Acid In Various Organs Research Articles

Significance and amplification methods of the purine salvage pathway in human brain cells

Previous studies suggest that uric acid or reactive oxygen species, products of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), may associate with neurodegenerative diseases. However, neither relationship has ever been firmly established. Here, we analyzed human brain samples, obtained under protocols approved by research ethics committees, and found no expression of XOR and only low levels of uric acid in various regions of the brain. In the absence of XOR, hypoxanthine will be preserved and available for incorporation into the purine salvage pathway. To clarify the importance of salvage in the brain, we tested using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal cells. Stable isotope analyses showed that the purine salvage pathway was more effective for ATP synthesis than purine de novo synthesis. Blood uric acid levels were related to the intracellular adenylate pool (ATP + ADP + AMP), and reduced levels of this pool result in lower uric acid levels. XOR inhibitors are related to extracellular hypoxanthine levels available for uptake into the purine salvage pathway by inhibiting the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and uric acid in various organs where XOR is present and can prevent further decreases in the intracellular adenylate pool under stress. Furthermore, adding precursors of the pentose phosphate pathway enhanced hypoxanthine uptake, indicating that purine salvage is activated by PRPP replenishment. These findings resolve previous contradictions regarding XOR products and provide new insights into clinical studies. It is suggested that therapeutic strategies maximizing maintenance of intracellular adenylate levels may effectively treat pathological conditions associated with ischemia and energy depletion.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME IMPATIENS (BALSAMINACEAE) SPECIES BY THE CONTENT OF FLAVONOIDS AND ASCORBIC ACID

The present study has been conducted in the Moscow region. It is necessary to understand how individual plant organs of invasive species of Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) can be promising for further study, with the aim of using them as sources of medicines. Plant material was collected during the flowering time and at the beginning of fruiting (September, 2019–2020): Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Himalayan Balsam) has been studied in 3 populations; I. parviflora DC. (Small Balsam), – also in 3 populations, but I. parviflora (lilac forma) – in one population. We took the native species I. noli-tangere L. (Touch-me-not Balsam), rarely seen in the Moscow region, for comparison. It has been studied in one population. The aim of this study was to determine the content of the sum of flavonoids and ascorbic acid in the vegetative and generative organs in 2 invasive species: I. glandulifera, I. parviflora (including its lilac-flowered form), and in the native species I. noli-tangere. The biochemical analysis of 60 samples of species I. glandulifera и I. parviflora allowed us to determine the level of content of the sum of flavonoids and ascorbic acid in various organs of alien plants widespread in Russia, and to compare them. It has been found for the first time that the maximum amount of flavonoids (up to 3%, in terms of absolutely dry raw materials) in I. parviflora and I. glandulifera is concentrated in flowers, and in smaller amounts it is concentrated in leaves, fruits and stems. The analysis of ascorbic acid has shown that the maximum content of vitamin C is found in flowers: in I. glandulifera - up to 17 mg%; in I. parviflora – up to 15 mg% (in terms of absolutely dry raw materials). The native species I. noli-tangere has no difference from the invasive species Impatiens in the content of the studied biologically active substances in the vegetative organs. The accumulation of secondary metabolites in plant organs has revealed no significant differences between the typical yellow-flowered and lilac-flowered forms of I. parviflora, which serves as an additional confirmation of their taxonomic proximity.

Genotoxicity evaluation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: in vivo studies in mice

The toxicity of carbon nanoparticles in recent years has attracted much attention due to their active use in industry, medicine and agriculture, which brings not only obvious benefits, but also potential danger to the environment and human health. Getting into the natural environment, bioaccumulating and bioconcentrating in them, carbon nanotubes pose a real threat to mammals, since due to their high migration ability they can penetrate the food chain of animals and humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the genotoxicity of carbon nanotubes in in vivo experiments on laboratory mice. For this, based on the method of single cell alkaline gel electrophoresis assay, studies were conducted to determine the effect of aqueous colloidal solutions of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on genotoxicity towards various tissues in laboratory mice. During these acute and subacute in vivo experiments we have established that orally introduced multiwalled carbon nanotubes colloids damage deoxyribonucleic acid in various organs. In particular, 0.5 mg of multiwalled carbon nanotubes administered daily for 21 days have a prominent genotoxic effect. Thus, the obtained results have illustrated that multiwalled carbon nanotubes can potentially affect the genetic material in mammals, orally administered nanotubes increase the rate of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid destruction.

Effect of MeJA and Light on the Accumulation of Betulin and Oleanolic Acid in the Saplings of White Birch (<i>Betula platyphylla</i> Suk.)

