Acid Methyl Ester Blend Research Articles

Speed of Sound in Hydrocarbon-Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Blends: Experimental Investigation and Combining Rule Development

Speed of Sound in Hydrocarbon-Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Blends: Experimental Investigation and Combining Rule Development

Effect of Anode Interfacial Modification by Self-Assembled Monolayers on the Organic Solar Cell Performance.

A series of self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based benzoic acid derivatives such as 4-[5'-phenyl-2,2'-bitien-5-yl] benzoic acid (ZE-Ph), 4-[5'-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,2'-bitien-5-yl]benzoic acid (ZE-1F), and 4-[5'-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-2,2'-bitien-5-yl]benzoic acid (ZE-2F) were synthesized to use an interlayer between an ITO electrode and a MoO3 thin film layer in an organic solar cell (OSC) having poly-3 hexylthiophene (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) blend. The work function and surface wetting properties of the ITO were tuned by SAM molecules. The power conversion efficiency of fabricated OSC devices was improved compared to that of the control device from 1.93 to 2.20% and 2.22% with ZE-Ph and ZE-1F-modified ITO electrodes, respectively. The short-circuit current density (Jsc) was increased from 6.16 to 7.10 mA/cm2 and 6.94 mA/cm2 with control, ZE-Ph, and ZE-1F-modified solar cells, respectively. The increase in short-circuit current density (Jsc) shows that the hole-transporting properties between ITO and MoO3 were improved by the use of ZE-Ph and ZE-1F compared with that of the ITO/MoO3 electrode configuration. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the SAM-modified ITO-based devices was also improved compared with the Voc of unmodified ITO-based devices. These results show that using a monolayer as an interlayer in OSCs is an important strategy to improve the performance of OSCs. All the device parameters were characterized by Kelvin probe force microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, contact angle, and I-V measurements.

Semiconductor quantum dots as a mechanism to enhance charge transfer processes in polymer solar cells

The light trapping capability of thin film polymer solar absorber, composed of poly (3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]–phenyl C61- butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC60BM) blend, is improved using ZnS semiconductor quantum dots (QD) as third donor-acceptor (D:A) component. The inherent characteristics of the microwave-assisted synthesized ZnS QD, such as quantum size effect, and multiple exciton generation were leveraged in harvesting high energy photons, which resulted in a better exciton generation, dissociation, and effective charge transport in the polymer medium. The synthesized QD exhibited good phase purity, effective kinetic enhancement, and control of the aggregation process. Hence, the impact of ZnS QD on the performance of thin film polymer solar cells (TFPSC) is evident by a remarkable improvement in the measured photovoltaic parameters. Nonetheless, it is observed that the device performances are generally dependent on the concentration of the QD in the absorber layer. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency has increased by 58% at 3% concentration of QDs by weight. This is an interesting development of TFPSC fabricated under an ambient environment.

Enhancing efficiency and decelerating degradation in bulk heterojunction solar cells with N,N-Dimethylformamide cosolvent for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)

Focused on the improvement of hole transport layer of organic solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/6,6-phenil C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend, we studied the possibility of extending the lifetime of these devices. Thus, influence of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) added to poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiofene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole transport layer was analyzed. We report that DMF causes an increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells. A likely reason for this improvement might be a reduced intermolecular distance between the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiofene): (PEDOT) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) chains. The optimal volume of DMF in PEDOT:PSS was studied: two parts of DMF to one part of PEDOT:PSS increases PCE by 47%. Furthermore, PEDOT:PSS layer with DMF generated a reduction in the degradation of PCE, extending the lifetime of bulk heterojunction solar cells.

Reducing Energy Loss in Polymer Solar Cell through Optimization of Novel Metal Nanocomposite

Ag/CuPO4 nanocomposite was successfully synthesized using wet chemistry for potential application as a mechanism to suppress charge recombination and harvest more photons in thin-film organic solar cells (TFOSCs). The morphological and optical properties of the nanocomposite were studied using high-resolution electron microscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy. The Ag/CuPO4 nanocomposite exhibited a semispherical geometry which is suitable for the occurrence of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and light scattering in a dielectric medium. Conventional device architecture is employed that uses a solar absorber composed of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend with and without the nanocomposite. As a result, significant changes in the device performances were observed by the incorporation of the metal nanocomposite, where the experimental evidence suggested that the doped active layer outperformed the undoped ones. Consequently, the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) grew by nearly 95% compared to the reference cell. Furthermore, the measured photocurrents are found to be dependent on the concentration of the nanocomposite in the absorber layer. In this article, the effects of metal nanocomposite are discussed in terms of the phenomena of local surface plasmon resonance and far-field scattering in the photoactive medium of TFOSCs.

