Acid In Various Tissues Research Articles

Blood content in guinea-pig tissues: Correction for the study of drug tissue distribution

The blood content in different organs or tissues of guinea-pigs was determined by means of [ 125I]bovine serum albumin. The blood distribution expressed as percentage of total body blood for various organs or tissues ranged from 0.35 (adipose) to 17.5 (muscle) %. The blood content in tissue preparations expressed as the blood background correction factor, F (ml blood/g wet tissue) depended on the extent of bleeding during experiment; that factor can cause a considerable difference in the results of a tissue distribution study of a drug. Blood content was high in the lung (0.36 ml/g). heart, liver, kidney and spleen, but low in adipose and brain tissues (0.021 ml/g). The distribution of valproic acid in various tissues of guinea-pigs after intravenous injection was determined from the homogenates of isolated organs. The results showed that blood contamination can greatly alter the data of tissue distribution of a drug to as much as 25%. This study proposed a maximum (non-bled) and a minimum (extreme-bled) blood background correction factor for respective tissues of guinea-pigs, as well as equations for correcting the blood contamination in tissue during the drug distribution study. The results suggest that to obtain an exact analysis of drug concentrations in specific tissues, a correction for the blood of that specific tissue is necessary.

Determination of glutathione, glutathione disulphide, ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in tissues by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was applied to the estimation of glutathione, glutathione disulphide, ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in various tissues of man, animal, and plant. The simultaneous determination of glutathione and ascorbic acid in tissues was done by a coulometric method. Separation of glutathione and ascorbic acid and unequivocal substance identifications were performed on a 100×4.6 mm RP-18 Spheri 5 column. As mobile phase 0.015 mol/l o-phosphoric acid, pH 2.3 was used. Retention time of ascorbic acid was 5.0 min and of glutathione 10.0 min. Dehydroascorbic acid was determined after reduction to ascorbic acid with dithiothreitol. Glutathione disulphide was reduced at pH 7.5 by β-nicotinamide-dinucleotide phosphate and glutathione reductase, EC 1.6.4.2., to regenerate glutathione. To exclude interfering substances, several other compounds present in tissues and foods were investigated. This coulometric method is highly sensitive, specific and simple. Very low concentrations of ascorbic acid, glutathione, dehydroascorbic acid, and glutathione disulphide (<500 pg/injection) could be analysed using this HPLC-ECD method.

Adrenoleukodystrophie und Adrenomyeloneuropathie - klinisches Spektrum, Pathobiochemie, Diagnose und Therapie

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is characterized by adrenal cortical insufficiency and progressive demyelination of the central nervous system with lethal outcome in childhood. Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) represents a clinical variant of ALD with later manifestation during adolescence. The neurological symptoms of this form are slowly progressive spastic paraparesis and peripheral neuropathy. Other intermediate forms, which might be classified as adrenoleukomyeloneuropathy (ALMN), possibly represent an overlap of the two conditions. Heterozygote carriers of the X-linked disease may also show neurological symptoms, such as spastic paraparesis and peripheral neuropathy. Biochemically, all these X-linked forms of ALD/AMN are characterized by an accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids in various tissues and body fluids indicating an impaired peroxisomal metabolism. In this study two families with ALD are presented. The two forms of ALD and AMN were observed in different members of the families including a heterozygote female carrier with neurological symptoms. The different clinical syndromes, the biochemical and genetic basis, and new therapeutical strategies are discussed.

The effects of physiological state and plane of nutrition on the concentrations of microsomal cytochromes and the ω-oxidation of fatty acids in various tissues of the sheep ( Ovis aries)

1. 1. The ω-oxidation activities and electron transport components of the microsomal fractions of tissues from pregnant, non-pregnant and lactating sheep on different planes of nutrition have been examined. 2. 2. Differences from the rat system were found, and between the non-pregnant and late pregnant sheep. 3. 3. The hepatic microsomal activity of ω-oxidation was approximately doubled by fasting for 5 days, but was unaltered by pregnancy or lactation per se. This increase was not caused by an increase in the specific activity of the ω-hydroxy fatty acid dehydrogenases. 4. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the glucose stresses of pregnancy in ruminants.

Metabolism of L-cysteine in rats fed low and high protein diets.

