Acid Content In Seeds Research Articles

Influence of Cultivar and Storage Time on the Content of Higher Fatty Acids in Apple Cuticle

Influence of Cultivar and Storage Time on the Content of Higher Fatty Acids in Apple Cuticle The main objective was to determine the fatty acid composition on the surface of apple peel and in seeds. 7 apple cultivars were used: Elstar, Fuji, Gloster, Idared, Jonagold, Pink Lady and Golden Delicious. Apple seeds contain from 8.4% to 15% of water and from 17.1% to 28.0% (f.w.) of fat. The fatty acid content in seeds ranged as follows: linoleic (55.9-62.3), oleic (23.9-30.7%), palmitic (7.1-9.3%), stearic (1.6-2.3%), arachidic (1.2-1.6%), linolenic (0.4-0.7%. Linolic acid is prevalent fatty acid on peel as well. Ratio of linolenic acid on peel is up to 30 fold higher than in seeds. Saturated palmitic and stearic fatty acid ratio is considerably higher in peel than in seeds while is the ratio of oleic acid nearly the same as in seeds. During storage of apples the ratio of palmitic and oleic acid increases, while ratio of linoleic acid considerably decreases.

Management of environmental crop conditions to produce useful sunflower oil components

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the impact of water availability and temperature after flowering on oil, major fatty acid and sterol contents in seeds of standard and oleic sunflower genotypes, under managed and controlled field conditions. When water deficit was effective from the beginning to the end of anthesis, it modified the fatty acid composition of standard hybrids. When water was supplied, a major enhancement of oleic acid content was associated with a concomitant reduction of linoleic acid content and a decrease in saturated fatty acid contents. Higher temperatures increased the oleic acid content in seeds of standard hybrids. Oil content was enhanced under colder temperature and irrigation. The content of minor oil components, phytosterols, was also enhanced when seed development occurred under high temperature and severe water stress. As a whole, the data showed that combining water management, sowing date and choice of genotype may orientate the biosynthesis of seed components and thus generate seed composition variability suitable for industrial purposes.

A rapid densitometric method for simultaneous quantification of gallic acid and ellagic acid in herbal raw materials using HPTLC

Gallic acid and ellagic acid are two widely occurring phenolic compounds of plant origin, to which many biological activities including anticancer and antiviral activity have been attributed. A simple HPTLC method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of gallic acid and ellagic acid. The method was validated for precision, repeatability, and accuracy. Instrumental precision was found to be 0.083 and 0.78, and the repeatability of the method was found to be 1.07 and 1.50 (% CV) for gallic acid and ellagic acid, respectively. The accuracy of the method was checked by a recovery study conducted at two different levels and the average percentage recovery was found to be 101.02% for gallic acid and 102.42% for ellagic acid. The above method was used for the quantification of gallic acid and ellagic acid content in seeds of Abrus precatorius Linn., whole plant of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn., and flowers of Nymphaea alba Linn. The proposed HPTLC method for the simultaneous quantification of gallic acid and ellagic acid was found to be simple, precise, specific, sensitive, and accurate and can be used for routine quality control of herbal raw materials and for the quantification of these compounds in plant materials.

The maize low-phytic acid mutant lpa2 is caused by mutation in an inositol phosphate kinase gene.

Reduced phytic acid content in seeds is a desired goal for genetic improvement in several crops. Low-phytic acid mutants have been used in genetic breeding, but it is not known what genes are responsible for the low-phytic acid phenotype. Using a reverse genetics approach, we found that the maize (Zea mays) low-phytic acid lpa2 mutant is caused by mutation in an inositol phosphate kinase gene. The maize inositol phosphate kinase (ZmIpk) gene was identified through sequence comparison with human and Arabidopsis Ins(1,3,4)P(3) 5/6-kinase genes. The purified recombinant ZmIpk protein has kinase activity on several inositol polyphosphates, including Ins(1,3,4)P(3), Ins(3,5,6)P(3), Ins(3,4,5,6)P(4), and Ins(1,2,5,6)P(4). The ZmIpk mRNA is expressed in the embryo, the organ where phytic acid accumulates in maize seeds. The ZmIpk Mutator insertion mutants were identified from a Mutator F(2) family. In the ZmIpk Mu insertion mutants, seed phytic acid content is reduced approximately 30%, and inorganic phosphate is increased about 3-fold. The mutants also accumulate myo-inositol and inositol phosphates as in the lpa2 mutant. Allelic tests showed that the ZmIpk Mu insertion mutants are allelic to the lpa2. Southern-blot analysis, cloning, and sequencing of the ZmIpk gene from lpa2 revealed that the lpa2-1 allele is caused by the genomic sequence rearrangement in the ZmIpk locus and the lpa2-2 allele has a nucleotide mutation that generated a stop codon in the N-terminal region of the ZmIpk open reading frame. These results provide evidence that ZmIpk is one of the kinases responsible for phytic acid biosynthesis in developing maize seeds.

