Acid Disodium Research Articles

The cadmium decontamination and disposal of the harvested cadmium accumulator Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.

The heavy metal accumulated biomass after phytoremediation needs to be decontaminated before disposal. Liquid extraction is commonly used to remove and recycle toxic heavy metals from contaminated biomass. In this study, we examined the cadmium (Cd) removal efficiency using different chemical reagents (hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium) of the post-harvest Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. biomass. The purifications for the extracted liquids and ecological risk assessments for the extracted residues were also investigated. We have found that 77.8% of Cd in stems and 62.1% of Cd in leaves were removed by 0.25 M HCl after 24 h. In addition, K2CO3, KOH, and 4 Å molecular sieve could remove ≥89.0% of Cd in the extracted liquids. Finally, after we returned the extracted residues to the earthworm-incubated soil, the extracted biomass negatively affected the growth (weight loss ≥ 11.0%) and survival (mortality ≥ 33.3%) of Eisenia fetida. It should be noted that earthworms decreased soil available Cd concentrations from 0.14–0.05 mg kg−1 to 0.11–0.04 mg kg−1 and offset the negative effects of the Cd-contaminated biomass on soil microbes. Overall, given the cost of reagents, the Cd removal efficiency, and the ecological risks of the extracted biomass, using 0.25 M HCl for liquid extraction and K2CO3 for purification should be recommended. This work highlights the potential of liquid extraction for immediately and directly removing the Cd from fresh contaminated accumulator biomass and the resource cycling potential of the extracted liquids and biomass after purification.

Effect of Net Charge on DNA-Binding, Protein-Binding and Anticancer Properties of Copper(I) Phosphine-Diimine Complexes

The syntheses of [Cu(PPh3)2(L)]NO3 and [Cu(PPh3)2(L-SO3Na)]NO3 were achieved through the reaction of Cu(PPh3)2NO3 and equimolar amount of the ligands (L = 5,6-diphenyl-3-[2-pyridyl]-1,2,4-triazine; LSO3Na = 5,6-diphenyl-3-[2-pyridyl]-1,2,4-triazine-4,4′-disulfonic acid disodium salt). The complexes were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The compounds exhibit similar absorption and emission spectra, suggesting a similar electronic structure. Ct-DNA binding studies show the strong influence of the net charge as Cu-L (positively charged) is able to bind to ct-DNA while Cu-LSO3Na (negatively charged) is not. The net charge of the complexes affects the thermodynamic and kinetic binding parameters toward human serum albumin. HSA-binding of the complexes was further investigated by molecular docking, revealing different binding sites on the HSA protein as a function of the net charge. The different anticancer activities of the complexes towards ovcar-3 and hope-62 cancer cell lines are suggestive of a role for the overall charge of the complexes. Interaction with the DNA is not the major mechanism for this class of complexes. The overall net charge of the pharmacophore (anticancer agent) should be a key consideration in the design of anticancer metal complexes.

Sulfonated tryptanthrin anolyte increases performance in pH neutral aqueous redox flow batteries

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) hold great promise as low-cost, environmentally friendly and safe alternative energy storage media. Here we present aqueous organometallic and all-organic active materials for RFBs with a water-soluble active material, sulfonated tryptanthrin (TRYP-SO3H), working at a neutral pH and showing long-term stability. Electrochemical measurements show that TRYP-SO3H displays reversible peaks at neutral pH values, allowing its use as an anolyte combined with potassium ferrocyanide or 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt monohydrate as catholytes. Single cell tests show reproducible charge-discharge cycles for both catholytes, with significantly improved results for the aqueous all-organic RFB reaching high cell voltage (0.94 V) and high energy efficiencies, stabilized during at least 50 working cycles.

The Influence of Small Organic Molecules on Coagulation from the Perspective of Hydrolysis Competition and Crystallization.

