Acidic Environment Research Articles

Assessment of Eichhornia crassipes as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for AISI 1005 Steel in Acidic Environments

Assessment of Eichhornia crassipes as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for AISI 1005 Steel in Acidic Environments

A Review on Research Progress of Corrosion Resistance of Alkali-Activated Slag Cement Concrete.

China is the largest producer and user of Ordinary Silicate Cement (OPC), and rapid infrastructure development requires more sustainable building materials for concrete structures. Portland cement emits large amounts of CO2 in production. Given proposals for "carbon peaking and carbon neutralization", it is extremely important to study alternative low-carbon cementitious materials to reduce emissions. Alkali-activated slag (AAS) cement, a new green cementitious material, has high application potential. The chemical corrosion resistance of AAS concrete is important for ensuring durability and prolonging service life. This paper reviews the hydration mechanism of AAS concrete and discusses the composition of hydration products on this basis, examines the corrosion mechanism of AAS concrete in acid, sulfate, and seawater environments, and reviews the impact of its performance due to the corrosion of AAS concrete in different solutions. Further in-depth understanding of its impact on the performance of concrete can provide an important theoretical basis for its use in different environments and provides an important theoretical basis for the application of AAS concrete, so that we can have a certain understanding of the durability of AAS concrete.

Imidazolate-Stabilized Cu(III): Dioxygen to Oxides at Type 3 Copper Sites.

Imidazole ligation of metals through histidine is extensive among metalloproteins and enzymes, yet the role of the imidazolate conjugate base is often neglected, despite its potential accessibility when bonded to a highly oxidized metal center. Using synthetic models of oxygenated tyrosinase enzymes with exclusive monodentate imidazole ligation, we find that deprotonation of the μ2-η2:η2-peroxidodicopper(II) species triggers redox isomerization to an imidazolate-ligated bis(μ2-oxido)dicopper(III) species. Formal two-electron oxidation to Cu(III) remains unprecedented in biological systems, yet is effected readily by addition of base in these model systems. Spectrophotometric titrations by UV/visible/near-IR and copper K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopies are interpreted most simply as two cooperative, 2H+ transformations in which the peroxide O-O is cleaved in the first step. Elaboration from simple imidazoles to a protected histidine extends this isomerization into an amino acid environment. The role of phenolate as a base suggests this four-electron reduction of O2 is energetically viable in a biological context and requires only two copper centers, which act as two-electron shuttles when imidazole deprotonation assists. This existential precedent of viable imidazolate intermediates invites speculation into an alternative mechanism for phenol hydroxylation not previously considered at Type 3 copper sites such a tyrosinases.

Imidazolate‐Stabilized Cu(III): Dioxygen to Oxides at Type 3 Copper Sites

Imidazole ligation of metals through histidine is extensive among metalloproteins and enzymes, yet the role of the imidazolate conjugate base is often neglected, despite its potential accessibility when bonded to a highly oxidized metal center. Using synthetic models of oxygenated tyrosinase enzymes with exclusive monodentate imidazole ligation, we find that deprotonation of the μ2‐η2:η2‐peroxidodicopper(II) species triggers redox isomerization to an imidazolate‐ligated bis(μ2‐oxido)dicopper(III) species. Formal two‐electron oxidation to Cu(III) remains unprecedented in biological systems, yet is effected readily by addition of base in these model systems. Spectrophotometric titrations by UV/visible/near‐IR and copper K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopies are interpreted most simply as two cooperative, 2H+ transformations in which the peroxide O‐O is cleaved in the first step. Elaboration from simple imidazoles to a protected histidine extends this isomerization into an amino acid environment. The role of phenolate as a base suggests this four‐electron reduction of O2 is energetically viable in a biological context and requires only two copper centers, which act as two‐electron shuttles when imidazole deprotonation assists. This existential precedent of viable imidazolate intermediates invites speculation into an alternative mechanism for phenol hydroxylation not previously considered at Type 3 copper sites such a tyrosinases.

Intracellularly Gelated Macrophages Loaded with Probiotics for Therapy of Colitis.