Doping with Niobium Nanoparticles as an Approach to Increase the Power Conversion Efficiency of P3HT:PCBM Polymer Solar Cells.

Metal additive processing in polymer: fullerene bulk heterojunction systems is recognized as a viable way for improving polymer photovoltage performance. In this study, the effect of niobium (Nb) metal nanoparticles at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/mL on poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)-6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends was analyzed. The effect of Nb volume concentration on polymer crystallinity, optical properties, and surface structure of P3HT and PCBM, as well as the enhancement of the performance of P3HT:PC61BM solar cells, are investigated. Absorption of the P3HT:PC61BM mix is seen to have a high intensity and a red shift at 500 nm. The reduction in PL intensity with increasing Nb doping concentrations indicates an increase in PL quenching, suggesting that the domain size of P3HT or conjugation length increases. With a high Nb concentration, crystallinity, material composition, surface roughness, and phase separation are enhanced. Nb enhances PCBM's solubility in P3HT and decreases the size of amorphous P3HT domains. Based on the J-V characteristics and the optoelectronic study of the thin films, the improvement results from a decreased recombination current, changes in morphology and crystallinity, and an increase in the effective exciton lifespan. At high doping concentrations of Nb nanoparticles, the development of the short-circuit current (JSC) is associated with alterations in the crystalline structure of P3HT. The highest-performing glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM:Nb/MoO3/Au structures have short-circuit current densities (JSC) of 16.86 mA/cm2, open-circuit voltages (VOC) of 466 mV, fill factors (FF) of 65.73%, and power conversion efficiency (µ) of 5.16%.

Synergistic contribution of potassium sulfide doped with silver nanoparticles on the performance of thin film organic solar cells

Potassium sulfide doped with silver (K2S:Ag) nanoparticles were used in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells to assist in harvesting more photons using an absorber layer composed of poly (3-hexylthiophene) and (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester blend (P3HT:PCBM). The optical and electrical properties of the organic-molecule-blended thin photoactive films were investigated using optical spectrometers and a computer-interfaced source meter coupled with a solar simulator. The structure and composition of the nanoparticles were examined by high resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The measured photovoltaic parameters indicated that solar cell performance was dependent on the concentration of K2S:Ag nanoparticles in the P3HT:PCBM blended film. Consequently, enhanced photocurrent was recorded from the devices with a short circuit current as high as 15.8 mA cm−2, fill factor of 57.2%, and power conversion efficiency of 5.12%, representing a 15% and 97% growth in fill factor and power conversion efficiency, respectively, compared to the reference device. The results were attributed to the occurrence of localized surface plasmon resonance and the light scattering effect of K2S:Ag in the photoactive medium.

Broadening of the Response Spectrum and Gain in the Optoelectronic Performance of P3HT:PC61BM/ZnO NWs “Embedded” Heterojunction Photodetector

The combination of the inorganic semiconductor material zinc oxide (ZnO) and the organic material poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with 6,6-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) blends (P3HT:PC61BM) has been widely studied for photovoltaic applications. In this paper, a P3HT:PC61BM/ZnO nanowires (NWs) photodetector (PD) with wide spectral responsivity was prepared. The photoresponse performance of PDs was compared and analyzed by tests and calculations, and it was demonstrated that the organic material could well broaden the absorption and response spectral range of the ZnO NWs PD, and the overall responsivity and external quantum efficiency were significantly improved. p-Type P3HT:PC61BM is “embedded” with n-type ZnO NWs in a large area, and the built-in electric field of the heterojunction can effectively separate photogenerated excitons and effectively promote electron transport. The ZnO NWs play the role of electron-transport “channels”, which lead to good improvement of the optoelectronic performance of the ZnO NWs PD.

