Acid In Pharmaceutical Preparations Research Articles

Development of silver nanoparticles based on the method using quince seed mucilage for ascorbic acid determination.

Nanoparticles are used in various fields such as chemistry, pharmacy, biotechnology, and food science since they provide higher sensitivity than traditional optical detection methods. Recently, synthesis of nanomaterials using green chemistry has become popular. Many phytochemical components are used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, including vitamins, proteins, polysaccharides, glycosides, essential oils and phenolic compounds. A novel green nanotechnology-based method using quince seed mucilage (QSM) was designed for the determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparations. QSM, a natural polysaccharide, was used as a bioreducing and stabilizing reagent in the proposed silver nanoparticle (SNP)-based method. In the first stage of the developed method, silver(I) is reduced to silver(0) via QSM and spherical, homogeneous SNPs were prepared (QSM-SNPs). In the second stage of the developed method, SNPs nuclei were enlarged with the addition of ascorbic acid. The developed method was validated by performance parameters (linearity, recovery, and precision). Ascorbic acid determination was performed by measuring increase in absorbance at 420 nm. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for ascorbic acid were, respectively, found to be at 0.27 and 0.90 μM. The QSM-SNP-based method was successfully applied to effervescent tablets containing ascorbic acid. The standards of the excipients frequently used in pharmaceutical preparations did not interfere with the developed method. The developed QSM-SNP-based method satisfies the requirements of green nanotechnology. The developed QSM-SNP-based method is simple, fast, eco-friendly and low-cost.

Exploiting the Diazotization Reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline for Determination of Metoclopramide-hydrochloric acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations

A sample, fast, precise and accurate spectrophotometric method to the quantitative determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP) in pure and pharmaceutical preparations, a simple, sensitive and high-purity method has been developed. This method is based on the diazotization of the primary amine group of metoclopramide hydrochloride by reaction hydrochloric acid with sodium nitrite followed by conjugation in an alkaline medium with 8-hydroxyquinoline against the reagent blank. The effect of several acids like hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, and sulfuriHc acid. That found hydrochloric acid the most excellent acid, to give the maximum absorption and sensitivity and the best volume NaNO2 solution about 1 and 3 mL of an 8-hydroxyquinoline reagent gives high intensity and stability to the color formed, also azo dye give a maximum absorption and best sensitivity after 10 minutes and the color remains stable about 1-hour. Where the concentration range was 1-20 mg/L, it was found that it obeys law Beer-Lambert correlation coefficient (R2 =0.9997). They have a detection limit LoD (0.274 μg mL-1) and limit of Quantitation LoQ (0.915 μg mL-1), respectively. This method has also been used in many pharmaceutical preparations (capsules, tablets and syrup) to determine the drug metoclopramide.

Spectrofluorometric method for the determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparation using l-tyrosine as fluorescence probe.

Ascorbic acid is a vital nutrient and antioxidant that is commonly used as an additive in commercial products. Quantitation of ascorbic acid is highly desired in the medical, food, and cosmetic industries. A spectrofluorometric assay for sensitive determination of ascorbic acid was developed using l-tyrosine as a fluorescent probe. The native fluorescence intensity of tyrosine was quenched using ascorbic acid. The linear range was 0.03-30.00 μM, and the limit of detection was 0.01 μM. The method exhibited excellent precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness. Components of pharmaceutical preparations that are commonly found with ascorbic acid did not interfere with detection. The procedure was successfully employed for determination of ascorbic acid content in pharmaceutical tablets, injections, and nutrient supplements with satisfactory results. A Stern-Volmer plot and fluorescence lifetime revealed that quenching was attributed to the inner filter effect and static quenching. Isothermal titration calorimetry confirmed the formation of a complex between tyrosine and ascorbic acid, with a binding constant of 1.68 × 103 M-1 and reaction stoichiometry of 0.94. Thermodynamic parameters suggested spontaneous complexation via hydrophobic interactions as the dominant binding force. This method is promising for the simple and rapid determination of ascorbic in the pharmaceutical industry.

