Acid Magnesium Salt Research Articles

Preparation of a novel functionalized magnesium-based curing agent as an intrinsic flame retardant for epoxy resin

In this study, a novel organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardant 10-(1,4-dicarboxylic acid magnesium salt)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DMMH) was synthesized via neutralization and addition reaction of maleic acid, magnesium hydroxide and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and subsequently used in an intrinsic flame retardant epoxy resin. The chemical structure and morphology of DMMH were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, the prepared DMMH was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form an intumescent flame retardant system. The thermal stability and flame retardance were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), UL-94 vertical burning test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. It was observed that the addition of 1.7% DMMH and 5.3% APP led EP-7 to acquire UL-94 V-0 rating, with the limiting oxygen index of 26.0%. As compared with pure EP, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate and total smoke production of the sample was noted to decrease by 54.5%, 35.1%, 43.6% and 38.1%, respectively. In addition, the introduction of DMMH did not negatively impact the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin.

L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt Supplementation in ADHD: An Open-Label Pilot Study

Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is estimated to affect up to 5% of adults worldwide. Preclinical work demonstrates that L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt (LTAMS) administration is associated with neurobiological and neurofunctional effects that could offer clinical benefits in ADHD treatment. Methods Participants were 15 adults with ADHD of moderate severity. Subjects received up to 12 weeks of open-label LTAMS administered as MMFS302 and MMFS202. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and posted on ClinicalTrails.Gov (NCT02558790). Results 47% of subjects met our criteria of response attaining a CGI-Improvement score ≤2 and AISRS total reduction ≥25%. Significant improvement was seen in the AISRS, CGI-I, and the shifting subscale of the BRIEF. Changes in IQ and WASI-II performance were favorable and significant in the study population. Conclusion LTAMS supplementation was found to be effective and well tolerated. Nearly half of participants met our definition of ADHD symptom clinical response. These results support the need to further evaluate this compound in larger samples under double-blind conditions.

Synthesis, characterization, solvatochromic study, and application of new heterocyclic monoazo acid dyes

Heterocyclic amines were diazotized and coupled with 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid magnesium salt to synthesize some new heterocyclic monoazo dyes, showing ammonium-azonium tautomerism. The structures of the dyes were characterized by 1H‐NMR, MALDI, FTIR, and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The solvatochromic behavior of the dyes was assessed in solvents of different polarities. Ammonium-azonium tautomerism was also investigated, and the dyes were found to exist as a mixture of tautomers. In addition, the effect of acid on the visible absorption spectra, and the tautomeric equilibrium was also reported. The resultant dyes were applied on silk at 1/1 standard depth, and were checked for different fastness properties.

An 8-week open label trial of l-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt in patients with mild to moderate dementia

Emerging research on the effects of a novel magnesium compound of l-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt (l-TAMS) containing Vitamins C and D on cognitive performance suggests that supplementation may be of benefit to individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The current open label trial explored l-TAMS effects in patients with mild to moderate probable AD. Fifteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of mild-to-moderate AD underwent 18F-FDG-PET imaging and neuropsychological testing, and blood draws at baseline and after 8weeks of treatment in order to assess the acute effects of l-TAMS supplementation on cerebral glucose metabolism and cognitive performance. Neuropsychological testing and blood chemistries were also performed after 4months of l-TAMS discontinuation. We did not find metabolic changes in apriori ROIs associated with AD rather, exploratory analyses showed statistical brain maps of cerebral-to-whole brain increases in regions not associated with AD. However, these findings were uncorrected for multiple comparisons and none of the findings survived multiple region comparisons. Although this study was underpowered to detect cognitive changes, a significant increase was found in MMSE scores after 8weeks of l-TAMS treatment. No significant changes were found on other cognitive measures. The results of this study need to be interpreted with caution given significant study limitations including possible Type I error due to multiple comparisons, no comparison placebo group, and small sample size. Larger and longer, randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to clarify whether l-TAMS treatment has significant effects on cognitive or relevant biomarkers in persons affected by or at risk for AD.