Effects of PCBM loading on high sensitive P3HT based vertical bulk resistive X-ray detector

Recently, semiconductive polymeric materials have attracted attention as an active layer for detecting ionizing radiation because of their excellent properties such as flexibility, easy production, solution processability and low-cost production. This paper presents X-ray detection properties of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend structure with different PCBM loading ratios. P3HT:PCBM mixing ratio was changed from 1:0 to 1:2. Top contact of the pure and blend structured device were produced by using a solution based graphite ink. Devices were constructed with vertical bulk resistive architecture within an ohmic electrode structure as ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Graphite configuration. Graphite electrode was coated on the active layer with the spray coating method. All devices exhibited ohmic current-voltage (I–V) characteristics. The blend structured devices exhibited stable saw-tooth type behaviour in photocurrent responses against the on and off states of X-rays. Saw-tooth type responses could be evaluated as major evidence for a potential usage of organic electronic device technology direct radiation detectors. Although the best sensitivity value to X-ray was obtained with the blend structure with equal ratio, it was observed that the rise and decay times were shortened with the increase in the amount of PCBM in the blend structure from. • P3HT:PCBM active layer based X Ray detectors were fabricated and effect of PCBM ratio was investigated. • Spray coated graphite electrode was used as the top ohmic contact for all devices. • P3HT:PCBM ratio was changed as (1:0), (1:0.5), (1:1), (1:2) and investigate PCBM concentrations how effect X Ray detection parameters with different X Ray dose rates under 10 V bias. • Best sensitivity value to X-ray was obtained with the blend structure with equal ratio of PCBM and P3HT (1:1).

Plasmonic nano-particles mediated energy harvesting in thin-film organic solar cells

A Cd-doped ZnO nano-composite (Cd:ZnO) was synthesized using wet chemistry, and then incorporated into the photo-active layer of a thin film organic solar cell (TFOSC) to assist photon harvesting. The nano-composite (NC) formed different sized nano-structures that are beneficial to optical absorption and charge transport processes in the TFOSC. The effects on the NC were studied using a solar absorber medium composed of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 6-6-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend with standard device architecture: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/LiF/Al. The electrical and optical properties of the photoactive films were investigated at various doping levels of Cd:ZnO NC in the medium. The composite showed interesting local surface plasmon resonance, which significantly impacted on the performance of the cells. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency of the TFOSC grew by 84% compared to the reference cell. It is also noted that Cd:ZnO is environmentally stable and compatible for solution device processing.

Effective energy harvesting in thin film organic solar cells using Ni:Zn as bimetallic nanoparticles

This article explores the effect of bimetallic plasmonic nanocomposites in the solar absorber layers of thin-film organic solar cells (TFOSCs) for possible improvement in harvesting solar energy. To achieve this goal, a new nanocomposite composed of Nickel and Zinc (Ni: Zn) was successfully synthesized by the use of a chemical reduction processes. The effect of bimetallic nanocomposites was studied using a photoactive medium, which comprises of poly-(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) blend and doped with Ni:Zn at different concentrations. Consequently, an improved power conversion efficiency value up to 4.78% was found at 1% Ni:Zn bimetallic concentration by weight compared to reference solar cell. This is a clear indication of the influence of Ni:Zn bimetallic nanoparticles on the performance of TFOSC. These effects have been realized by the occurrence of local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon caused by Ni: Zn nanoparticles in polymer medium.

Modelling and Calculation of Characteristic Parameters of the Active and Buffer Layers in Organic Solar Cell

Background: The active layer not only must have a strong light absorption in the visible spectrum but must also be sufficient for charge carrier transport to the electrodes. Electrons in conducting polymer transport by hopping between different energy levels resulted in much lower charge mobility. Therefore, the thickness of the active layer must be limited, so the separated charge can reach the corresponding electrodes without recombination. However, a thin active layer has weaker light absorption, resulting in the low photogenerated current in organic solar cell devices. Furthermore, buffer layers usually have high charge mobility, which in turn would enhance the transportation of charge from the active layer to electrodes. Metal oxides have been studied to be used as a cathode buffer layer, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc. Objective: In this work, behaviors of the photon-electrical characteristics with variation in thickness of the active (poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester blend) and buffer (zinc oxide) layers were investigated. Methods: The influences of the thickness of the active and buffer layers on characteristic parameters of organic solar cells were investigated by solving the drift and diffusion equation with the photogenerated current given by the Hetch equation. Results: The optimum thickness was obtained around 100 nm and below 10 nm for the active and the ZnO buffer layers, respectively. Conclusion: Thinner active layer resulted in lower photocurrent due to poor light absorption while at 150 nm thick and above, PCE of the device reduced rapidly because of the high recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. ZnO buffer layer was used as an electron transport layer and a hole blocking layer in order to improve the cell’s performance. The addition of ZnO enhanced the PCE up to 2.48 times higher than the conventional device.