Spectrophotometric quantification of Mefenamic acid in pharmaceutical preparation

Spectrophotometric quantification of Mefenamic acid in pharmaceutical preparation

Batch and Flow injection Spectrophotometric Methods For Determination of Folic acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations using Cerium(IV) ammonium sulphate(CAS) as an oxidant.

A simple, rapid and sensitive batch and flow injection spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of folic acid (FA) in pure form and in its pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed methods involve the addition of a measured excess of cerium (IV) ammonium sulphate (CAS) in acidic medium followed by determination of unreacted CAS by reacting with a fixed amount of methylene blue (MB) and measuring the absorbance at 665 nm. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters have been evaluated. Linearity was observed from 1-10 and 4.0-20.0 μg/ml folic acid by batch and flow injection procedures, respectively. Statistical analysis of the results and comparison with results by the British Pharmacopoeia method are also reported.

High Perfarmance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations, Fruit Juices and Human Serum

High Perfarmance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations, Fruit Juices and Human Serum

A Validated Stability-indicating RP-HPLC Method for Analysis of Azelaic Acid in Pharmaceuticals

The study is designed to develop a simple, rapid, selective and robust stability indicating reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography method for quantitative analysis of azelaic acid in pharmaceutical preparations. The chromatographic separation and estimation of azelaic acid was carried out using a Waters high performance liquid chromatography system employing Kromasil 100-5C18 column (250×4.6 mm; 5 µm particle size) as a stationary phase. The mobile phase comprised of 75 volumes of sodium di-hydrogen orthophosphate (pH 3.5; 50 mM) and 25 volumes of acetonitrile, eluted at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. The eluents were monitored at 206 nm using 2487 dual wavelength ultra violet detector. The method was developed and validated in terms of stability as per International Conference on Harmonisation and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research guidelines. A linear relationship between peak area and concentration of azelaic acid was observed in a concentration range of 5-400 µg/ml (correlation coefficient, r2= 0.998). The method showed acceptable levels of precision (%RSD ≤2), accuracy (>96 % recovery), robustness (<10 % content difference) and stability (>96 % recovery) over varied environmental and laboratory conditions. The method was successfully applied for the determination of azelaic acid, extracted from three different batches of Aziderm® cream, which yielded a recovery of >97 %, indicated its applicability in routine analysis of azelaic acid in pharmaceutical preparations.

Determination of Mefenamic Acid in Pharmaceutical Drugs and Wastewater by RP-HPLC

This study presents a chromatographic analysis method for the determination of mefenamic acid in pharmaceutical preparations and treated wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry in East Asia and specifically (Syria). An isocratic RP-HPLC method has been developed for determination of Mefenamic acid on a Grace, alltima C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of (1%) Triethylamine aqueous buffer adjust pH = 2 by H3PO4 (85%): Methanol: Acetonitrile); (35: 20: 45 v\v\v %) at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. Detection was carried out at 220 nm. Retention time of Mefenamic acid was 7.85 ( ± 0.36) mins. The method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness, and robustness. The proposed method is simple, precise, sensitive, and reproducible and is applicable for quantification of Mefenamic acid in Tablets formulations and Wastewater developed and formulated in our laboratory.

Mefenamic Acid Selective Membranes Sensor and Its Application to pharmaceutical Analysis