Most coagulation studies focus on pollutant removal or floc separation efficiency. However, to understand the mechanism of coagulation, it is necessary to explore the behavior of coagulation in terms of the interactions among the functional groups on the surface of the metal hydrolysis precipitates during the hydrolysis process. In this study, for the first time, aluminum sulfate (alum) was used to investigate such interactions over the whole process sequence of hydrolysis, coagulation, and crystallization with, and without (as a control), the presence of specific low molecular weight (LMW) (molecular weight < 1000 Da) organic compounds with different chemical bonds. It was observed that primary nanoparticles (NPs) of around 10 nm size were produced during the hydrolysis of alum. The presence of organic compounds was found to influence the coagulation performance by affecting the metal hydrolysis and the properties of the nanoparticles. At pH 7, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) delayed the time when the particles start to aggregate but increased the maximum size of the flocs, while citric acid caused the crystallization of amorphous hydrates and inhibited the coagulation performance. In contrast, glucose, benzoic acid (BEN), and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THMAM) had no significant effect on the coagulation performance. Therefore, LMW organics can bond to the hydrolysis products of metal ions through key functional groups, such as carboxyl groups, and then affect the coagulation process. The experimental results show that the presence of LMW organics can change the surface properties and degree of crystallization of the primary NPs, thereby affecting the performance of coagulation.

Modelling of long-term Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb dynamics from soils fertilised with organic amendments

Abstract. Soil contamination by trace elements (TEs) is a major concern for sustainable land management. A potential source of excessive inputs of TEs into agricultural soils are organic amendments. Here, we used dynamic simulations carried out with the Intermediate Dynamic Model for Metals (IDMM) to describe the observed trends of topsoil Zn (zinc), Cu (copper), Pb (lead) and Cd (cadmium) concentrations in a long-term (&gt;60-year) crop trial in Switzerland, where soil plots have been treated with different organic amendments (farmyard manure, sewage sludge and compost). The observed ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA)-extractable concentrations ranged between 2.6 and 27.1 mg kg−1 for Zn, 4.9 and 29.0 mg kg−1 for Cu, 6.1–26.2 mg kg−1 for Pb, and 0.08 and 0.66 mg kg−1 for Cd. Metal input rates were initially estimated based on literature data. An additional, calibrated metal flux, tentatively attributed to mineral weathering, was necessary to fit the observed data. Dissolved organic carbon fluxes were estimated using a soil organic carbon model. The model adequately reproduced the EDTA-extractable (labile) concentrations when input rates were optimised and soil lateral mixing was invoked to account for the edge effect of mechanically ploughing the trial plots. The global average root mean square error (RMSE) was 2.7, and the average bias (overestimation) was −1.66, −2.18, −4.34 and −0.05 mg kg−1 for Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd, respectively. The calibrated model was used to project the long-term metal trends in field conditions (without soil lateral mixing), under stable climate and management practices, with soil organic carbon estimated by modelling and assumed trends in soil pH. Labile metal concentrations to 2100 were largely projected to remain near constant or to decline, except for some metals in plots receiving compost. Ecotoxicological thresholds (critical limits) were predicted to be exceeded presently under sewage sludge inputs and to remain so until 2100. Ecological risks were largely not indicated in the other plots, although some minor exceedances of critical limits were projected to occur for Zn before 2100. This study advances our understanding of TEs' long-term dynamics in agricultural fields, paving the way to quantitative applications of modelling at field scales.