Local surface plasmon resonance assisted energy harvesting in thin film organic solar cells

Nickel sulfide(NiS) nano-particles are used in the solar absorber medium of thin film organic solar cell (TFOSC) to aid in harvesting solar energy. Solution-processed TFOSCs were fabricated using poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and (6-6) phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend photo-active layer with or without NiS nano-particles(NPs). The new solar cells showed enhanced opto-electronic properties by the incorporation of NPs. The experimental data suggest that the device performances have been influenced by the concentration of NiS nano-particles in the absorber layer. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency(PCE) of the solar cell has improved by 93% from the reference cell, at 1% optimum concentration of NiS by weight. The best PCE recorded in this investigation was 4.63%, which is an important development in an ambient environment preparation condition. The effect of the metal nano-particles clearly demonstrated in this investigation in terms of enhanced short circuit current (Jsc) and PCE, which are an indicators of improved exciton dissociation and charge transportation processes in the medium. The results will be discussed by way of optical and electrical properties of the solar absorber films.

Thickness Optimization and Photovoltaic Properties of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on PFB–PCBM Layer

We report on the fabrication and study of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells based on a novel combination of a donor–acceptor poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(N,N0-diphenyl)-N,N′di(p-butyl-oxy-pheyl)-1,4-diamino-benzene) (PFB) and [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend composed of 1:1 by volume. indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/PFB–PCBM/Ag BHJ solar cells are fabricated by a facile cost-effective spin-coating technique. The thickness of the active film (PFB–PCBM) plays an important role in the efficiency of light absorption, exciton creation, and dissociation into free charges that results in higher power conversion efficiency (PCE). In order to optimize the PCE as a function of active layer thickness, a number of solar cells are fabricated with different thicknesses of PFB–PCBM films at 120, 140, 160, 180, and 200 nm, and their photovoltaic characteristics are investigated. It is observed that the device with a 180 nm thick film demonstrates a maximum PCE of 2.9% with a fill factor (FF) of 53% under standard testing conditions (STC) (25 °C, 1.5 AM global, and 100 mW/cm2). The current–voltage (I-V) properties of the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PFB–PCBM/Ag BHJ devices are also measured in dark conditions to measure and understand different parameters of the heterojunction. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy for the PFB–PCBM film of optimal thickness (180 nm) are carried out to understand the effect of surface morphology on the PCE and bandgap of the blend, respectively. The AFM micrographs show a slightly non-uniform and rough surface with an average surface roughness (Ra) of 29.2 nm. The UV-vis measurements of the PFB–PCBM blend exhibit a reduced optical bandgap of ≈2.34 eV as compared to that of pristine PFB (2.88 eV), which results in an improved absorption of light and excitons generation. The obtained results for the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PFB–PCBM (180 nm)/Ag BHJ device are compared with the ones previously reported for the P3HT–PCBM blend with the same film thickness. It is observed that the PFB–PCBM-based BHJ device has shown two times higher open circuit voltage (Voc) and, hence, enhanced the efficiency.

Extremely efficient flexible organic solar cells with a graphene transparent anode: Dependence on number of layers and doping of graphene

Graphene has shown tremendous potential as a transparent conductive electrode (TCE) for flexible organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the trade-off between electrical conductance and transparency as well as surface roughness of the graphene TCE with increasing layer number limits power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhancement and its use for large-area OSCs. Here, we use a 300 nm-thick poly[(2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyloxy)phenylene)-alt-(5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]-[1,2,5]thiadiazole)]:[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester blend as the photoactive layer and a benzimidazole (BI)-doped graphene as the transparent anode to demonstrate efficient OSCs with good flexibility. It is found that 3 layer (L) graphene had the best balance between sheet resistance, optical transmittance and surface roughness for optimized cell design. A 0.2 cm2 cell with a 3L BI-doped graphene anode had a PCE of 6.85%, which is one of the highest PCE values reported so far for flexible graphene anode-based OSCs. The flexible cells were mechanically robust, showing only a small performance degradation during up to 250 flexing cycles. Moreover, the combination of the thick photoactive layer with the optimized 3L BI-doped graphene TCE enabled production of 1.6 cm2 flexible OSCs with a PCE of 1.8%. Our work illustrates the importance of graphene TCE development for flexible OSCs as well as other wearable optoelectronic devices.

