Acid In Children Research Articles

Assessment of antioxidant enzymes, total sialic acid, lipid bound sialic acid, vitamins and selected amino acids in children with phenylketonuria.

In this study, children with phenylketonuria and healthy control subjects were assessed for glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), retinol, cholecalciferol, α-tocopherol, phylloquinone, total sialic acid (TSA), lipid bound sialic acid (LSA), total antioxidant (TAS), total oxidation (TOS), and amino acid levels, and the relationships of these variables with phenylketonuria were evaluated. The study included 60 children with phenylketonuria and 30 control subjects. Children with phenylketonuria were divided into hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) and amino acid mixture (AAM) groups. The HPA group had significantly lower levels of GSH-Px, CAT, GSH, TAS, α-aminobutyric acid, and taurine levels (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively) than the control group. Additionally, the AAM group had significantly lower levels of CAT, TAS, and phylloquinones (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively) than the control group. It was observed in our study that in the HPA group, a significantly strong positive linear correlation was observed between phenylalanine and α-aminoadipic acid (r = 0.777; p = 0.002). It was concluded that the levels of α-aminoadipic acid and phylloquinone might be an appropriate choice for the determination of phenylketonuria in parallel with the levels of phenylalanine. α-aminobutyric acid and phylloquinone as a supplement can decrease HPA damage.

Plasma profile and urine excretion of amino acids in children with celiac disease on gluten-free diet after oligofructose-enriched inulin intervention: results of a randomised placebo-controlled pilot study

The circulating amino acid (AAs) concentrations are indicators of dietary protein intake and metabolic status. In celiac disease (CD), the AA imbalance is frequently observed. Prebiotics are found to alleviate nutrient deficiencies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the impact of oligrofructose-enriched inulin (Synergy 1), administered for 3 months as a gluten-free diet (GFD) supplement to children with CD, on the plasma and urine concentrations of AAs. CD children (N = 34) were randomised into two groups, receiving Synergy 1 (10 g/day) or placebo (maltodextrin) for 3 months. The AA profile and concentration was determined in plasma and urine before and after the dietary intervention by gas chromatography. 22 and 28 AAs were determined in plasma and urine samples, respectively. After the intervention, the plasma concentrations of several AAs (Ala, Pro, Asn, Glu, Tyr, Lys, His, Orn) increased significantly in both experimental groups, while Gln increased only in the Synergy 1 group. The urinary excretion of Asn, Lys and Aaa increased significantly in the Synergy 1 group, and the excretion of Asp and Met decreased (p < 0.05) in the placebo group. The Gln:Glu ratio in urine increased in both groups after the intervention. An increased urinary excretion of AAs observed in Synergy 1 group with a simultaneous increase in the content of circulating AAs could be attributed to higher absorption or intensified metabolism of AAs, and on the other hand further healing of the intestinal mucosa being the result of continuous treatment with GFD. Moreover, the observed changes in Glu concentration suggest that oligofructose-enriched inulin could improve the intestinal condition and permeability. To conclude, a prebiotic-supplemented GFD influences beneficially the overall AAs metabolism in CD children; however, further prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm the results obtained.

Decreased levels of urinary free amino acids in children with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental problems without certain causes. Conventional diagnostic or screening tools for ASD rely on the observation of children’s behavioral presentations. Novel methods are focused on the alterations of some important biochemical matters in ASD patients, which are applicable in the screening for ASD. This study investigated and compared amino acids in the first morning urine from age and sex matched ASD and non-ASD children using high performance liquid chromatography. Significantly lower urinary free methionine, phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, and leucine plus isoleucine were observed in ASD children. The effects of using urinary free amino acids (UFAAs) singly or conjointly to classify participants into ASD or control group were analyzed and compared. ROC curves on these UFAAs singly in classification performed the sensitivity of 0.593–0.889 and the specificity of 0.704–0.963. Binary-logistic regression analysis of these UFAAs obtained a final regression model comprised of urinary free valine and tryptophan. The ROC curve established by the linear combination of the two amino acids achieved a sensitivity of 0.926 and a specificity of 0.889, which showed superiority to single UFAA and comparability to existing diagnostic or screening tools. It was suggested that the multivariate model based on UFAAs was possibly applicable in screening for children at higher risk of ASD.

Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction of lacosamide on carbamazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and valproic acid in children and adolescents with epilepsy: Post-hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (P4.270)

Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction of lacosamide on carbamazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, topiramate and valproic acid in children and adolescents with epilepsy: Post-hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (P4.270)

Investigating plasma amino acids for differentiating individuals with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing peers

BackgroundPlasma amino acid measurements have been extensively investigated in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Results thus far have been inconclusive as studies generally disagree on which amino acids are different in individuals with ASD versus their typically developing (TD) peers, due in part to methodological limitations of several studies. MethodThis paper investigates plasma amino acids in children and adults with ASD using data from Arizona State University’s Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention Study. Measurements from 64 individuals with ASD and 49 TD controls were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. ResultsUnivariate analysis indicated increased median levels of glutamate (+21%, p = 0.014) and serine (+8%, p = 0.043), and increased mean levels of hydroxyproline (+17%, p = 0.018) for the ASD cohort, although these differences were insignificant after correcting for multiple comparisons. A multivariate approach was used to classify study participants into ASD/TD cohorts using Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) and its nonlinear extension, kernel Fisher discriminant analysis (KFDA). Model fitting with FDA using all available measurements produced Type I and Type II errors of 27.0% and 27.8%, respectively. KFDA was most effective when using hydroxyproline, leucine, and threonine as inputs; however, leave-one-out cross-validation with this nonlinear model only resulted in 70.3% sensitivity and 77.6% specificity. ConclusionsThe finding of elevated glutamate in ASD is in agreement with several other studies. Overall, however, these results suggest that plasma amino acid measurements are of limited use for purposes of ASD classification, which may explain some of the inconsistencies in results presented in the literature.

A population pharmacokinetic model taking into account protein binding for the sustained-release granule formulation of valproic acid in children with epilepsy

The objective of this work was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for a prolonged-release granule formulation of valproic acid (VPA) in children with epilepsy and to determine the doses providing a VPA trough concentration (Ctrough) within the target range (50-100mg/L). Ninety-eight children (1-17.6years, 325 plasma samples) were included in the study. The model was built with NONMEM 7.3. The probability to obtain Ctrough between 50 and 100mg/L was determined by the Monte Carlo simulations for doses of 20, 30, 40, and 60mg/kg/day and body weights between 10 and 70kg. A one compartment model, with first-order absorption and flip-flop parameterization and linear elimination, but taking protein binding into account, was used to describe the data. Typical values for unbound VPA clearance and distribution volume were 6.24L/h/70kg and 130L/h/70kg respectively. Both parameters were related to body weight via allometric models. The highest probability to obtain a Ctrough within the target range for 10-kg children was obtained with a 40mg/kg daily dose, whereas daily doses of 30 and 20mg/kg were found appropriate for 20 to 30- and ≥ 40-kg children respectively. However, for these same doses, the exposure to unbound VPA could differ by 40%. If the present study supports the current dose recommendations of 20-30mg/kg/day, except for children under 20kg, who may need higher doses, it also highlights the need for further research on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamic profile of unbound VPA.

In reply to "Commentary to: Endoscopic and clinical benefits of hyaluronic acid in children with chronic adenoiditis and middle ear disease", by Zhengcai Lou.

Some considerations will be expressed in consideration of the commentary previously published. In particular, we underline that no other medications were administered to the patients during the study period and any clinical evaluation was postponed in case of acute upper respiratory tract infection in the previous 14 days. We strongly advocate antibiotic treatment during any acute otitis media episode, and we agree that topically administered hyaluronic acid should be considered as a supporting treatment, "complementary to traditional therapies" in children with recurrent disease.