Batch and Column Extraction of Lead from Al-Doura Oil Refinery Soil

The aim of this research is to investigate the extraction of lead (Pb) from soil of Al-Doura oil refinery in Baghdad/Iraq. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution were used as extractants. Soil washing method was practiced in two ways, batch extraction and column extraction experiments. A set of batch experiments were carried out at different conditions of extractant (Na2EDTA, HCl) concentration, contact time, pH and agitation speed. From the batch experiments, the maximum removal percentages of Pb that have been obtained were 70 % using Na2EDTA (0.1M) at pH 4 , agitation speed 200 and at equilibrium time 4 hours and 65 % using HCl (1M) at pH 1.08 , agitation speed 200 at equilibrium time 5 hours. &#x0D; Column experiments were conducted at different conditions of extractant (Na2EDTA, HCl) concentration, contact time and flow rate. The maximum removal percentages of Pb were 78% using Na2EDTA (0.1M) at pH 4 , flow rate 30 ml/hr and equilibrium time 8 hours and 75% using HCl (1M) at pH 1.08, flow rate 20 ml/hr and equilibrium time 10 hours. &#x0D; The column extraction proved that the extractant volume required to achieve high removal efficiency is less than that of the batch extraction, but requires a longer contact time.&#x0D; The experimental data of batch and column extraction were applied in four kinetic models; first order, parabolic diffusion, two constant and Elovich model to find best fit model for extraction system. For batch extraction, the parabolic diffusion and two-constant models gave the best correlation {coefficient of determination (R2)} with experimental data using HCl and Na2EDTA respectively. While for column extraction, Elovich model gave good correlation with experimental data.

Effects of SLC protein on intestinal HCO&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; excretion and acid-base balance of &amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;Gymnocypris przewalskii&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt;

Saline-alkaline water, widely distributed throughout China, is characterized as high salinity and alkalinity, which are the primary factors restricting the survival and growth of aquatic organisms. The physiological mechanisms required for fish to live in fresh water and sea water are well described for several species. Many fishes not only can tolerate, but also can acclimate and adapt to conditions besides conventional fresh water and sea water conditions, specifically saline-alkaline water. When fishes are transferred to saline-alkaline water, there is a transient alkalosis with increased HCO^-₃ or decreased <italic>P</italic>_CO₂ concentrations in the plasma. <italic>Gymnocypris przewalskii</italic> is the most important economic fish in Lake Qinghai, a water body with high salinity and alkalinity. In recent years, the population of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>przewalskii</italic> has sharply declined due to the destruction of spawning habitat, long-term overfishing and the increasing salinity and alkalinity. Thus, researches on the physiological and molecular responses of <italic>G</italic>.<italic>przewalskii</italic> under saline-alkaline conditions are significant for recovering this endangered species. Previous studies had shown that, when <italic>G</italic>. <italic>przewalskii</italic> was acclimated to saline-alkaline water, internal excess HCO^-₃ was not totally excreted by the gills or the kidney. In contrast, it showed that intestinal HCO^-₃ secretion and water absorption might play important roles in the acid-base balance and osmoregulation. In order to explore the effects of SLC protein on intestinal HCO^-₃ excretion and acid-base regulation, <italic>Gymnocypris przewalskii</italic> was exposed to fresh water and saline-alkaline lake water treatments. 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid disodium salt hydrate (DIDS) was injected to control the activity of SLC protein, the intestinal HCO^-₃ excretion concentration, blood physiological indices, and the relative expression of <italic>SLC</italic>4<italic>A</italic>1, <italic>SLC</italic>4<italic>A</italic>2, <italic>SLC</italic>4<italic>A</italic>4, <italic>SLC</italic>26<italic>A</italic>6 genes in the intestine of <italic>Gymnocypris przewalskii</italic> were detected. Results showed that under saline-alkaline environment, the blood pH of <italic>Gymnocypris przewalskii</italic> increased significantly, while the <italic>P</italic>_CO₂ decreased, the concentration of intestinal HCO^-₃ excretion and the expression levels of <italic>SLC</italic>4<italic>A</italic>1, <italic>SLC</italic>4<italic>A</italic>4, and <italic>SLC</italic>26<italic>A</italic>6 genes increased significantly. After the injection of DIDS, the blood pH and HCO^-₃ concentration of <italic>Gymnocypris przewalskii</italic> in the fresh water group increased significantly while <italic>P</italic>_CO₂ decreased; in saline-alkaline water group, the blood pH and HCO^-₃ concentration of <italic>Gymnocypris przewalskii</italic> increased significantly, and the intestinal HCO^-₃ excretion concentration declined. Results indicated that <italic>Gymnocypris przewalskii</italic> intestinal HCO^-₃ excretion in saline-alkaline environment increased, but the excretion declined with the inhibition of SLC family proteins, leading to blood pH increase and acid-base imbalance. This study indicate that the SLC family protein may play a compensatory role in the adaptation of <italic>Gymnocypris przewalskii</italic> to high saline-alkaline environment.