Investigation of charge-transport properties in polymer/fullerene blends using transient electroluminescence technique

The charge-transport property is one of crucial factors to determine the performance of the polymer-based devices. The hole-transport properties of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5diyl) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends with two blend ratios were investigated using transient electroluminescence (EL) measurements. For EL, organic light emitting diodes are fabricated with P3HT:PCBM blends as hole-transport layers. To reduce absorption, a red phosphorescent emitter with bis(1-phenylisoquinolinato-N,C2′) iridium(acetylacetonate) [(piq)2Ir(acac)] was used. Transient EL with red color is obtained in spite of P3HT:PCBM absorption and hole mobilities of P3HT:PCBM layers are calculated using delay times in transient EL signals. The hole mobility of pristine P3HT:PCBM with 1:0.8 blend ratio is approximately 6.2 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 · s−1 at approximately 615 kV cm−1, and it decreases when the PCBM ratio increases. The hole mobility of the P3HT:PCBM layer increases to approximately 1.07 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 · s−1 at approximately 615 kV cm−1 when the P3HT:PCBM blend is thermally annealed.

Improved short-circuit current density in bulk heterojunction solar cells with reduced graphene oxide-germanium dioxide nanocomposite in the photoactive layer

In the quest to improve the optical absorption and electrical transport of poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and (6-6) phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend film, reduced graphene oxide-germanium dioxide nanocomposite (rGO-GeO2) was employed in the photoactive layer of thin film organic solar cells. Bulk heterojunction solar cells (BHJ SCs) with rGO-GeO2 composite in the active layer exhibited an increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 53%. Significant improvement in the measured photocurrent is achieved by the incorporation of rGO-GeO2 in the active layer. High short-circuit current density (Jsc) of up to 17 mA/cm2 is attained in the BHJ SCs. The high Jsc shows that the inlay of rGO-GeO2 in the active layer facilitates exciton separation and creates percolation pathways for charge transport to the electrodes. Charge separation is energetically favoured by a built-in potential difference between the donor and acceptor phases of the active layer. Hence, the incorporation of rGO-GeO2 composite in the active layer improves its charge photogeneration, separation and transport to yield high Jsc and enhanced PCE.

Electrostatic potential imaging of phase-separated structures in organic materials via differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy.

Electron staining is generally performed prior to observing organic materials via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to enhance image contrast. However, electron staining can deteriorate organic materials. Here, we demonstrate electrostatic potential imaging of organic materials via differential phase contrast (DPC) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) without electron staining. Electrostatic potential imaging drastically increases the contrast between different materials. Phase-separated structures in a poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend that are impossible to observe using conventional STEM are clearly visualized. Furthermore, annealing behavior of the phase-separated structures is directly observed. The morphological transformations in the samples are consistent with their physical parameters, including their glass transition and melting temperatures. Our results indicate that electrostatic potential imaging is highly effective for observing organic materials.

Improved energy harvesting using well-aligned ZnS nanoparticles in bulk-heterojunction organic solar cell

Zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by low temperature colloidal chemistry to produce stable zinc blend structure. The metallic ZnS NPs were incorporated into poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend photoactive layer to improve the overall performance of organic solar cells (OSC). The newly fabricated devices have exhibited enhanced photocurrent which is likely to come from utilizing the near-field and light scattering effects due to the NPs. The short-circuit current density of the best solar cell was enhanced to as high as 15.65 mA cm−2 followed by 51% and 4.0% maximum fill-factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE), respectively. This enhancement is very comparable to those obtained from the use of expensive plasmonic gold and silver nanoparticles. The current results are encouraging to improve the performance of OSC through a facile yet cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach of metal nanoparticles synthesis.

Effect of In Situ Annealing on Phase Segregation And Optoelectronic Properties of Ultrasonic-Spray Deposited Polymer Blend Films

Here, we report a systematic study on the various effects of in situ annealing on nanoscale phase segregation and optoelectronic properties of ultrasonic spray deposited Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): [6,6]-Phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) blend film and compared their photovoltaic properties with state-of-art spin-coated devices. Detailed investigations have been carried out to understand the structure-property relationship between the polymer crystallization process, film formation, and charge transport for such deposition technique. It has been found that ultrasonic spray coating at moderate substrate temperature, well below the solvent boiling point, results in the best quality films with comparable properties to spin-coated samples. Films deposited at 80 °C showed uniform crystallite size of approximately 8.6 nm, photoluminescence quenching around ∼98%, and improved charge transport properties with electron and hole mobility of 7.8 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 9.41 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The photovoltaic devices obtained for such condition exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 2.45%. The similarities in film characteristics and device performances between spin and ultrasonic spray deposited samples indicate its practical feasibility as a scalable technique for large area applications.