Probiotics therapy has garnered significant attention in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, a large number of oral administrated probiotics are inactivated after passing through the gastric acid environment, and their ability to colonize in the intestine is also weak. Herein, this study develops a novel probiotics formulation (GM-EcN) by incorporating Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) into intracellularly gelated macrophages (GM). Intracellular hydrogel is designed to load and prevent EcN from digestion in gastric juice, and GM acts as a macrophage-like carrier to carry the attached probiotics to colonize in the inflammatory intestine. In addition, hydrogel serves as an ideal cytoskeletal structure to maintain the intact cell morphology and membrane structure of GM, comparable to source macrophages. Due to the receptor-ligand interaction, inflammation-related membrane proteins enable GM as a cell sponge to sequestrate and neutralize multiple inflammatory cytokines. In vivo treatment demonstrates that GM-EcN efficiently alleviates IBD symptoms and enhances gut microbiota recovery.

Chemical durability of optical temperature sensors made of tellurite glass: Effect of the alumina concentration

Tellurite glass is an amorphous material commonly doped with rare earth ions for the development of optical temperature sensors. Considering the intrinsic properties of glasses, it is expected that these sensors could be used in acidic environments and withstand temperature changes. However, this has not been fully demonstrated since most of the literature is limited to demonstrate the sensor operation under normal conditions. Additionally, there is a lack of information regarding the chemical durability of these glasses and methods to improve it. In this work, a special tellurite glass composition was proposed for the development of optical temperature sensor. The effect of the alumina concentration on the structure, chemical durability and emission properties of the glasses was evaluated. Chemical durability was assessed by monitoring the weight loss of glass samples after immersion in hydrochloric acid solutions at room temperature, vegetable oil or air at 150 °C. The results indicate that the addition of alumina increases the chemical durability of the glass and improves its emission properties. It was found that the average temperature estimated by the optical sensor had a relative error of 1.3 % due to the degradation of the glass caused by remaining immersed in a 1 N HCl solution for 60 days.

Molecular mechanism of proteolytic cleavage-dependent activation of CadC-mediated response to acid in E. coli

Colonizing in the gastrointestinal tract, Escherichia coli confronts diverse acidic challenges and evolves intricate acid resistance strategies for its survival. The lysine-mediated decarboxylation (Cad) system, featuring lysine decarboxylase CadA, lysine/cadaverine antiporter CadB, and transcriptional activator CadC, plays a crucial role in E. coli’s adaptation to moderate acidic stress. While the activation of the one-component system CadC and subsequent upregulation of cadBA operon in response to acid and lysine presence have been proposed, the molecular mechanisms governing the transition of CadC from an inactive to an active state remain elusive. Under neutral conditions, CadC is inhibited by forming a complex with lysine-specific permease LysP, stabilized in this inactive state by a disulfide bond. Our study unveils that, in an acidic environment, the disulfide bond in CadC is reduced by the disulfide bond isomerase DsbC, exposing R184 to periplasmic proteases, namely DegQ and DegP. Cleavage at R184 by DegQ and DegP generates an active N-terminal DNA-binding domain of CadC, which binds to the cadBA promoter, resulting in the upregulated transcription of the cadA and cadB genes. Upon activation, CadA decarboxylates lysine, producing cadaverine, subsequently transported extracellularly by CadB. We propose that accumulating cadaverine gradually binds to the CadC pH-sensing domain, preventing cleavage and activation of CadC as a feedback mechanism. The identification of DegP, DegQ, and DsbC completes a comprehensive roadmap for the activation and regulation of the Cad system in response to moderate acidic stress in E. coli.