In this study, we investigated the effect of different types of light and MeJA treatment on the accumulation of betulin and oleanolic acid in various organs of white birch. Our results showed that betulin and oleanolic were accumulated mainly in the stalk skin. The content of both substances in the stalk skin was significantly affected by seasons with a peak accumulation in August. The content of oleanolic and betulin was significantly decreased in the stem skin treated with 4 types of light (red, yellow, blue and green) compared with the plant with normal illumination. In contrast, oleanolic acid in leaves was increased by 13.28 folds when the white birch was treated with green light. Betulin was increased by 1.959 folds in leaves of white birch treated with blue light. The highest content of betulin and oleanolic acid in various organs of birch with appropriate shading treatment (light transmittance: 50%) was increased by 45.09% and 30.50%, respectively, in comparison with those with non-shading treatment. Content of oleanolic acid and betulin can be significantly improved in various parts of birch after treatment with different concentration of MeJA. The study lays the foundation to metabolic regulation of oleanolic acid and betulin in birch.

Distribution and expression characteristics of triterpenoids and OSC genes in white birch (Betula platyphylla suk.)

Betulin and oleanolic acids (pentacyclic triterpenoid secondary metabolites) have broad pharmacological activities and can be potentially used for the development of anti-cancer and anti-AIDS drugs. In this study, we detected the accumulation and the distribution characteristics of betulin and oleanolic acid in various organs of white birch at different ages. We also determined the expression of 4 OSC genes (LUS, β-AS, CAS1 and CAS2) involved in the triterpenoid synthesis pathways by real time RT-PCR. The result showed that the 1-year old birch can synthesize betulin and oleanolic acid. In addition, betulin and oleanolic acids were mainly distributed in the bark, while the content in the root skin and leaf was very low. The content of betulin and oleanolic acid in birch varied in different seasons. The content of betulin and oleanolic acid and their corresponding LUS and β-AS gene expression were very low in 1-year old birch. With increasing age of birch, betulin content was increased, while oleanolic acid was decreased. Similar changes were also observed for their corresponding synthesis genes LUS and β-AS. In the leaf of 1-year old plant, the highest expression of CAS1 and CAS2 occurred at end of September, while expression of LUS and the β-AS was low from June to October. In the stem skin,high expression of β-AS and the LUS genes occurred from the end of July to September. In the root, high expression of the β-AS gene was observed at the end of October. These results indicated that triterpenoid gene expression was similar to the triterpene accumulation. Expression of LUS gene and β-AS gene in birch with different ages were corresponding to the betulinic and oleanolic acid accumulation. Expression of CAS1 and CAS2 genes were elevated with increasing age of birch. This study provides molecular mechanisms of triterpenes synthesis in birch plants.

Distribution of gymnemic acid in various organs of Gymnema sylvestre

The gymnemic acid contents in various organs of Gymnema sylvestre were investigated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The results shows that the content of gymnemic acid in various organs, obviously different, was 54.29, 31.66, 28.82, 27.67, 25.39, 20.56 and 1.31 mg·g−1 DW in shoot tips, flowers, nodes, leaves, internodes, roots and seeds, respectively. The highest gymnemic acid content (54.29 mg·g−1 DW) was found in shoot tip, 1.96 fold higher than that in leaves (27.67 mg·g−1 DW). Maximum quantity of gymnemic acid (35.39 mg·g−1 DW) was observed in the young leaves, which was 1.52 times higher than that in old leaves (23.07 mg·g−1 DW). The content of gymnemic acid in young, middle and old internodes was 26.47, 25.77 and 23.94 mg·g−1 DW, respectively, all lower than that in leaves (27.67 mg·g−1 DW), whereas the content of gymnemic acid in young, middle and old nodes was 27.96, 28.81 and 29.66 mg·g−1 DW, respectively, all higher than that in leaves. The study provides the scientific evidences for the rational development and utilization of Gymnema sylvestre resources, since over exploitation of natural stands has caused depletion of these plants in nature.

Endogenous levels of abscisic acid in various organs of <em>Vitis vinifera</em> L. (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) between flower buds separated and grape closed stages

<p>Free abscisic acid (ABA) and bound abscisic acid (ABA-GE: ABA glucose ester) contents and growth were investigated in leaves, internodes, flowers buds, flowers and berries of <em>Vitis vinifera</em> L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon between flower buds separated and grape closed stages. The ABA levels in leaves and in internodes decrease when the growth was hight and increases when the growth become smaller or stopped. What is more, ABA was accumulated hightly in the flowers (at 50% of flowering) and then appears to be a good marker of flowering. ABA contents decreased at berry setting and till grape closed stage. In leaves, internodes, flowers buds and flowers, ABAGE and ABA show an inverse development and then suggests an interconversion phenomenon between theses two forms. Two most importants points were discuted in this paper: 1) The role of ABA in the controle of growth and development of the organs studied and (2) The translocation of abscisic acid between the organs studied and the role of ABA-GE in this transport.</p>

Pharmacological studies on polychlorobiphenyl(PCB): 3) Effect on the content and metabolism of vitamin B2 and B6, and ascorbic acid in various organs of the rat

Pharmacological studies on polychlorobiphenyl(PCB): 3) Effect on the content and metabolism of vitamin B2 and B6, and ascorbic acid in various organs of the rat