L-Cysteine (5.0 mmol per kg of body weight) was intraperitoneally injected into rats fed a 25% casein or 5% casein diet. Concentrations of acidic and neutral amino acids in various tissues were determined 2 h later. In the rats fed the 25% casein diet there was a tendency for tissue amino acid and glutathione levels to be slightly lower than controls. In the 5% casein diet group, however, concentrations of tissue amino acids and glutathione generally increased after L-cysteine administration. S-(2-Hydroxy-2-carboxyethylthio)cysteine (HCETC,3-mercaptolactate-cysteine disulfide), though in trace amounts, was detected in kidney and blood plasma in the 5% casein diet group. Increases in cysteine-glutathione disulfide in liver, kidney and erythrocytes in the 5% casein diet group were considerable. These results indicate that L-cysteine was rapidly metabolized in the 25% casein diet group through the oxidative pathway, while in the 5% casein diet group, in which liver cysteine dioxygenase activity is supposed to be quite low, the oxidative metabolism of L-cysteine decreased and part of the L-cysteine was metabolized through the transaminative pathway. Administration of 15.0 mmol L-cysteine per kg of body weight to rats fed the 25% casein diet resulted in an increase in cysteine-glutathione disulfide in liver, kidney and erythrocytes, and the appearance of HCETC in blood plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Evidence for the operation of the extrahepatic lipoprotein receptor system in vivo in rats. Effect of dietary cholesterol and orotic acid, alone or in combination, on the rate of synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acid in various tissues, measured by using 3H2O.

1. The biosynthesis of cholesterol in vivo was studied at a number of tissue sites in rats by using 3H2O as precursor. Overall, the mass of cholesterol synthesized was in good agreement with the rate of cholesterogenesis, as determined by kinetic analysis of cholesterol specific-radioactivity-time curves after administration of radiolabelled cholesterol. 2. Dietary cholesterol increased the circulating concentration of cholesterol and inhibited endogenous cholesterogenesis, with concomitant increases in the concentration of esterified cholesterol, in all tissues studied. Addition of ororic acid to the cholesterol-supplemented diet tended to reverse each of these changes in extrahepatic tissues. 3. The co-ordinated change in cholesterol biosynthesis and esterification, with no change in total cholesterol content, in extrahepatic tissues, is attributed to control by receptor-mediated lipoprotein uptake. 4. Further reduction of the concentration of the apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins by addition of orotic acid to a diet without supplementary cholesterol did not further enhance cholesterogenesis. We consider that the relatively high rates of extrahepatic cholesterogenesis in normolipidaemic rats are attributable to the low concentration of low-density lipoprotein.

Stimulated incorporation of 14C amino acids and 14C fatty acids in various tissues of ginsenoside-treated rats.

Rats were treated with ginsenoside-Rb1 or -Rc, purified saponins from Ginseng, given intraperitoneally at a dose of 5mg per 100g body weight, and the incorporation of 14C-amino acids or of 14C-fatty acids was studied with adipose, intestine, liver, kidney, spleen and serum. The stimulation in protein synthesis by the ginsenoside was observed in the intestine and the liver, and that in lipid metabolism was detected in adipose tissue as well as intestine and liver. These three organs are assumed to be target organs of the ginsenoside, and the latter two to be probable sites for apolipoprotein synthesis.

Incorporation and metabolic conversion of erucic acid in various tissues of the rat in short term experiments.

AbstractRats were intravenously injected with a mixture of free (14‐14C) erucic acid (22∶1) and (9–103H) oleic acid (18∶1). After 2, 4, 8, 16, and 30 min, radioactivity was examined in blood, liver, heart, kidneys, and spleen. Free (14C) 22∶1 disappeared from the blood more rapidly than free (14C) 18∶1 between 0 and 8 min. Incorporation of label into triglycerides only appeared after 16 min and at 30 min they represented 4% of the injected radioactivity. In this fraction, 63% of14C radioactivity was present as 18∶1 and not as the original 22∶1, while almost all3H radioactivity was recovered as unchanged 18∶1. At all times studied, the majority of radioactivity was found in the liver, primarily as triglycerides (60% of radioactivity in total lipids) and as phospholipids (20–30%).14C was present in nearly the same proportion as3H (13% of injected radioactivity after only 2 min, 11% at 30 min).14C radioactivity was contained in 18∶1 in higher proportion than 22∶1 (45% in triglycerides, 65% in phospholipids). Since labeled triglycerides of blood, rich in (14C) 18∶1, mainly originate from the liver triglycerides, it appears that 18∶1 is the major form of utilization of 22∶1 in the tissues after its conversion in liver. In the other organs tested, radioactivity was found 10–15 times lower than in liver. In the heart,14C was 3 to 4 times higher than3H. More than 80% was recovered as 22∶1 in triglycerides. In spleen and kidneys, the14C:3H ratio was particularly high in free fatty acids and monoglycerides. In kidneys, 60% of14C was present as nervonic acid (24∶1) in monoglycerides and 40% in phospholipids, suggesting that the mononervonin formed was used for phospholipid biosynthesis.