Afterglow-Catalysis and Self-Reporting of Pollutant Degradation by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Disodium-Etched Cr:ZnGa2O4

Both afterglow-catalysis and photoluminescence (PL) self-reporting of pollutant degradation are achieved by persistent luminescent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA)-etched Cr3+-doped ZnGa2O4 (ZGO-EDTA). Afterglow-catalysis resolves the overdependence of traditional photocatalysis on continuous lighting, enabling pollutant degradation to proceed anywhere and at any time, in particular in dark environments. The self-reporting property allows the accurate determination of real-time degradation efficiency without the need for time-consuming tests. The effects of Cr3+-doping and EDTA-etching on those functions and properties were systematically investigated. Both Cr3+-doping and EDTA-etching improve the visible-light activatable afterglow, while EDTA-etching decreases the particle size, improves aqueous dispersibility, enlarges the surface area, and generates oxygen vacancies to slow down the recombination of photocarriers and prolong the duration of the afterglow, all of which contribute to the improved afterglow-catalysis and PL self-reporting of pollutant degradation. The related mechanism is discussed by combining experimental results with density functional theory calculations. Both PL self-reporting and afterglow-degradation have the potential to be widely deployed in the processing analysis of catalysis, environmental analysis and protection, and waste treatment, in a wider range of situations than was traditionally possible.

Choline-based deep eutectic solvent combined with EDTA-2Na as novel soil washing agent for lead removal in contaminated soil

Lead-contaminated soil was cleaned through ethylene-diamine-teraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) combined with diluted deep eutectic solvent (DES) which was prepared by mixing choline chloride with ethylene glycol. The influences of leaching temperature, leaching time, liquid-solid (L/S) ratio, concentration of EDTA-2Na, water-DES ratio, and the molar ratio of choline chloride-ethylene glycol (Ch-E) on the leaching rate of lead were investigated. The mineral phases of the soil and DES before and after washing were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The changes to the DESs before and after dissolving lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) were analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Hydrogen bonds and EDTA-2Na in the Ch-M system resulted in the conversion of Pb(NO3)2 to other complex ions such as [Pb·Ch-E]− and [Pb·EDTA-2Na]− and other complex ions due to the dissolution of the washing agent. The results showed that the soil mineral phase did not change significantly and up to 95.79% of Pb could be washed under temperature, time, L/S ratio, EDTA-2Na concentration, DES/water ratio, Ch-E molar ratio, and stirring speed conditions of 40 °C, 2 h, 6, 0.02 M, 2, 0.75 and 300 rpm, respectively. The hydrogen bonds and EDTA-2Na may play a key role in the remediation of lead-contaminated soil by a washing agent. This research describes a rapid, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for remediation of lead-contaminated soil.

Development Of New Anodes Based On Organic Molecule And Carbon Graphite For Methanol Cells

This work aims to develop a new abase anode of organic molecule to study the electro-oxidation of methanol, in an alkaline solution with a carbon paste electrode modified by Ethylene-diamine tetra acetic acid disodium salt dehydrate EDTA-CPE, by cyclic voltammetry, measurements of ‘impedance and chronoemperometry. Radiography carried out morphological characterizations by microscopic electronic transmission (MET). The organic molecule has been found to have better catalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol; they are simple, cheaper and stable. Keywords: Methanol fuel cell; electro catalysis; modified electrodes; EDTA, catalyst, Chronoamperometry, impedance spectroscopy.