Serum uric acid in children and adolescents

ABSTRACT Introduction: Uric acid (UrA) is a product of purine catabolism, and hyperuricemia (hUrA) is associated with risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. Objective: To evaluate the concentration of UrA in children and adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 623 eutrophic students (5 to 15 years old, aged 9.9 ± 2.7 years, 52% girls). Blood was collected (fasting 12-14 h) for analysis of laboratory parameters, and blood pressure and anthropometric measures were verified. UrA was stratified according to sex and age ranges (5 to < 10, ≥ 10 to < 13 and ≥ 13 to 15 years, male; and 5 to < 9, ≥ 9 to < 12 and ≥ 12 to 15 years, female), and the percentiles 2.5 (2.5th) and 97.5 (97.5th) were calculated. Results: The mean UrA was 3.7 ± 1.03 mg/dl (boys) and 3.58 ± 0.91 mg/dl (girls) (p = 0.0113). Considering the age ranges, the mean UrA was increasing and higher for boys (p = 0.0024, for the 3rd age range). For girls, the UrA increased progressively and significantly in the age ranges (p ≤ 0.005). According to the 97.5th, there was statistical difference only in the third range between sexes (p = 0.002). For comparisons between age ranges, UrA 97.5th also increased for boys and girls (p ≤ 0.05). According to the 97.5th, 26 students presented hUrA. Conclusion: According to the results, stratification by age ranges and sex, in addition to the 97.5th as concentration threshold, was important for evaluation of serum levels of UrA in children and adolescents.

Relationship of Serum Procalcitonin, C-reactive Protein, and Lactic Acid to Organ Failure and Outcome in Critically Ill Pediatric Population

Objective:To evaluate the clinical and prognostic utility of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactic acid in children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a university teaching hospital.Materials and Methods:Medical records of children (1 month–16 years) tested for serum PCT at the time of admission in the PICU of our hospital from July 1, 2013, to January 15, 2015, were reviewed. Within 24 h of admission, the Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score, blood cultures, white blood cell count, neutrophil counts, serum CRP, plasma lactic acid, and PCT were noted. Patient outcome was assessed at hospital discharge, and the patients were divided into nonsurvivors and survivors.Results:A total of 167 children being admitted to the PICU were enrolled. The median age of the study population was 3 years (0–16 years), with 58.6% being males. Nonsurvivors had significantly higher lactic acid (4.7 mmol/L [2.07–7.6]; P < 0.05) than that of the survivors (2 mmol/L [1.3–3]; P < 0.05). In addition, nonsurvivors (94.4%; P < 0.05) had greater incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) than that of the survivors (38.05%; P < 0.05). Binary logistic regression showed age, MODS, and lactic acid to be associated with mortality.Conclusions:This study found that in comparison to PCT and CRP, high plasma lactic acid levels are associated with the development of all-cause MODS and worse outcome in critically ill children admitted in PICU. Prediction of prognosis based on the lactic acid alone may contribute to improve patient management, but further studies are required to endorse our findings.

Homocysteine, Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid in Children with Acute Glomerulonephritis

Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate product of methionine formed by its demethylation. Hcy can be metabolized via remethylation to methionine or transsulfuration to cysteine which is dependent on several enzymes and cofactors. It is deleterious to blood vessel including glomeruli. Kidney is a major organ that metabolizes Hcy. More than 80% of patients with chronic renal disease develop hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy). Accessible data of plasma Hcy in nephritic syndrome (NS) patients are controversial with increased, decreased and unchanged values reported. In renal patients, plasma Hcy concentration can be reduced by administration of folic acid. Absolute or relative deficiencies of folate, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 may also play a role. Therefore, plasma Hcy, folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in children with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) were accessed in this study. Hcy, folic acid vitamin B12, B6 and renal function such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) were analyzed 12 pediatric patients with AGN and 15 age and sex matched healthy children served as controls. The results revealed that a significant increase in plasma Hcy in children with acute AGN when compared with controls. For simple regression analysis, Hcy was positively correlated with BUN, Cr, ferritin and uric acid but negatively correlated with serum glutathione. This research indicated hHcy suggests enhanced risks for inflammation and endothelial injury, which lead to kidney disease. Folic acid has also been shown to improve endothelial function, suggesting an alternative explanation for the effect of folic acid on endothelial function. Careful considerations of not only dietary measures are necessary but also folate and vitamin B supplementation for reducing hHcy in AGN need to be investigated.