Formation and estimated cytotoxicity of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids during ozonation of nonylphenol in bromide-containing water after chlorination process: Impact of ozonation initial pH

The presence of nonylphenol (NP) in bromide-containing water contributed to the formation of regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs): trihalomethanes-4 (THM4) and haloacetic acids-5 (HAA5). This study investigates the effects of ozonation pH on the degradation of NP, DBP formation, and DBP-estimated cytotoxicity. The ozonation pH was varied to 5, 7, and 9 to determine the effect of acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions. The increase of ozonation initial pH improved the NP degradation. Ozonation of all initial pH conditions could decrease TCM, BDCM, and BDCM formation but increase the TBM formation at alkaline conditions. The formation of mono-HAA5 on the other hand, increased at all ozonation initial pH. Ozonation at acidic and neutral initial conditions can reduce the estimated cytotoxicity of the total formation of THM4 and HAA5 by 74.34 % and 93.31 %, respectively. In contrast, DBP's estimated cytotoxicity was raised by 33.72 % upon ozonation at an initial pH of alkaline. According to the study's findings, lowering the cytotoxicity of DBPs in acidic or alkaline environments can be achieved without changing the ozonation's pH. Based on these findings, pH changes are not required to reduce DBP during ozonation of NP-bromide-containing water. Future research on the impact of natural organic matter is recommended to investigate ozonation's capacity to reduce DBP production during ozonation of NP-containing natural water.

Metal-organic-framework-based sitagliptin-release platform for multieffective radiation-induced intestinal injury targeting therapy and intestinal flora protective capabilities

In patients with abdominal or pelvic tumors, radiotherapy can result in radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII), a potentially severe complication for which there are few effective therapeutic options. Sitagliptin (SI) is an oral hypoglycemic drug that exhibits antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, but how it influences RIII-associated outcomes has yet to be established. In this study, a pH-responsive metal-organic framework-based nanoparticle platform was developed for the delivery of SI (SI@ZIF-8@MS NP). These NPs incorporated mPEG-b-PLLA (MS) as an agent capable of resisting the effects of gastric acid, and are capable of releasing Zn2+ ions. MS was able to effectively shield these SI@ZIF-8 NPs from rapid degradation when exposed to an acidic environment, enabling the subsequent release of SI and Zn2+ within the intestinal fluid. Notably, SI@ZIF-8@MS treatment was able to mitigate radiation-induced intestinal dysbiosis in these mice. restored radiation-induced changes in bacterial composition. In summary, these data demonstrate the ability of SI@ZIF-8@MS to protect against WAI-induced intestinal damage in mice, suggesting that these NPs represent a multimodal targeted therapy that can effectively be used in the prevention or treatment of RIII.

Atomically dispersed ruthenium single-atom alloy catalysts enabling efficient iodide oxidation reaction electrolysis in acidic media

Single-atom catalysts exhibit immense potential across diverse reactions, yet their synthesis and stability in acidic environments pose significant challenges. Herein, we introduce a facile one-step hydrothermal approach to fabricate Ru single-atom alloy catalysts (Ru SAAC) through the reaction of Ru and Ti precursors, followed by annealing in an argon atmosphere. Analysis via extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy confirms the atomically dispersed Ru alloy catalyst anchored on a TiO2 support. Remarkably, Ru SAAC demonstrates exceptional electrocatalytic performance in the iodide oxidation reaction (IOR), achieving a benchmark current density of 10 mA/cm2 at a mere voltage of 0.64 V in acidic conditions within a three-electrode electrolyzer setup. Surpassing nanoscale Ru/TiO2 and RuO2/TiO2 counterparts, Ru SAAC exhibits the highest voltage efficiency (84.4%), lowest Tafel slope (36 mV/dec), and lowest overpotential (100 mV) under identical experimental conditions. This method enables facile control over Ru morphology. It enhances the kinetics and thermodynamic favorability of Ru SAAC in acidic media, opening avenues for synthesizing diverse transition metal-based single-alloy catalysts for varied applications.