Inter-locus Relationship Between Genes Controlling Palmitic Acid Contents in Soybean Mutants.

Palmitic acid is one of the two major saturated fatty acids of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil that is closely related with physical, chemical and nutritional qualities. The average pahuitic acid content in the seed oil of common cultivars is 11.0%. Soybean mutants with both reduced and elevated palmitic acid have been developed. Previous studies had shown that reduced palmitic acid in a mutant C1726 and elevated palmitic acid in a mutant C1727 were respectively controlled by fap1 and fap2 alleles, and reduced palmitic acid in a nrutant J3 was controlled by sop1 allele. The objective of this study is to determine the genetic relationships of sop1 allele in J3 with fap1 and fap2 alleles in C1726 and C1727, respectively. Reciprocal crosses were conducted for J3 × Bay, C1726 × Bay, J3 × C1727 and J3 × C1726. No maternal effect for palmitic acid content was observed from the analysis of reciprocal F1 seeds in any of the crosses. The data for palmitic acid content in F2 seeds of J3× Bay and C1726 ×Bay fitted a 1:2:1 ratio. The segregation observed from the analysis of F2 seeds of J3 × C1727 fitted the ratio of 1:14:1 and of J3 × C1726 fitted the ratio of 3:10:3. The F2 segregation ratio and the segregation of F3 seeds from F2 plants of these crosses indicated that allele for palmitic acid in J3 was at a different locus from the alleles in C1726 and C1727. The segregant with the genotype sop1sop1fap1fap1 from J3 × C1726 has an average 3.5% palmitic acid and therefore, it is considered as an important germplasm that would be an advantage for soybean oil with better physical, chemical and nutritional qualities.

Influence of Ozone Stress on Soybean Response to Carbon Dioxide Enrichment: III. Yield and Seed Quality

Ozone in the troposphere can cause plant stress, whereas elevated CO2 generally causes positive responses. Little is known of how these gases interact to affect plant response. Interactive effects on yield and seed quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown in 14‐L pots were measured in open‐top field chambers. Essex was tested in 1993, and Essex, Holladay, and NK 6955 were tested in 1994. Plants were exposed from emergence to maturity to four CO2 levels (ambient and 1.3,1.6, and 2.0 times ambient) and three O3 levels (0.4, 0.9, and 1.5 times ambient) in 12 combinations. Increasing O3 suppressed growth and yield, whereas CO2 enrichment stimulated growth and yield. Carbon dioxide‐induced stimulation was greater for plants stressed by O3 than for non stressed plants. For example, CO2 at 2.0 times ambient increased 2‐yr mean seed yield of Essex by 16, 24, and 81% at O2 levels of 0.4, 0.9, and 1.5 times ambient, respectively. Effects of O3 and CO2 on seed oil content were variable with numerous cultivar differences. Seed protein content was never affected. Elevated O3 suppressed oleic acid content in seeds, whereas CO2 increased it; the nature of the O3 × CO2 interaction for oleic acid was similar to that observed for most yield measures. Carbon dioxide‐induced stimulation of plants stressed by O3 was apparently caused partly by amelioration of O3 stress. Interactions between O3 and CO2 must be considered for proper interpretation of cause‐effect relationships in CO2, enrichment studies.

Determination of the Petroselinic Acid Content in Seeds of Coriandrum sativum by Gas Liquid Chromatography

AbstractWith dimethyldisulfide the methylthio‐derivatives of unsaturated fatty acid methylesters are readily formed within 30 min at 70°C. Whereas the analysis of oleic and petroselinic acid methyl esters by gas liquid chromatography is very time consuming (separation time: 1 hour), their corresponding methylthio‐derivatives can be quantitatively determinated within 14 min.

Effect of seed position on fatty acid content in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Variation among F3 seeds from a single head for linoleic acid content was high (50.0-72.7%) and appeared unrelated to seed position. Fatty acid content of seeds within self-pollinated heads was not affected by unfilled, adjacent seeds. Thus single seed selections for linoleic acid content should not be biased. No general relationship between fatty acid level and seed position was evident from, analyses of bulk samples except that palmitic acid content of seeds from the upper half of heads (7.4%) was higher than from the lower half (6.5%). This may be related to the negative correlation (r = -0.45) between palmitic acid content and seed size. Fatty acid content and weight of seeds from the lower half of heads were less variable than from the upper half.

Cyclopropene fatty acids in some Malaysian edible seeds and nuts: I. Durian (Durio zibethinus, Murr.)