Dried Blood Spot Sampling for Tacrolimus and Mycophenolic Acid in Children: Analytical and Clinical Validation.

Tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid (MPA) are the backbone of immunosuppressive therapy after pediatric kidney transplantation. Dosing of these drugs is individualized by therapeutic drug monitoring. Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling may prove beneficial over conventional venous sampling. We aimed to develop and clinically validate a DBS method for tacrolimus and MPA in children. A joint DBS liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for tacrolimus and MPA was developed. DBS-specific items included the hematocrit effect and influence of spot volume. Subsequently, a clinical validation study among children aged 2-18 years was performed to assess the agreement between observed and DBS-predicted venous concentrations. Agreement of the methods was assessed with Passing-Bablok regression, Bland-Altman plots, and quantification of the DBS predictive performance in terms of bias (median percentage prediction error) and precision (median absolute percentage prediction error), both should be <15%. A total of 40 tacrolimus and 32 MPA samples were available from 28 children. Conversion factors were used to predict venous concentrations from DBS. For tacrolimus, 95% of the individual ratios of predicted and observed concentrations were within a range of 0.74-1.28, with 85% of these ratios between 0.80 and 1.20 (Bland-Altman plots). For MPA, the 95% limits of agreement represented a broader range of 0.49-1.49%, and 72% of individual ratios were between the 0.80 and 1.20 limits. Median percentage prediction error and median absolute percentage prediction error were less than 15% for both drugs. A DBS assay was developed for tacrolimus and MPA. Tacrolimus venous concentrations could be adequately predicted from DBS. DBS analysis of MPA seemed to be a semiquantitative measurement at the most when compared with conventional plasma analysis, considering the high variability between observed and predicted concentrations. Next, home-based DBS sampling of tacrolimus for the purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring will be implemented into routine clinical care.

Circulating branched-chain amino acids in children with obstructive sleep apnea

The effects of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the metabolic system are not well understood, especially in children. Recent studies have provided evidence of the modulation of insulin action by branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and suggested novel mechanistic relationships between glucose and amino acid metabolic pathways. We hypothesized that plasma BCAA levels may serve as biomarkers of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in children with OSA. A polysomnography was conducted for the diagnosis of OSA in 90 snoring children, in a tertiary hospital. Anthropometric and clinical data were measured and venous blood samples were collected for the measurement of plasma glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and amino acids. Children with OSA had significantly higher levels of BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and total BCAAs) compared with those without OSA (P = 0.024). A positive significant correlation was observed between insulin levels and both leucine and isoleucine (r = 0.232; P < 0.05). On multivariate regression analyses, the presence of OSA was significantly associated with leucine, isoleucine, and total BCAA concentrations (P = 0.028), whereas the arousal index was associated with leucine, valine, and total BCAA levels (P = 0.037). The presence of OSA and sleep fragmentation may induce changes in branched-chain amino acid metabolism in snoring children, independently of obesity. These data may suggest a new mechanism linking OSA and glucose homeostasis.