Regulation of structural and functional synapse density by L-threonate through modulation of intraneuronal magnesium concentration

Oral administration of the combination of L-threonate (threonate) and magnesium (Mg2+) in the form of L-Threonic acid Magnesium salt (L-TAMS) can enhance learning and memory in young rats and prevent memory decline in aging rats and in Alzheimer’s disease model mice. Recent results from a human clinical trial demonstrate the efficacy of L-TAMS in restoring global cognitive abilities of older adults. Previously, we reported that neuronal intracellular Mg2+ serves as a critical signaling molecule for controlling synapse density, a key factor that determines cognitive ability. The elevation of brain Mg2+ by oral administration of L-TAMS in intact animals plays a significant role in mediating the therapeutic effects of L-TAMS. The current study sought to elucidate the unique role of threonate. We aimed to understand if threonate acts directly to elevate intraneuronal Mg2+, and why Mg2+ given without threonate is ineffective for enhancing learning and memory ability. We discovered that threonate is naturally present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and oral treatment with L-TAMS elevated CSF threonate. In cultured hippocampal neurons, threonate treatment directly induced an increase in intracellular Mg2+ concentration. Functionally, elevating threonate upregulated expression of NR2B-containing NMDAR, boosted mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and increased functional synapse density in neuronal cultures. These effects are unique to threonate, as other common Mg2+ anions failed to have the same results. Mechanistically, threonate’s effects were specifically mediated through glucose transporters (GLUTs). We also evaluated the effects of threonate in human neural stem cell-derived neurons, and found it was equally effective at upregulating synapse density. The current study provides an explanation for why threonate is an essential component of L-TAMS and supports the use of L-TAMS to promote cognitive abilities in human.

Investigation and Synthesis of Some Novel Spiro Heterocycles Related to Indoline Moiety

Reactions of indole-2,3-dione 1 with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, o-phenylenediamine, 2-aminophenol, 2-aminobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzimidazole and 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one were carried out to give compounds spiroindolethiazetobenzimidazole 2, spirobenzimidazole(oxazole)indoline 3a,b, benzothiazol(imidazol) iminoindolinone 4a,b and methyloxoindolylidenepyrazolone 5 respectively. Compound 5 was reacted with 2-aminophenol as well as o-phenylenediamine to give new spirooxazepine and diazepine derivatives 6a,b respectively. Reaction of 5 with nitrogen nucleophiles as well as carbon nucleophiles was investigated to furnish new spiro heterocycles 7-11. The reaction of 2-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroindol-3-ylidene)malononitrile compound 12 with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one was carried out to give spiroindolopyranopyrazolo derivative 13. Compounds 4a,b was reacted with thioglycolic acid to give thiazolidinone derivatives 14a,b. Epoxidation of 5 using monoperoxyphthalic acid magnesium salt hexahydrate and hydrogen peroxide were executed to afford the novel dispiro (2-pyrazolin oxiraneindoline)dione compound 15. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were well established by elemental and spectral analyses. Keywords: Spiroheterocycles; Epoxidation; Diazapines, Oxazepines; Spirothiazolidinone. © 2014 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i2.17590 J. Sci. Res. 6 (2), 303-317 (2014)

A Novel Method of Quantitative Carbon Dioxide for Synthesizing Magnesium Oleate (Linoleate, Isostearate, and Sulfonate) Detergents

In order to improve the utilization efficiency of carbon dioxide and calculate the amount of carbon dioxide better, a series of magnesium salt detergents (including magnesium oleate, magnesium linoleate, magnesium isostearate and magnesium sulfonate) was synthesized using a novel method of quantitative carbon dioxide, and this method has the potential for synthesizing more organic acid magnesium salt detergents.

Optical spectroscopy to investigate the structure of regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin in solution.

Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy were used to monitor the conformational transition of regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin (RSF) in aqueous solutions under different conditions. According to the analysis of fluorescence spectra using anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid magnesium salt (ANS) as an external probe, the destruction of the hydrophobic core prior to the secondary structure change suggests that this collapse may initiate the conformational transition from random coil to beta-sheet for RSF. The temperature dependence of the structural changes of RSF, detected by both fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism, shows a reversible process upon heating and recooling, with the midpoint around 45 degrees C. The results also indicate that most of the tryptophan (Trp) residues contained in silk fibroin are concentrated on the surface of the unfolded protein. However, they will change their location in the highly ordered structure (e.g., becoming more homogeneous) with the conformational transition of silk fibroin. Moreover, our studies also suggest that the presence of water plays a crucial role during the structure changes of fibroin.