Fatty acids in the tissues of social wasps (Hymenoptera: vespinae and Polistinae)

1. 1. Fatty acids in various tissues of social wasps prevalent in the Northern Hemisphere were isolated and identified. 2. 2. The following species were studied: Polistes gallicus, Vespa orientalis, V. crabro, Paravespula germanica, P. vulgaris, Dolichovespula saxonica and D. media. 3. 3. The distribution of the acids varied in different parts of the body and was found to depend on the sex and age of the wasps as well as on the season of the year. 4. 4. The correlation between the nesting site and the composition of the acids is discussed.

Age related studies on ascorbic acid metabolism.

&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; studies indicate that the uptake of ascorbic acid by skin, bone and teeth of rat declines with age. This may be correlated with the synthesis of collagen, the major constituent protein of the connective tissue. There is a decrease with age, in the synthesis of ascorbic acid due to alteration in enzyme systems. The concentration of total free ascorbic acid in various tissues, declines with age but at different rate. Fall of bound ascorbic acid contentduring aging, is probably due to crosslinking of proteins. The possible implications of theabove studies have been discussed.

Biosynthesis and Characteristics of Brain Protein and Ribonucleic Acid in Mice Subjected to Neonatal Infection or Undernutrition

A study was made of the biosynthesis of brain protein and ribonucleic acid in mice neonatally infected with an enterovirus or malnourished during early life. These two kinds of stresses caused (a) lasting depression of body weight, (b) decreased biosynthesis of protein and ribonucleic acid in various tissues and subcellular fractions of brain. The depression of body weight in neonatally infected or malnourished mice was partially but not completely corrected by combined administration of growth hormone and insulin. Hormone treatment restored to normal (or beyond) the incorporation of 14C-amino acids into total brain and into subcellular fractions of brain (nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes) of infected mice. It also restored the incorporation of 3H-orotic acid into mitochondria of infected and malnourished mice. Remarkable qualitative differences in the patterns of DEAE-cellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were observed among brain-soluble proteins of infected, malnourished, and control groups. These results reveal that early disturbances caused by neonatal infection or undernutrition bring about changes in the metabolism and structure of brain protein.

Changes in the lipid composition of anterior hypophysis, blood plasma and liver. II. Histological changes in the anterior hypophysis; in the foetus and its dam in the bovine.

Summary. Total lipid, total phospholipid and total fatty acid patterns of the anterior hypophysis, blood plasma and liver of foetuses and their dams at 4- and 8-month gestation intervals were determined. Differences in total lipid and total phospholipid between foetuses of different ages and their dams were not significant, and the differences in total fatty acid pattern among the foetuses and among the dams were minor at either time. Differences were significant in the total fatty acid patterns between the foetuses and their dams. The differences were mostly in the concentrations of the linoleic acid (C 18:2ω6), linolenic acid (C 18:3ω3) and oleic acid (C 18:1ω9) families of fatty acids. The concentration of linoleic acid in various tissues of the dam was significantly higher than in the foetus, but arachidonic acid (C 20:4ω6, a major metabolite of linoleic acid) was significantly lower in the plasma and liver of the dam than in the foetus; in the anterior hypophysis the differences were not significant. Linolenic acid (C 18:3ω3) was either absent or present in trace amounts (<0·1%) in the foetal tissues; in the dam it was present in significant amounts (1·5 to 5%). In the dams, oleic acid concentration was significantly lower than in the foetus in the plasma and anterior hypophysis and somewhat higher in the liver. Microscopic examination of the anterior hypophysis of the foetus showed mainly undifferentiated chromophobes with a few sparsely granulated acidophil cells; in the dam, the gland was composed mainly of clumps of acidophils and a few chromophobes.