Complex Relation Between Diet and Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Children With Cystic Fibrosis

Altered total plasma n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are common in cystic fibrosis (CF). Whether alterations extend to plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and are explained by diet is unclear. The present study was to describe the dietary intake of a large group of children with CF and to determine whether dietary fat composition explains differences in plasma PC and PE fatty acids between children with and without CF. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Venous blood was collected. Plasma PC and PE were separately analyzed for fatty acids. Children with CF, n = 74, consumed more calories and fat (g/day and % energy), with significantly more saturates mainly from dairy foods and less polyunsaturates including linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (% fat) than reference children, n = 71. A subset of children with CF, not differing in dietary intake from the larger group, had significantly lower LA and DHA, but higher EPA in plasma PC and had higher LA and lower ARA and DHA in plasma PE, compared to a subset of reference children. In both groups, LA intake and LA in plasma PC and PE were not associated. EPA and DHA intakes were positively associated with EPA and DHA, respectively, in plasma PC, but not PE, in reference children only. The fatty acid composition of plasma PC and PE is altered in CF. Fatty acid differences between children with and without CF are inconsistent between PC and PE and are not explained by dietary fat.

Update on lipid species and paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

To describe the recent advances in our understanding of fatty acids and lipids in paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and their future implications. Data have been accumulated to suggest that ceramides are the main drivers of hepatic insulin resistance in NAFLD, and inhibition of ceramide synthesis improves histology in mice.Saturated fatty acids formed by de novo lipogenesis generate increased lipotoxicity compared with dietary-derived saturated fatty acids.Hepatic lipogenesis and associated insulin resistance have been found to be influenced by several novel proteins, including E2F1, cyclic AMP response element binding protein transcriptional coactivator 2, Raptor, and eukaryotic initiation factor 6. There are encouraging data from animal models that modulation of these could be therapeutic targets.Human and animal metabolomics and lipidomics data have been used to generate a lipid signature for NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Serum lipidomics appears to correlate with hepatic lipidomics.Therapeutic trials of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children have had mixed results, with some reductions in noninvasive biomarkers. Multiple new pathways for drug targets have been identified, and use of lipidomics is likely to become a noninvasive method for assessing disease. However, much of the data for paediatric NAFLD are extrapolated from adult or animal studies.

Application of packed-fiber solid-phase extraction coupled with GC–MS for the determination of short-chain fatty acids in children's urine

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex disorder involving interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are prevalent in the cohort of children with ASD and they have been recognized as a comorbid condition recently. It is of value to monitor GI issues in individuals, and to help further characterize factors that may contribute to GI disorders (in individuals with and without ASD). Due to the biological relevance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to GI disorders, it is important to develop a rapid and selective detection method capable of identifying and quantifying SCFAs in complex biological samples. Because of low concentration and hydrophilicity of SCFAs, the pretreatment of sample becomes the key step to detection method. We erected and verified a packed-fiber solid-phase extraction (PFSPE) based on Polypyrrole (PPY) nanofibers coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to determine SCFAs in urine. The proposed method was applied to detect SCFAs in urine from children with and without ASD, and the results between the 2 groups was compared. MethodsPFSPE method was utilized for the direct pretreatment of SCFAs in urine from children. The SCFAs extracted on nanofibers was subsequently eluted with hydrochloric acid ethanol solution and detected by GC–MS. ResultsIntraday and interday assay CVs were ≤10%, and the recoveries was 82.6%–110.5%. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.25–2.67ng/ml and 0.85–8.97ng/ml, respectively. The level of SCFAs in urine from children with ASD were significantly higher than that from control group. ConclusionThe proposed method improves the simplification of sample treatment and displays sufficient analytical sensitivity and selectivity. The assay offers a potential to monitor the SCFAs in urine in clinical and experimental investigation of ASD.