PVC membrane sensor for the selective determination of Mefenamic acid (MFA) was constructed. The sensor is based on ion association of MFA with Dodecaphospho molybdic acid (PMA) and Dodeca–Tungstophosphoric acid(PTA) as ion pairs. Nitro benzene (NB) and di-butyl phthalate (DBPH) were used as plasticizing agents in PVC matrix membranes. The specification of sensor based on PMA showed a linear response of a concentration range 1.0 × 10–2 –1.0 × 10–5 M, Nernstian slopes of 17.1-18.86 mV/ decade, detection limit of 7 × 10-5 -9.5 × 10 -7M, pH range 3 – 8 , with correlation coefficients lying between 0.9992 and 0.9976, respectively. By using the ionphore based on PTA gives a concentration range of 1.0 × 10–4 –1.0 × 10–5 M, Nernstian slope of 17.18-18.4 mV/ decade, limit of detection 8.0 × 10–6-9.3 × 10-5M,pH range 3 – 8 and correlation coefficients range between 0.9984 and 0.9891, respectively. The measurement interferences in the presence of Li+, Na+, Mg2+ Ca2+, Fe3+and Al3+ were studied using separate and match potential methods for selectivity coefficient determination. The method was applied for the determination of Mefenamic Acid in pharmaceutical preparations

Simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in pharmaceutical preparations by capillary zone electrophoresis

ABSTRACT Clavulanic acid enhances the antibacterial spectrum of amoxicillin by rendering most β-lactamase producing isolates susceptible to the drug. A fast, simple and efficient capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid from complex mixtures. Using a 25 mM sodium tetraborate as background electrolyte at a pH of 9.30, + 25 kV applied voltage, 25 °C system temperature, UV determination at 230 nm; we succeeded in simultaneous separation of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in approximately 2 minutes. The analytical performance of the method was evaluated in terms of reproducibility, precision, accuracy, and linearity. The optimized analytical method was applied for the determination of the two analytes from combined commercial pharmaceutical preparations. This CE method is fast, inexpensive, efficient, and environmentally friendly when compared with the more frequently used high performance liquid chromatography methods described in the literature.

Determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparation and fruit juice using modified carbon paste electrode

Acrobic acid is key substance in the human metabolism and the rapid and accurate determination in food is of a great interest. Ascorbic acid is an electroactive compound, however poorly responded on the bare carbon paste electrodes. In this paper, brilliant cresyl blue and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were used for the modification of carbon paste electrode. Brilliant cresyl blue acts as a mediator improving the transition of electrons, whereas multiwalled carbon nanotubes increased the surface of the electrode. Both brilliant cresyl blue and multiwalled carbon nanotubes were added directly to the composite material. The electrochemical behavior of modified electode was determined in electrolyte at various pH, and the effect of the scan rate was also performed. It was shown that the electrochemical process on the surface of the modified carbon paste electrode was diffusion-controlled. The resulted modified carbon paste electrode showed a good electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of ascorbic acid at a reduced overpotential of +100 mV descreasing the risk of interferences. A linear response of the ascorbic acid oxidation current measured by the amperometry in the range of 0.1 - 350 µmol.L-1 was obtained applying the sensor for the standard solution. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was found to be 0.05 and 0.15 µmol.L-1, respectively. The novel method was applied for the determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical vitamin preparation and fruit juice, and the results were in good agreement with the standard HPLC method. The presented modification of carbon paste electrode is suitable for the fast, sensitive and very accurate determination of ascorbic acid in fruit juices and pharmaceutical preparation.

Mefenamic Acid Selective Membranes Sensor and Its Application to pharmaceutical Analysis

PVC membrane sensor for the selective determination of Mefenamic acid (MFA) was constructed. The sensor is based on ion association of MFA with Dodecaphospho molybdic acid (PMA) and Dodeca–Tungstophosphoric acid(PTA) as ion pairs. Nitro benzene (NB) and di-butyl phthalate (DBPH) were used as plasticizing agents in PVC matrix membranes. The specification of sensor based on PMA showed a linear response of a concentration range 1.0 × 10–2 –1.0 × 10–5 M, Nernstian slopes of 17.1-18.86 mV/ decade, detection limit of 7 × 10-5 -9.5 × 10 -7M, pH range 3 – 8 , with correlation coefficients lying between 0.9992 and 0.9976, respectively. By using the ionphore based on PTA gives a concentration range of 1.0 × 10–4 –1.0 × 10–5 M, Nernstian slope of 17.18-18.4 mV/ decade, limit of detection 8.0 × 10–6-9.3 × 10-5M,pH range 3 – 8 and correlation coefficients range between 0.9984 and 0.9891, respectively. The measurement interferences in the presence of Li+, Na+, Mg2+ Ca2+, Fe3+and Al3+ were studied using separate and match potential methods for selectivity coefficient determination. The method was applied for the determination of Mefenamic Acid in pharmaceutical preparations