Insoluble π‐Conjugated Polyimine as an Organic Adsorbent for Group 10 Metal Ions

AbstractMetal ion adsorbents are indispensable materials for the recovery of noble metal ions in a sustainable society. Herein, we report that poly(isopyrazole‐3,5‐diyl‐trans‐vinylene) (1) effectively adsorbed group 10 metal ions from solution in acetonitrile. Owing to its fully π‐conjugated and rigid structure, polyimine1was virtually insoluble in common organic solvents and water, making it advantageous for metal ion adsorption via a solid/liquid interface. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis showed that ≥90 % of Ni2+, Pd2+, and Pt2+ions were adsorbed at a concentration of 10 μM (order of ≤2 ppm) after stirring suspensions at room temperature. Metal ion desorption was achieved by treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA ⋅ 2Na), and the adsorbent was reused. Theoretical calculations supported that the desolvation energy was an important factor for effective adsorption in acetonitrile.

Improved management of grade B biliary leaks after complex liver resections using gadoxetic acid disodium–enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography

BackgroundBile leaks occurring after complex liver resection and lasting >1 week (grade B) usually are managed by means of invasive cholangiography either endoscopic or percutaneous, with a substantial risk of procedure-related complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of gadoxetic acid disodium–enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography to detect postoperative biliary leaks and avoid invasive cholangiography in case of peripheral location of the fistula. MethodsPatients with grade B biliary leak after complex liver resection from January 2018 to March 2020 underwent magnetic resonance cholangiography to guide the management of the leak (study group). The primary endpoint was the ability of magnetic resonance cholangiography to reduce the need for invasive cholangiography with respect to similar posthepatectomy leaks collected in the previous 2 years and approached with upfront invasive cholangiography (controls). A series of in-hospital outcomes also were compared. ResultsOut of 533 liver resections, 11 study patients versus 11 control patients with grade B leaks were compared. Magnetic resonance cholangiography achieved 100% accuracy in detection and location of the leak. Five out of 6 peripheral leaks healed without invasive cholangiography. Overall, 50% reduction in the use of invasive cholangiography was observed in the study versus control patients. Median healing time and hospital stay were 38 and 40 days in patients undergoing invasive cholangiography versus 10 and 11 days in patients treated conservatively (P = .007 and 0.012, respectively). Infection rate and other complications rate were 82% vs 20% (P = .01) and 35% vs 40% (P = .5), respectively. ConclusionMagnetic resonance cholangiography is a safe, precise, noninvasive tool to detect posthepatectomy bile leaks that can help clinicians in decision-making on conservative versus invasive treatment of fistulas.

A simple, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for determining iron in water samples

We proposed a procedure for determining iron in various water samples employing molecular absorption spectrophotometry. The ligands used are 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol-3,6-disulphonic acid disodium salt (Nitroso R Salt) and Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium Bromide (CTMAB). Iron can be determined by chromogenic reaction without redox pretreatment. The effects of temperature, acidity and the amount of reagent on the color reaction were studied. The linear correlation coefficient between iron concentration and absorbance is 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantification of method are 6.7 × 10−8 and 2.0 × 10−7mol/L, respectively. The molar absorption coefficient is 0.8 × 105 L. mol−1cm−1. Under selected conditions, common co-existing ions generally do not interfere with the determination of iron in water samples. Ten repeated determinations of Fe standard solution (8.0 × 10−6 mol/L) have shown that the relative standard deviation (RSD) is 0.61%. In the determination of the trace iron in actual samples, the RSDs are less than or equal to 3.1% (n = 4), and the recovery rate of standard addition method is between 92.8% and 108%. The proposed method is simple, economical, rapid, sensitive, accurate and highly selective, and can be used to determine iron contents in various water samples without pretreatment.