小児における血清シアル酸について : 正常値及び CRP との相関

小児における血清シアル酸について : 正常値及び CRP との相関

Properties of Baby Food Developed from Orange-Fleshed Sweetpotato and Mangoes

Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) is a major concern in the world today and is a risk for children in developing countries. Trends have shown that food based interventions are the preferred long-term solution in controlling VAD as opposed to supplements. The orange-fleshed sweetpotato and mangoes are rich in beta-carotene, yet they are not fully utilized. A processed product from these raw materials will make use of surplus produce, promote year round utilization, increase the economic value of the crops and provide variety and convenience of uses. The roots were obtained from the field station, University of Nairobi, while the mangoes were purchased from the local market. The roots were washed, peeled and sliced. They were boiled to softness and mashed. The mangoes were washed, peeled, sliced and pureed in a blender. The two raw materials were mixed using six different formulations. Each formula was pasteurized at 80°C for 5 min in a batch pasteurizer, packaged by hot filling, cooled immediately and stored. The cooking time for the sweetpotatoes was 19.5 min. Losses of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid ranged from 17% - 21% and 18% - 28% respectively after pasteurization. The total solids increased by 3% on average. Changes due to storage of the product at 25°C could be detected by sensory analysis only after six months of storage. After storage, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid decreased by 18% and by 45% respectively. The final stored product could provide 73.7% and 64.5% of retinol equivalent for infants and 1 - 10 year-olds respectively. It could also provide 48.9% of ascorbic acid for children 1 - 10 years old, when consumed in amounts of 100 g per day.

Comparison between dried blood spot and plasma sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic drugs in children with epilepsy: A step towards home sampling

ObjectivesTo investigate if dried blood spots could be used for therapeutic drug monitoring of the antiepileptic drugs, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and valproic acid in children with epilepsy. MethodsFingerprick blood samples from 46 children at a neuropediatric outpatient clinic was collected on filterpaper at the same time as capillary plasma sampling. A validated dried blood spot liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for carbamazepine, lamotrigine and valproic acid was compared with the routine plasma laboratory methods. Method agreement was evaluated and plasma concentrations were estimated by different conversion approaches. ResultsStrong correlation was shown between dried blood spot and plasma concentrations for all three drugs, with R2 values>0.89. Regression analysis showed a proportional bias with 35% lower dried blood spot concentrations for valproic acid (n=33) and concentrations were 18% higher for carbamazepine (n=17). A ratio approach was used to make a conversion from dried blood spots to estimated plasma for these two drugs. Dried blood spot concentrations were directly comparable with plasma for lamotrigine (n=20). ConclusionsThis study supports that dried blood spot concentrations can be used as an alternative to plasma in a children population for three commonly used antiepileptic drugs with the possibility to expand by adding other antiepileptic drugs. Clinical decisions can be made based on converted (carbamazepine, valproic acid) or unconverted (lamotrigine) dried blood spot concentrations. Dried blood spot sampling, in the future taken at home, will simplify an effective therapeutic drug monitoring for this group of patients who often have concomitant disorders and also reduce costs for society.

Does Folinic Acid Improve Language in Children with Autism

There are several reasons for testing folinic acid in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Dietary folate must be reduced to folinic acid to

Dietary Intake of Trans Fatty Acids in Children Aged 4-5 in Spain: The INMA Cohort Study.

Trans fatty acid (TFA) intake has been identified as a health hazard in adults, but data on preschool children are scarce. We analyzed the data from the Spanish INMA Project to determine the intake of total, industrial and natural TFA, their main sources and the associated socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in children aged 4–5 (n = 1793). TFA intake was estimated using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire, and multiple linear regression was used to explore associated factors. The mean daily intakes of total, industrial and natural TFA were 1.36, 0.60, and 0.71 g/day, respectively. Ten percent of the children obtained >1% of their energy intake from TFA. The main sources of industrial TFA were fast food, white bread and processed baked goods. Milk, red and processed meat and processed baked goods were the main sources of natural TFA. Having parents from countries other than Spain was significantly associated with higher natural TFA (in mg/day) intake (β 45.5) and television viewing was significantly associated with higher industrial TFA intake (β 18.3). Higher fruits and vegetables intake was significantly associated with lower intakes of all TFAs, whereas higher sweetened beverages intake was significantly associated with lower total and natural TFA intake. Thus, total and industrial TFA intake was associated with less healthy food patterns and lifestyles in Spanish preschool children.