Square wave voltammetric determination of valproic acid in pharmaceutical Preparations

The electrochemical behavior of valproic acid (VAL) was investigated using square wave voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and sampled direct current polarography and a new square wave voltammetric method was developed for determination of VAL in pharmaceutical preparations. VAL showed two reduction peaks at about --0.2 V and --0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl 3 M KCl with a hanging mercury drop electrode in 0.05 M pH 3.3 Britton--Robinson (BR) buffer. These peaks were named peak I and peak II, respectively. The types of limiting current of both peaks were determined as diffusion controlled based on cyclic voltammetry studies. A linear calibration graph was obtained in the range 1.46 $\times $ 10$^{-4}$--1.0 $\times $ 10$^{-3}$ M. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.09 $\times $ 10$^{-4}$ M (21.05 $\mu $g/mL) and 1.10 $\times $ 10$^{-4}$ M (144.20 $\mu $g/mL), respectively. Recovery studies for the accuracy of the method were performed by adding known amounts of VAL and it was found to be 109.67 $\pm $ 4.85{\%}. The proposed method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical products on the market.

Determination of Folic Acid at a Bismuth Film Electrode by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry

This article reports a new simple and sensitive method for the determination of folic acid by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The method is based on the accumulation of folic acid at a bismuth film plated in situ on a glassy carbon substrate. In order to stabilize bismuth ions, sodium potassium tartrate was added to the supporting electrolyte. The bismuth film formation and folic acid accumulation conditions were optimized and measurements were carried without solution deaeration. The calibration graph was linear from 5 × 10−10 to 2 × 10−8 mole per liter with an accumulation time of 180 seconds with a limit of detection of 2 × 10−10 mole per liter. The relative standard deviation for 5 × 10−9 mole per liter of folic acid was 3.1 percent (n = 5). The method was successfully applied for determination of folic acid in pharmaceutical preparations.

Extraction-spectrophotometric determination of mefenamic acid in pharmaceutical preparations

The optimal conditions of the formation and extraction of mefenamic acid ion associates with the astrafloxin polymethine dye are studied. The extraction of ion associates with isooctane-dichloroethane mixtures attains a maximum at pH 9–11 and dye concentration of (5–7) × 10−5 M. The Beer law is fulfilled in the range 2.0–21.0 μg/mL; the detection limit for mefenamic acid is 0.72 μg/mL. A method is developed for the extraction-spectrophotometric determination of mefenamic acid in pharmaceutical preparations.

Simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of mefenamic acid in pharmaceutical preparations

Two simple and fast automated methods for the direct determination of mefenamic acid (MEF) in pharmaceutical samples are described. Continuous flow and stopped-flow systems with spectrophotometric detection of mefenamic acid with sodium nitroprusside and hydroxylamine hydrochloride were developed. Both methods show a good reproducibility (RSD < 1.5 and 1.8%, respectively) and a wide range of linearity (between 10–500 and 3–300 μg/mL). The stopped-flow protocol has a lower detection limit (1.2 μg/mL) with a sensitivity of about two times greater than the continuous flow technique. The proposed procedures are rapid, reliable and can be applied successfully to the estimation of mefenamic acid in different commercial forms.

