digestibility of poplar cellulose and developed an integrated technology to effectively convert full cellulose fraction to glucose from woody biomass.

Highly-efficient lipid production from hydrolysate of Radix paeoniae alba residue by oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum

Valorization of herbal extraction residues (HERs) into value-added products is pivotal for the sustainability of Chinese medicine industry. Here, seven different enzymatic hydrolysates of dilute acid pretreated HERs were evaluated for lipid production by Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum. Among them, the highest sugar yield via hydrolysis and the maximum lipid production were obtained from Radix paeoniae alba residue (RPAR). More interestingly, high proportion of sugar polymers was disintegrated into fermentable sugars during the pretreatment step, allowing a cheap non-enzymatic route for producing sugars from RPAR. A repeated dilute acid pretreatment gained a high sugar concentration of 241.6 g/L through reusing the pretreatment liquor (PL) for four times. Biomass, lipid concentration, and lipid content achieved 49.5 g/L, 35.7 g/L and 72.2 %, respectively, using fed-batch culture of PL. The biodiesel parameters indicated lipids produced from HERs were suitable for biodiesel production. This study offers a cost-effective way to upgrade the HERs waste into micro-biodiesel.

Characteristics of insoluble soybean fiber (ISF) concentrated emulsions: Effects of pretreatment on ISF and freeze-thaw stability of emulsions.

The properties of emulsions could be affected by the interactions between the components and network stabilization effect, which are commonly adjusted by changes in pH, ionic strength and temperature. In this work, insoluble soybean fiber (ISF) obtained via homogenization after alkaline treatment was pretreated firstly and then resultant emulsions were freeze-thawed. Heating pretreatment reduced droplet size, enhanced viscosity and viscoelasticity as well as subsequent stability of ISF concentrated emulsions, while both acidic pretreatment and salinized pretreatment decreased the viscosity and weakened the stability. Furthermore, ISF emulsions exhibited a good freeze-thaw performance which was further improved by secondary emulsification. Heating promoted the swelling of ISF and strengthened the gel-like structure of emulsions while salinization and acidization weakened the electrostatic interactions and caused the destabilization. These results indicated that pretreatment of ISF significantly influenced the concentrated emulsion properties, providing guidance for the fabrication of concentrated emulsions and related food with designed characteristics.

Bio-based succinic acid production from durian husk: A rising Southeast Asia agricultural waste

The spiking availability of durian husk in Southeast Asia reveals a promising yet underutilized lignocellulosic biomass. Compositional characterization via National Renewable Energy Laboratories protocols (NREL) showed that durian husk contained 40.96% glucan, 9.51% xylan, and 26.48% of lignin. Enzymatic hydrolysis of durian husk was improved upon dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment. The optimal conditions for particle size and pretreatment duration were determined to be − 80/+ 100 mesh size durian husk exposing to an hour of acid pretreatment, resulting in a maximum reducing sugar recovery of 37.29 and 24.32 g/L for acid and enzyme hydrolysate, respectively. Fermentability tests using Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z for both acid and enzyme hydrolysates demonstrated succinic acid yields of 49% and 63% (g/g), respectively. A stoichiometry equation describing the formation of substrate and all products was established based on the results obtained from batch fermentation: C6H12O6 + 0.377 C5H10O5 + 0.130NH3 + 0.238CO2 → 0.864 C4H6O4 + 0.224 C2H4O2 + 0.134CH2O2 + 0.292CH2.096O0.111N0.658 + 0.231 H2O. This equation serves as a useful reference for future investigations into succinic acid production reactions. The cost-effectiveness of succinic acid production and its environmental performance were evaluated to highlight the potential of durian husk as feedstock. This study presents the first report on the utilization of durian husk as an alternative and sustainable feedstock for the production of bio-based succinic acid.