Preparing efficient self-healing polyimide coating for enhancing stability of electromagnetic interference shielding film

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding films were widely utilized in various electronic devices, but they were prone to damage and performance degradation in harsh environments. Therefore, it was urgent to maintain stable performance of EMI shielding films. In this work, we adopt the reactions between aldehyde-modified diamine monomers and dianhydride monomers with dynamic imine bond to successfully prepare a self-healing PI (SHPI) film. Benefit from dynamic imine and imide bond, the SHPI film possessed excellent thermal stability (T5 %=527.7°C), tensile strength (72 MPa) and self-healing efficiency (94.4 %). As protecting coating layer, the SHPI film was able to maintain the commercial aluminized polyimide (PI/Al) film with good EMI shielding performance in acid environment. The electromagnetic shielding film with self-healing coating still had average EMI shielding effectiveness value of 44.5 dB after exposed to 10 % concentration nitric acid solution for 30 min. It is noteworthy that when damaged by external forces, the electromagnetic shielding film with self-healing coating could achieve rapid healing, while the tensile strength was up to 87 MPa and the self-healing efficiency reached 92.5 %. This work provided an effective self-healing protective layer for EMI shielding material against corrosion in acidic environments and damage from external pressures.

Synthesis, characterization and performance of ecofriendly epoxy resin as a highly efficient corrosion inhibition for mild steel in 1m HCl solution

In this study, a novel epoxy resin called tetraglycidyl ether of methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (TGEMM) was synthesized and investigated for its potential used as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 1.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. The main goal was to evaluate the corrosion inhibition properties of TGEMM using various techniques. The methods used in this research included potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), temperature effect, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurement. These techniques were chosen to comprehensively assess the corrosion inhibition performance of TGEMM on MS. In this context, the structure of the newly synthesized TGEMM epoxy resin was identified and confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results obtained from the experiments demonstrated that, at a lower concentration of 10−3 M, TGEMM demonstrated a high inhibitory efficacy of 91.49%, assessed via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and 93.84%, measured via potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), in a 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution. The PDP data indicated that the TGEMM epoxy resin acted as an anodic inhibitor in the acidic environment. In addition to gain insights into the interaction mechanism and adsorption mode, DFT and MD simulations were conducted, revealing valuable information about the interaction of TGEMM with the mild steel surface.

Rutile-phase Sn-Ti Mixed Oxides as Acid Catalysts for the Condensation of C2-C3 Oxygenated Compounds in Water.

The design of new cost-effective and water-resistant acid catalysts is crucial for valorizingaqueous side-streams to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of bio-refineries in a sustainable way. In this work, Sn-Ti mixed oxides are prepared via a green and scalable co-precipitation method. This synthesis procedure allows obtaining homogeneous rutile-phase Sn-Ti mixed oxides with enhanced textural properties and a higher amount of Lewis acid sites. More importantly, the catalytic behavior of these Sn-Ti mixed oxides is investigated by using an aqueous mixture of C2-C3 representative oxygenated compounds, closer to real industrial conditions and differing from usual individual probe molecules studies performed even in the absence of water. Catalytic experiments combined and correlated with spectroscopic measurements (i.e., XRD, TEM, FT-IR with pyridine adsorption-desorption and N2 adsorption) are performed to better understand the properties of different Sn-Ti catalysts. These materials show promising results in the condensation of light oxygenated compounds present in aqueous fractions. Homogeneous and robust rutile-phase structures with inherent hydrophobic characteristics turn these Sn-Ti materials into active and highly resistant catalysts capable to transform these low-value oxygenated compounds into a mixture of hydrocarbons and aromatics useful for blending with automotive fuels, especially under complex acidic aqueous environments and moderate process conditions.

High-performance hydrogel membranes with superior environmental stability for harvesting osmotic energy

A collection of innovative nanofluidic systems has been developed to harness Gibbs free energy and convert it into osmotic energy. Nevertheless, these systems frequently encounter challenges such as low output power density, inadequate mechanical stability, and diminished performance in extreme conditions. In this work, we utilized a simple thermal polymerization method to fabricate a charged phytic acid (PA)–acrylic acid (AA)–3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt (SPAK) hydrogel (PASH) membrane with anti-drying and anti-freezing properties, alongside mechanical stability. Using a silicon window with a testing area of 3 × 10−8 m2, a high power density of 30.94 W/m2 was achieved in artificial seawater and river water environments (0.5/0.01 M NaCl). Notably, an even higher power density of 103.9 W/m2 was attained in artificial saline lake and river water environments (5/0.01 M NaCl). Meanwhile, the PASH membrane demonstrated outstanding performance in low temperatures and various acidic and alkaline environments, offering the potential for osmotic power generation in extreme conditions. This work provides essential theoretical foundations and experimental evidence for the development of sustainable osmotic energy conversion technologies, contributing to the advancement and innovation in the field of blue osmotic energy.