Structure and Properties of Polyurethane Ionomer Blends with Polyaminourethane

Binary blends of segmented polyetherurethanes were prepared from oligooxytetramethylene glycol, toluylene diisocyanate, and a chain extender (p-hydroxybenzoic acid magnesium salt or N-methyldiethanolamine). The nature of intermolecular interactions in the blends of various compositions was studied by IR spectroscopy. Depending on the formulation of the blends, various kinds of microstructural organization exist (as demonstrated by low-angle X-ray scattering data), strongly influencing the mechanical characteristics of polyurethane blends.

Preparation of Cross-Linked Microcapsules Entrapping Inorganic Salt by In-situ Polymerization in (W/O/W) Emulsion System.

Cross-linked microcapsules entrapping ascorbic acid magnesium salt as a core material are prepared by in-situ copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in a (W/O/W) emulsion system. The effects of the preparation conditions of the microcapsules on the capsule morphologies, the entrapment efficiency and release profiles of the core material are investigated. The entrapment efficiency of the core material is improved by lowering the volume fraction of the dispersion phase in the (W/O) emulsion and adding the salt to the outer aqueous phase when tricalcium phosphate is used as the dispersion stabilizer. Both the entrapment efficiency of the core material and the internal morphologies of the microcapsules affect the release profiles of the core material.

Complexing properties and structural characteristics of thermally sensitive copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylcaprolactam

The interaction of thermally sensitive copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone (VP) and N-vinylcaprolactam (VC) with small molecules having different chemical structures (8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid magnesium salt dihydrate, acridine orange, phenol, and sodium dodecyl sulphate) in aqueous solutions was studied by luminescent methods. The interaction of these copolymers with acridine orange was studied at different temperatures. It was established that the complexing ability of VP–VC copolymers even at a low content of VC units exceeds that of poly- N-vinylpyrrolidone. At a high content of VC units, and a low content of VC units, the complexing ability of VP–VC copolymers was found to be higher than that of poly- N-vinylcaprolactam. It is shown that the change in functional characteristics of VP–VC copolymers is determined by changes in the structural organization of VP–VC macromolecules and by increasing intramacromolecular interactions between nonpolar groups. Intramacromolecular structurization occurring during temperature increase and complexation is manifested very distinctly by changes in nanosecond dynamics of macromolecules. Nanosecond relaxation times characterizing intramolecular mobility of macromolecules with increasing temperature and in complexation with phenol and surfactant ions were determined.

Pernitrated metalloporphyrins as catalysts in oxidation with magnesium monoperoxophthalate: Part II. Epoxidation of linear olefins

The system composed of manganese (2,6)-dichlorotetraphenyl- or pentafluorotetraphenyl-porphyrins, bearing nitro groups at the β-pyrrolic positions as catalysts and monoperoxyphthalic acid magnesium salt (MMPP) as oxidant is an efficient model system for epoxidation of dodecene-1 and propene. A comparison with the corresponding system based on iron and cobalt complexes as well as the influence of the addition of a nitrogenous base are also described.

Geodin A magnesium salt: A novel nematocide from a southern australian marine sponge, geodia

A Geodia species collected from southern Australian waters of the Great Australian Bight has yielded a potent new in vitro nematocidal agent identified as geodin A Mg salt (1), a new macrocyclic polyketide lactam tetramic acid magnesium salt. The structure for 1 was assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis.

Inhibition of collagen hydroxylation by lithospermic acid magnesium salt, a novel compound isolated from Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix

We have screened several chinese medicinal herbs for the presence of antifibrotic agents. An aqueous extract of Salviae miltorrhizea Radix was found to inhibit collagen secretion by human skin fibroblasts without affecting DNA or noncollagen protein synthesis. We have subsequently purified the material exhibiting the inhibitory activity and identified it as magnesium lithospermate. From its chemical structure this compound was predicted to be an inhibitor of the post-translational modifying enzymes prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases in collagen biosynthesis. Accordingly, it decreased the extent of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylations in collagen by approx. 50%. Added to cell extracts it inhibited both prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase activities, but only lysyl hydroxylase activity when added to intact cells. Oral administration of this compound to mice led to a significant reduction of prolyl hydroxylation in newly-synthesized skin collagen. This naturally-occurring compound thus offers a potential means for treating fibrotic diseases, such as systemic scleroderma and keloid.