MICELLAR LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF RIBAVIRIN, SILYBIN, INTERFERON α 2A, LAMIVUDINE, AND URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID IN DOSAGE FORMS AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS

□ A simple, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of ribavirin, silybin, interferonα2a, lamivudine, and ursodeoxycholic acid in pharmaceutical preparations, human plasma, and urine. The method was conducted using A Shim-pack VP-ODS (150×4.6 mm i.d) stainless steel column at ambient temperature with ultraviolet (UV) detection at 214 nm. Micellar mobile phase is consisting of of 0.1 M sodium dodecyl sulphate, 8%n-propanol, 0.3%triethylamine in 0.02 M phosphoric acid (pH 6.0) was used and it was pumped at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The calibration curve was rectilinear over the concentration range of 0.01–0.1μg/mL, 0.01–0.2 µg/mL, 0.1–1.0 µg/mL, 0.05–1.0 µg/mL, and 0.01–0.5 µg/mL for ribavirin, silybin, interferonα2a, lamivudine, and ursodeoxycholic acid, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of these drugs in some dosage forms. The method was extended to the in vitro, in vivo determination of these drugs in spiked human plasma samples with the mean%recoveries of 99.17 ± 1.10, 99.10 ± 0.88, 98.9 ± 0.80, and 99.10 ± 0.88 for ribavirin, silybin, lamivudine, and ursodeoxycholic acid, respectively.

Simple, Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Determination of Mefenamic Acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations

Simple, Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Determination of Mefenamic Acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations

Spectrophotometric microdetermination of tranexamic acid in pharmaceutical formulation

Background and objectives Tranexamic acid is used to treat various conditions in which there is bleeding or risk of bleeding, such as prostatectomy, dental extraction, menorrhagia, and thrombolytic overdose. Most of the currently available analytical techniques for Tranexamic acid measurement use high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation or the spectrophotometric method of detection. The aim of the present study was to describe the determination of Tranexamic acid as an active pharmaceutical ingredient in tablets using three accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric methods: the ion-air complex method (method A), the bromination complex method (method B), and the charge transfer complex method (method C). Materials and methods The first method (A) is based on the formation of an ion-pair complex between the basic nitrogen of Tranexamic acid and alizarin red S as an anionic acid dye. The absorbance of the formed complex was measured at λmax equal to 300 nm. The second method (B) is based on the oxidation of Tramexamic acid by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and determination of the nonreacted NBS by measurement of the decrease in absorbance of liberated iodine at λmax equal to 520 nm. The third method (C) is based on forming a charge transfer complex with chloranil in absolute ethanol at alkaline pH. The absorbance of the formed charge transfer complex was measured at λmax equal to 330 nm. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the ranges of 2.00-26.00, 2.00-25.00, and 2.00-27.00 μg/ml. The methods showed relative standard deviations of 0.839, 0.952, and 0.984 for methods A, B and C, respectively. Results and conclusion The results showed the suitability, safety, accuracy, and simplicity of these methods for determination of Tranexamic acid as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. The results obtained by the three methods, A, B, and C, is in good agreement with those obtained by the official method. The developed methods were successfully applied to the determination of Tranexamic acid in pharmaceutical preparation (tablets).

Flow‐injection chemiluminescence determination of acetylsalicylic acid based on its enhancing effect on the lucigenin–hydrogen peroxide system

A sensitive flow-injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of acetylsalicylic acid is described. It is based on the enhanced chemiluminescent emission of the alkaline lucigenin–H2O2 system by acetylsalicylic acid. The difference in chemiluminescent intensity of alkaline lucigenin–H2O2 in the presence of acetylsalicylic acid from that in the absence of acetylsalicylic acid was linear at acetylsalicylic acid concentrations in the range of 0.0029–47.37 μg/mL, with detection and quantification limits of 0.0011 and 0.0029 μg/mL, respectively. The correlation coefficient of the working curve was 0.9983. The relative standard deviation (n = 10) for 25 μg/mL acetylsalicylic acid is 1.95%. All experimental parameters were optimized. The method was successfully applied to the determination of acetylsalicylic acid in pharmaceutical preparations. The recovery results obtained by the method were satisfactory.