Quaternary Mixed Oxides of Non-Noble Metals with Enhanced Stability during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Robust electrocatalysts required to drive the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during water electrolysis are still a missing component toward the path for sustainable hydrogen production. Here a new family of OER active quaternary mixed-oxides based on X-Sn-Mo-Sb (X = Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni) is reported. These nonstoichiometric mixed oxides form a rutile-type crystal structure with a random atomic motif and diverse oxidation states, leading to the formation of cation vacancies and local disorder. The successful incorporation of all cations into a rutile structure was achieved using oxidizing agents that facilitates the formation of Sb5+ required to form the characteristic octahedral coordination in rutile. The mixed oxides exhibit enhanced stability in both acidic and alkaline environments under anodic potentials with no changes in their crystal structure after extensive electrochemical stress. The improved stability of these mixed oxides highlights their potential application as scaffolds to host and stabilize OER active metals.

Selenium nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan for fortifying dairy products

Relevance. One solution to the problem of selenium deficiency is the enrichment of socially important food products, in particular dairy products, with bioavailable forms of selenium. Such forms include selenium nanoparticles. The aim of the work is to develop a dairy product enriched with selenium nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan.Methods. According to dynamic light scattering spectroscopy, a sample of selenium nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan has a monomodal size distribution with an average hydrodynamic particle radius of 25 nm.Results. Quantum chemical modeling of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan has revealed that the most energetically favorable interaction is the interaction of the surface of selenium nanoparticles with the hydroxo group attached to the C3 glucosamine residue of chitosan. A study was conducted of the influence of technological parameters on the stability of selenium nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan. It was found that increasing the exposure time leads to an increase in the average hydrodynamic radius of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan. In the case of pH, an inverse relationship is observed: particles with the largest average hydrodynamic radius are found in samples with an acidic environment (pH ˂ 5). As part of a study of the influence of technological parameters on the stability of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan, it was found that selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan can be used as a source of selenium for food products that have a neutral pH, but can be subjected to heat treatment at temperatures above 70 °C in for 5–15 minutes, in particular pasteurized milk. A study of pasteurized milk fortified with selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan showed that there were no significant changes in titratable acidity, surface tension and pH of milk, as well as the average hydrodynamic radius of casein micelles after milk fortification. The value of antioxidant activity increases by 0.88% — from 6.50 to 7.38%.

A Straightforward Model for Quantifying Local pH Gradients Governing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

The production and consumption of protons by an electrocatalyst will, under certain conditions, generate localized microenvironments with properties distinct from those of the bulk solution. These local properties are particularly impactful for reactions involving proton-coupled electron transfer, where the generation of locally basic or acidic environments may significantly influence the energy efficiency and reaction selectivity of the electrocatalyst. Whereas local pH environments have been observed and characterized in reductive half-reactions, including the CO2 reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions, the incompatibility of conventional techniques and materials has limited studies in oxidative half-reactions, including the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which provides the reducing equivalents for solar-to-fuels electrolysis. With the straightforward parameters bulk pH, buffer composition and pKa, and mass transport, we develop a model for describing local pH as a function of current density regardless of the microscopic details of the mechanism. Using an acid-stable PbOx OER catalyst, we observe the formation and dissipation of pH gradients during the OER and validate the model with voltammetric and potentiometric studies. The model predicts how local acidic environments can develop over a narrow OER current density window, thus providing further motivation for the development of OER catalysts that are stable to acid, even when operating in basic aqueous conditions. More generally, the model is not restricted to the OER and is useful for determining the onset of local pH gradients for other electrocatalytic reactions that involve the consumption or generation of protons in energy conversion reactions.

The Acid-Stimulated Self-Assembled DNA Nanonetwork for Sensitive Detection and Living Cancer Cell Imaging of MicroRNA-221.