鼠らい感染動物に見られる臓器内c型cytochrome濃度ならびに遊離amino酸成分比の変動について

The concentrations of c type cytochrome and the proportions of free amino acid in various organs of mice, intraperitoneally inoculated with murine leprosy bacillus were determined along the periods of time after inoculation.1) The c type cytochrome concentrations in spleen and kidney of the infected mice were found to be higher than that of normal mice, on the date from 4th day until 5th week after inoculation. On the 15th and 30th week after inoculation, however, the c type cytocrome concentrations in liver, spleen and indey of the infected mice, the most of which were suffered from several leproma grown in their abdomen, were found to be reduced less than 65-78% of the normal levels.2) The following changes in the proportions of free amino acid in liver, spleen and kidney of the infected mice were observed: On the 3rd week after inoculation, spleens of the almost inoculated mice were enlarged extremely, and their contents of Glu., Thr. and Cys. increased, while Gly., Ala. and Leudecreased.The content of Cys. in liver of the infected mice on the 5-15th week after inoculation were found to decrease. On the 15th and 30th week, the content of Glu. in the infected liver were found to increase, while the content of Ala. decreased.According to the results as mentioned above, especially, the remarkable changes in free amino acid proportions of Glu., Ala., Gly. and Ser. in the organs of infected mice, the occurence of disturbances concerning lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as protein metabolism could be assumed in the mouse body infected with murine leprosy bacillus.

Ascorbic acid and aging in the rat. Uptake of ascorbic acid by teeth and concentration of various forms of ascorbic acid in different organs

1. The uptake of ascorbic acid in vitro by the teeth of rats showed a gradual decrease with age, indicating that the uptake may be related to collagen synthesis as in bone. 2. The concentration of total free ascorbic acid in various organs declined with age, but the rate of decline was different in different organs. In the spleen, however, it increased until maturity and then declined. 3. This decrease may be due to one or both of the following reasons: (a) the permeability of different tissues may decrease at different rates for ascorbic acid, or (b) the requirement for ascorbic acid may decrease at different rates. 4. The bound ascorbic acid declined with age in the skin, kidney, liver and brain after the age of 10-12 weeks, and in the spleen after the age of 26 weeks. 5. The concentration of dehydroascorbic acid and dioxogulonic acid declined with age in the skin.

Hormonal effects on sulfanilamide acetylation.

EVIDENCE is accumulating which indicates that hormones influence coenzyme A dependent reactions. Androgens and adrenocorticoids in some cases have been shown to affect the synthesis of citric acid in various organs under in vivo (2, 3) and in vitro (4, 5, 6) conditions. Fatty acid and acetoacetate synthesis from acetate appear to be under hormonal control (4, 7, 8). Hormonal effects on p-aminobenzoic acid acetylation (9) and choline acetylation (10, 11, 12, 13) have also been described. Little insight into the manner in which these effects are exerted has been obtained. This study was undertaken to explore the possibility that sulfanilamide acetylation could be a mirror reflecting hormonal influences on coenzyme A dependent reactions.

臟器エキス並に血液疾患々者血清の家兎臟器核酸代謝に及ぼす影響

The once quantitatively estimated metabolism of nucleic acid in various organs has been put under examination, in view to its turnover rate, in terms of P32, in its progressive form.1) The ups and downs in nucleic acid amount does not always go parallel with the turnover rate. Therefore, when one considers the co relation between physiological or pathological funtion and nucleic acid, it is necessary to draw a strict distinctive line to tell whether it has certain concern with its quantitative transition, or with its turnover rate.2) In case any serum has been injected except healthy person's the bone marrow nucleic acid, esp., the DNA wont to show a candid increase in its turnover rate; simultaneouly, if we consider it side by side with the extract administered case, we connot but imagine that the co-relation of bone-marrow nucleic acid metabolism and the number of peripheral blood carpusele should prove comparatively indirect one.3) The liver DNA, though scarce compared to others, indicates a considerable rate in its turnover phase. From this, it may roughly be concluded that even if it be static nuclear DNA, maintains its metabolism which betrays the mistake in the theory that has termed it as stabilized and has no turnover faculty.4) In the injection of serum, the spleen nucleic acid, above all, the turnover rate of DNA proves greater than bone-marrow; moreover, at this time, if one realizes the powerful growth of lymph follicles, it might be deemed suggestive of certain relation that exists between DNA turnover and splitting of cells.

海産動物及び海産食品に於けるヴィタミンC

The present paper deals with the determination of the Ascorbic acid in various organs of marine animals (Table 1 and 2) and in the marine products (Table 3), using TILLMAN'S 2•6-di-chlorphenol-indophenol titration. The materials were grounded with trichloracetic acid, extract-ed with 5% trichloracetic acid solution, and were filterd (method of BIRTH, HARRIS and RAY). 0•05 c.c. of the pigment solution was titrated with the filtrate. The Tillman's solution was al-ways titrated with the crystallised ascorbic acid. The mean value of the two titrations were summarised in Table 1-3. The ascorbic acid is present in various organs of the fish, the crus-tacea and the mollusca. Of these organs, the spleen, the lens and the kidney are richest in the ascorbic acid and muscle is poorest in it. “Asakusanori”, the commercial preparation of the seaweed Porphyra tenera, is rich in it, ca 800mg%.