水産動物のL-アスコルビン酸に関する生化学的研究-II

By the hydrazine method improved with a chromatographic treatment as described in the preceding work, the amount of L-ascorbic acid in various tissues of fish was determined. In the muscle and organs of fish tested, a greater portion of ascorbic acid existed as a reduced form, while oxidized ascorbic acid was less than 10 per cent of the total ascorbic acid contained. In most of sample fish, the brain and the ovary had a greater amount of ascorbic acid than the other anatomical parts, while the level of ascorbic acid was low in the testis, muscle, and gall-bladder. Some species of fish showed the ascorbic acid content in the kidney at much higher a level than did the others. They were ‘ayu’ Plecoglossus altivelis, gold fish, Sparus sarba, Acanthopagrus schlegeli, and amberjack Seriola purpurascens (Table 2). In order to trace the path of ascorbic acid in fish, 2.5 μc doses of ascorbic acid labeled with C14 was given to the carp through oral administration or injection. The radioactivity measured in tissues of the fish at various time intervals indicated that the blood and kidney play important roles in distributing ascorbic acid throughout the body of fish (Table 4).

Influence of dietary hydrogenated peanut oil and cholesterol on cholesterol and polyenoic fatty acids in tissues of chicks.

Summary.The influence of dietary hydrogenated peanut oil and cholesterol on cholesterol aid polyerioic acids in various tissues of chicks was examined aid compared with the results of earlier studies with unhydrogenated peanut oil.

SUCCINIC ACID CONTENT OF THE COTTON PLANT

oped that 14 to 50% of the total organic acids in various tissues were reported, as is customary, as acids, i.e., acids other than citric, malic and oxalic. This paper presents data on the concentration of succinic acid in the same or similar tissues. Materials and methods Succinic acid was determined on new samples of cotton flowers and seed, otherwise the tissue samples were those used in the previous investigations for the measurement of citric, malic, oxalic, unidentified, and total organic acids. The succinic acid content of the tissues was determined by the method of Pucher and Vickery (3), using duplicate 1-gram, oven-dried samples. The determinations of citric, malic, oxalic, and total organic acids were by the methods of Pucher et al. (5, ?). Results and discussion Succinic acid, table I, on the basis of dry weight, was found to be present in the cotton plant in successively lower concentrations in the leaves, bolls, flowers, seed kernels, petioles, stems, and roots. Although relatively large differences are shown in the concentration of succinic acid between some tissues, the leaves and roots for example, succinic acid was found to comprise only a small part of the dry weight of any of this plant material. Likewise, as shown in table I, its contribution to the total organic acidity of the several tissues approached 10% only in the instances of seed and young bolls; in other tissues it constituted less than 5% of the total organic acids. The data are of value in that they delimit the extent to which succinic acid can be turned to in efforts at accounting for the organic acids in the unidentified group. The results obtained, table I, show that succinic acid constitutes an appreciable part of the previously unidentified acids occurring in the leaves (17%), 13-day bolls (20%) and mature seed kernels ? Published with the approval of the Director of the Texas Agricultural Experiment

INFLUENCE OF HYPERTHYROIDISM ON URINARY EXCRETION OF THIAMIN AND RIBOFLAVIN1

IN PREVIOUS publications it was demonstrated that vitamin B complex concentrates (Sure and Smith, 1934) and crystalline thiamin (Sure and Buchanan, 1937) offer protection against loss of body weight of the albino rat in hyperthyroidism which is produced by subcutaneous injections of 0.05 to 0.25 mg. of natural thyroxin; also that hyperthyroidism produces considerable loss of ascorbic acid in various tissues (Sure and Theis, 1939). In this and in previous studies the existence of hyperthyroidism was determined by loss of body weight, cardiac hypertrophy and marked creatinuria In the present communication experimental data are submitted on the influence of subcutaneous administration of synthetic thyroxin on urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin. Results of this investigation are presented in tables 1 and 2. Four pairs of litter mate rats, weighing 170 to 185 gm.