Herein, a novel functional DNA structure, acid-stimulated self-assembly DNA nanonetwork (ASDN), was proposed for miRNA-221 sensitive detection and high-resolution living cancer cell imaging. Significantly, the self-assembly of ASDN only occurred in the acidic extracellular environment of cancer cells, which could be endocytosed by cancer cells to eliminate the interference of noncancer cells and deliver the ASDN into cancer cells. Subsequently, endogenous miRNA-221 could trigger the catalytic hairpin assembly within ASDN, resulting in the separation of the fluorophore Cy5 and the quencher BHQ2 to recover the substantial Cy5 fluorescence signals, thus achieving signal amplification for sensitive detection of miRNA-221 with a detection limit of 5.5 pM, as well as facilitating high-resolution and low-background imaging of miRNA-221 in cancer cells. In consequence, this strategy provides an innovative DNA nanonetwork to distinguish cancer cells from other cells for sensitive detection of biomarkers, offering a meaningful reference for the application of DNA nanostructure self-assembly technology in relevant fundamental research and disease diagnosis.

Targeted Defect Repair and Multi-functional Interface Construction for the Direct Regeneration of Spent LiFePO4 Cathodes.

Due to the low economic benefits and environmental pollution of traditional recycling methods, the disposal of spent LiFePO4 (SLFP) presents a significant challenge. The capacity fade of SLFP cathode is primarily caused by lithium loss and formation of a Fe (III) phase. Herein, a synergistic repair effect is proposed to achieve defect repair and multi-functional interface construction for the direct regeneration of SLFP. Tannic acid (TA) forms a compact coating precursor for a carbon layer on SLFP with abundant functional groups and creates a mildly acidic environment to enhance the reducibility of thiourea (TU). Therefore, TU reduces Fe (III) to Fe (II) and repairs Li-Fe anti-site defects of SLFP, while at the same time acting as a source of N/S-doping elements for the carbon layer at a lower temperature (140°C). The multi-functional carbon layer improves the properties of the regenerated LiFePO4 (RLFP) due to the enhanced conductivity, structure maintenance and protection, and the improved kinetics of Li+ transport. Furthermore, the Fe─O and P─O bonds are strengthened, further enhancing the structural stability of the RLFP. Consequently, the RLFP demonstrates outstanding performance with a discharge capacity of 141.3 mAh g-1 and capacity retention of 72% after 1000 cycles at 1C.

Sight of Aged Microplastics Adsorbing Heavy Metal Exacerbated Intestinal Injury: A Mechanistic Study of Autophagy-Mediated Toxicity Response.

Contaminant-bearing polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) may exert significantly different toxicity profiles from their contaminant-free counterparts, with the role of PSMPs in promoting contaminant uptake being recognized. However, studies investigating the environmentally relevant exposure and toxic mechanisms of aged PSMPs binding to Cr are limited. Here, we show that loading of chromium (Cr) markedly alters the physicochemical properties and toxicological profiles of aged PSMPs. Specifically, Cr-bearing aged PSMPs induced severe body weight loss, oxidative stress (OS), autophagy, intestinal barrier injury, inflammation-pyroptosis response, and enteropathogen invasion in mice. Mechanistic investigations revealed that PSMPs@Cr exacerbated the OS, resulting in intestinal barrier damage and inflammation-pyroptosis response via overactivated Notch signaling and autophagy/cathepsin B/IL-1β pathway, respectively, which ultimately elevated mortality related to bacterial pathogen infection. In vitro experiments confirmed that autophagy-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction resulted in severe pyroptosis and impaired intestinal stem cells differentiation alongside the overactivation of Notch signaling in PSMPs@Cr-exposed organoids. Overall, our findings provide an insight into autophagy-modulated ROS overproduction within the acidic environment of autophagosomes, accelerating the release of free Cr from PSMPs@Cr and inducing secondary OS, revealing that PSMPs@Cr is a stable hazard material that induces intestinal injury. These findings provided a potential therapeutic target for environmental MPs pollution caused intestinal disease in patients.