Binding of amino α-lactam antibiotics to soluble protein from rat intestinal mucosa—II: Mutual inhibition of binding among amino α-lactam antibiotics and binding characteristics

The characteristics of binding of amino β-lactam antibiotics including ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin and cephradine to fraction b obtained from the 105,000 g supernatant of rat small intestinal mucosa was investigated. The mutual inhibition of binding among these antibiotics was observed, and these were dependent on the concentration of inhibitors. It was found that dipeptides such as l-carnosine and glycylglycine significantly reduced the binding of cephalexin to fraction b, but the binding of cephradine was only slightly decreased by these dipeptides. Furthermore, the binding of cephalexin and cephradine was not influenced by amino acids ( l-phenylalanine, glycine). Although ANS(1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic acid magnesium salt), which is a hydrophobic probe, bound to the fraction b, there was no competitive inhibition in binding between ANS and amino β-lactam antibiotics. The Scatchard plot of binding data of cephalexin gave two dissociation constant ( K d) values (1.37 and 15.7 μM). On the other hand, one K d value (11.2 μM) was obtained for ampicillin.

Functionalized polyionenes, 3. Polyionenes with pendant l‐menthyloxymethyl groups and chiral recognition by means of hydrophobic domains

AbstractTo understand hydrophobic interaction as a function of polymer structure, the binding of 1‐anilino‐8‐napthalenesulfonic acid magnesium salt (ANS) by polyionenes was investigated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. Three ionenes having ammonium groups in the main chain and pendant l‐menthyloxymethyl (PIPM‐6, OIM‐6)PIPM‐6: poly[(dimethyliminio)hexamethylene(dimethyliminio)methylene‐5‐(l‐menthyloxy‐methyl)‐l,3‐phenylenemethylene dibromide]. OIM‐6: poly[(dimethyliminio)hexamethylene‐(dimethyliminio)‐5‐ethyl‐5‐(l‐menthyloxymethyl)‐2,8‐dioxo‐3,7‐dioxanonamethylene dichloride]. PIA‐6: poly[(dimethyliminio)hexamethylene(dimethyliMINIO)‐5‐(9‐anthryl‐methyl)‐2,8‐dioxo‐3,7‐dioxanonamethylene dichloride]. OR 9‐anthryl groups (PIA‐6) were used together with their model compounds. The emission intensity of aqueous solution of ANS in the presence of PIPM‐6 an OIM‐6 is about 40 and 90 times that in pure water, respectively, indicating that a hydrophobic domain is effeciently formed in water. The corresponding emission increment in the presence of PIA‐6 is only 8 times larger than that in pure water. These results suggest that the hydrophobic domains formed by OIM‐6 and PIPM‐6 are less polar than those formed by PIA‐6 and, consequently, the l‐menthyloxymethyl group is more hydrophobic than the anthryl group. The reduction of viscosity in salt solution runs parallel with the strength of hydrophobic interaction. The emission intensity of dansyl‐D‐phenylalanine is 1,3 times higher than that of dansyl‐L‐phenylalanine in the presence of PIPM‐6. These results indicate that the hydrophobic domains formed by PIPM‐6 have some ability of chiral recognition.

A fluorimetric method for the estimation of the critical micelle concentration of surfactants

The present work investigates the possibility of a rapid estimation of critical micelle concentration (cmc) of surfactants by means of soluble fluorescent probes. The effect of nonionic or differently charged surfactants on the fluorescent properties of the anionic 8-anilino-1-naphtalenesulfonic acid magnesium salt (ANS) or cationic rhodamine 6G has been investigated. The possibility of cmc evaluation depends on the appropriate selection of the dye-detergent couple. ANS has to be used with anionic surfactants; on the other hand, rhodamine 6G has to be used with cationic detergents. Both ANS and rhodamine 6G have been proved to be effective with either zwitterionic or nonionic surfactants. Plots of ANS fluorescence increase or rhodamine 6G decrease vs surfactant concentration give two straight lines whose intersection indicates the cmc of the detergent. Under all these conditions the fluorescent probe does not interfere with the micellization process. Excitation of the fluorescent probes at the isosbestic point does not affect the evaluation of the cmc of the detergent. The method applies for linear or steroid surfactants and is independent of the cmc value within a wide range of concentrations.