Modification of Ag8SnS6 Photoanodes with Incorporation of Zn Ions for Photo-Driven Hydrogen Production

In this study, Zn ions were incorporated into Ag8SnS6 thin films on glass and indium–tin–oxide-coated glass substrates using chemical bath deposition. Detailed procedures for the growth of Ag–Zn–Sn–S semiconductor films and their optical, physical and photoelectrochemical performances were investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns of samples revealed that kesterite Ag2ZnSnS4 phase with a certain amount of Ag8SnS6 phase can be obtained using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt and trisodium citrate as the chelating agent couples. Images of field-emission scanning electron microscope showed that plate-like microstructures with some spherical aggregates were observed for the sample at low Zn content. It changed to irregular spherical grains with the [Zn]/[Sn] ratios being higher than 0.95 in samples. The energy band gaps of the samples were in the range of 1.57–2.61 eV, depending on the [Zn]/[Sn] molar ratio in sample. From the Hall measurements, the carrier concentrations and mobilities of samples were in the ranges of 6.57 × 1012–1.76 × 1014 cm−3 and 7.14–39.22 cm2/V·s, respectively. All samples were n-type semiconductors. The maximum photoelectrochemical performance of sample was 1.38 mA/cm2 in aqueous 0.25 M K2SO3 and 0.35 M Na2S solutions.

Hydrothermal syntheses, crystal structures and properties of two H2Tiron-bridged rare earth metal dinuclear complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline ligands

Two isostructural rare earth metal compounds, [RE2(H2Tiron)3(phen)2] (RE = Ho (1), Lu (2)) (Na2H2Tiron = 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), have been synthesized by hydrothermal methods and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 occur in the same triclinic crystal system and P-1 space group, where three H2Tiron2- ligands show the same bridged coordination mode. The dinuclear centers show double-capped triangular prismatic and dodecahedral geometries, respectively. The dinuclear compounds are stitched together via π-π stacking interactions to form 1 D chain structures. Compounds 1 and 2 have good thermal stability, which may be attributed to the introduction of phen auxiliary ligands. The emission spectrum of 1 exhibits four obvious peaks centered at 355 nm, 458 nm, 625 nm and 733 nm. The magnetic coupling interactions between Ho ions are ferromagnetic in 1.

Investigation on matching relationship between surface characters and collector properties: Achieving flotation separation of zinc oxide minerals from quartz

There are multiple factors that affect flotation separation performance. However, most studies only focus on the influence of a single factor, and neglect to study matching relationships among multiple other factors. In this paper, improved separation performance of zinc oxide minerals from quartz was achieved by modifying the surface characteristics of zinc oxide minerals and selecting a suitable collector for matching each minerals. Based on the semi-soluble character of smithsonite, octylaminodiacetic acid disodium salt (ODA) was selected as the more suitable collector than N-lauroylsarcosine (LSA). Compared with smithsonite, the hemimorphite surface has a more negative zeta potential and lower active site content. Therefore, ODA showed poor collecting ability for hemimorphite flotation. To improve the flotation recovery of hemimorphite, Zn(II) was added as an activator. The results of the mixed ternary minerals flotation test revealed that hemimorphite achieves selective activation by smithsonite; the recovery of the concentrate was 82.7 %, and the Zn grade reached 45.3 % when the concentration of ODA was 100 mg/L without the addition of zinc ions. The analysis results of zeta potential measurements, FT-IR analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that Zn(II) facilitated the adsorption of collectors by providing new active sites on the hemimorphite surface and changing the surface characteristics of hemimorphite.

Control of Burn Wound Infection by Methylene Blue-Mediated Photodynamic Treatment With Light-Emitting Diode Array Illumination in Rats.

Control of burn wound infection is difficult due to the increase in drug-resistant bacteria and deteriorated immune responses. In this study, we examined the usefulness of methylene blue (MB)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with illumination by a light-emitting diode (LED) array for controlling invasive infections from the wound to inside the body for rats with an extended deep burn infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An MB solution with the addition of ethanol, ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid disodium salt, and dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a photosensitizer (PS). An extended deep burn was made on the dorsal skin in rats and the wounds were infected with P. aeruginosa. The rats were divided into three groups: control (no treatment; n = 14), PS mixture application alone (PS alone group; n = 10), and aPDT group (n = 14). For aPDT, after the PS mixture was applied onto the surface of infected wounds, the wounds were illuminated with a 665-nm LED array at an intensity of 45 mW/cm2 three times per treatment, with an illumination duration of 20 minutes and an interval of 10 minutes. The treatment was repeated each day for 7 consecutive days (day 0-day 6). Bacterial numbers on the wound surface and the weights and survival rates of the animals were evaluated daily. At the endpoints, bacterial numbers in the liver and blood were counted. Since the PS mixture showed high dark toxicity against P. aeruginosa in vitro, the influence of the PS mixture application onto healthy skin was also examined in vivo. Even in the aPDT group, rapid bacterial regrowth was observed on the wound surface after each day's treatment, but the geometric mean values of the bacterial numbers before and after each aPDT were considerably lower than those in the control group. Application of the PS mixture alone showed a clear bactericidal effect only at day 0, which is attributable to the formation of biofilms after day 1. Rats in the aPDT group showed a smaller weight loss, a higher ratio of no bacterial migration at the endpoints, and significantly higher survival rates than those in the other two groups. Effects of repeated application of the PS mixture onto healthy skin were not evident. Application of MB-mediated aPDT with illumination by a high-intensity LED array daily for seven consecutive days was effective for suppressing invasive infection from the wound to inside the body in rats with an extensive deep burn infected with P. aeruginosa, resulting in significant improvement of their survival. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Synthesis of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Disodium Salt Functionalized Magnetite/Chitosan Nanospheres for the Highly Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue.

In this paper, novel Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) functionalized magnetite/ chitosan nanospheres (Fe₃O₄/CS-EDTA) are synthesized by combining solvothermal method and chemical modification, and they are further applied as a kind of adsorbent to eliminate dye of methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. The properties as well as structure exhibited by the fabricated adsorbent are characterized through FTIR, XRD, TG and TEM, together with VSM. The impact exerted by sorption parameters (time of contact, initial dye concentration, temperature, etc.) on the adsorptions were evaluated in batch system. These results demonstrated that our magnetic materials held the adsorption capacity for MB of 256 mg g-1 (pH = 11), and the kinetic model of pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir model could make an effective simulation regarding the adsorption kinetics and isotherm, respectively. Besides, the external magnetic field can assist in easily separating dye adsorbed Fe₃O₄/CS-EDTA from solution for regeneration. The removal efficiency of recycled adsorbents remained above 92% in the 5th adsorption/desorption cycle. These superioritiesmake Fe₃O₄/CS-EDTA a high-efficientmultifunctional adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater.

An Exceptional Broad-Spectrum Nanobiocide for Multimodal and Synergistic Inactivation of Drug-Resistant Bacteria

An Exceptional Broad-Spectrum Nanobiocide for Multimodal and Synergistic Inactivation of Drug-Resistant Bacteria

Amino acid derivative reactivity assay-organic solvent reaction system: A novel alternative test for skin sensitization capable of assessing highly hydrophobic substances.

The amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA) is an in chemico alternative to animal testing that focuses on protein binding. The ADRA is a skin sensitization test that solves problems associated with the direct peptide reactivity assay. However, when utilizing the ADRA to evaluate highly hydrophobic substances with octanol/water partition coefficients (logKow) of >6, the test substances may not dissolve in the reaction solution, which can prevent the accurate assessment of skin sensitization. Therefore, we developed the ADRA-organic solvent (ADRA-OS) reaction system, which is a novel skin sensitization test that enables the assessment of highly hydrophobic substances with a logKow of >6. We discovered that the organic solvent ratio, the triethylamine concentration, and the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate concentration participate in reactions with the nucleophile N-(2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl)-l-cysteine (NAC) and sensitizers that are used in ADRA and in stabilizing NAC. Thus, we determined the optimal reaction composition of the ADRA-OS according to L9 (33 ) orthogonal array experiments. Using this test, we assessed 14 types of highly hydrophobic substances. When we compared the results with ADRA, we found that ADRA-OS reaction system has high solubility for highly hydrophobic substances and that it has a high predictive capacity (sensitivity: 63%, specificity: 100%, accuracy: 79%). The implication of the results is that the novel ADRA-OS reaction system should provide a useful method for assessing the skin sensitization of highly hydrophobic substances with a logKow of >6.