AbstractThe aril and seeds of the fruit Durian (Durio zibethinus, Murr.) were examined for their protein content and fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The values (area percentage) for fatty acids as methyl esters were: aril=14∶0 (0.91%); 16∶0 (34.13%); 16∶1 (7.10%); 18∶0 (1.21%); 18∶1 (42.14%); 18∶2 (7.85%) and 18∶3 plus 20∶0 (5.69%), Seeds=14∶0 (0.12%); 16∶0 (12.20%); 16∶1 (1.15%); 18∶0 (1.42%); 18∶1 (8.42%); 18∶2 (6.50%); dihydrosterculic acid (2.52%); 18∶3 plus 20∶0 (11.30%); malvalic acid (15.72%); sterculic acid (38.53%) and 22∶0 (1.21%). The germ oil contained the highest amount of sterculic acid. The cooking temperatures employed reduced the malvalic and sterculic acid contents in seeds only by ca. 22% and 19%, respectively.

Free and Total Amino Acid Composition of Maturing Seed from Six Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars

Abstract Maturing seeds of six peanut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L.) varying in protein content at maturity showed differences in rate of change of dry weight, crude protein, and free and total amino acids. Seeds of the high-protein cultivars increased in dry weight and deposited protein at a more rapid rate between immature and low intermediate stages of maturation than did those of the low- and intermediate-protein cultivars. Free amino acid content in seeds classified as low-intermediate maturity from all cultivars was significantly less than was that of those at the immature stage. The greatest change was in seed of the high-protein group. The rate of change of content of selected free amino acids among seed was different for the three groups of cultivars. Similar observations were noted as the content of select total amino acids increased in maturing seeds. Variations in quantities of free amino acids in immature seeds and differences in the rate at which they are incorporated into proteins of seeds from various cultivars suggest that there is genetic variability in the mechanism for synthesis of selected proteins. These differences also indicate the potential for the development of peanut cultivars having seed with nutritionally desirable protein.

エダマメ収穫後の品質変化とその防止

Green soybeans, a common crop in Japan, is harvested at the green-pod stage and its somewhat immature seeds are eaten as a snack etc. The taste of the seeds, however, deteriorates much more rapidly than the visual quality. This paper reports the investigation on the factors concerning the post-harvest quality deterioration and the means of keeping quality, especially applicable under non-refrigerated conditions for practical use. Shirayama-and Komagi-dadachamame cultivars were used and their pods were packaged in perforated polyethylene (PE) bags and held at 0°, 5° and 20°C, respectively.Organoleptic test showed that the taste of soybean became flat in 2 days at 20°C. Yellowing or browning of pods began after several days at 20°C, and 2 weeks at 5 °C. At 0°C, the loss of freshness of pods was noticed after about a month, while green color remained.Sugar content, index of free amino acid content (ninhydrin-positive substances), and L-ascorbic acid content in seeds drastically decreased in 2 days at 20°C. At 5 °C, marked decrease in sugar and amino acid was found after a week. At 0°C, amino acid considerably decreased after 2 weeks of storage while sugar content showed little change. Post-harvest deterioration in the taste of the green soybeans is supposed to be principally attributable to the decrease of sugar and amino acid.When metabolic inhibitors were applied to the seeds by vacuum infiltration, change of the sugar content was retarded with NaF and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP), and that of amino acid with cycloheximide and DNP.Some other pods were packed in PE bags of 0.07mm film-thickness, and the atmosphere in bags was replaced by N2or CO2, or withdrawn under vacuum. These treatments brought about a retardation of sugar loss, and an increase of amino acid in contrast with a sharp decrease in non-treated pods. Simple sealing also had a comparable effect to the a bove-mentioned treatments, showing high CO2 and low O2 concentrations in the bag during the days succeeding the sealing. At 20°C, however, shelf life reduced to 3-4 days since a symptom of gas injury developed on the surface of pod and seed. At 5°C, no injury was found during 2 weeks of storage and loss of sugar and amino acid was considerably retarded.Packaging of a whole plant with leaves and pods attached in a PE bag of 0.03mm-thickness exhibited a marked effect on keeping quality, and preferable taste was kept for several days even at 20°C. External appearance was also maintained by this means, and pod color remained green without any gas injury for more than 10 days at 20°C.

The effects of sulphur fertilisers on the content of sulpho‐amino acids in seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

AbstractSeed meals of three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars, grown in pots containing sulphur‐deficient soil supplemented with 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.8, 5, 15 and 45 parts/106 sulphate‐S levels in the soil solution, were examined for total nitrogen, total sulphur and sulpho‐amino acid contents. The sulphur content and the ratio of sulphur to nitrogen were found to increase with the increasing level of sulphate‐S fertilisation up to ca 5 parts/106. Compared with the control the sulpho‐amino acid content in seeds of cowpea TVu 76 increased with S‐supplementation up to 5 parts/106 and that of cowpea Sitao Pole increased with S up to 1.8 parts/106. Similar levels (7 and 2 parts/106 respectively) of sulphate‐S were required in the soil solution to obtain 95% of the maximum yields of cowpea seeds. The content of sulpho‐amino acids in the seeds from 5 parts/106 treatments were similar to those reported for cowpeas grown under field conditions at IITA and elsewhere with adequate levels of soil sulphur for maximum yield.

Variability of essential amino acid content in seeds of 22 Phaseolus species

The reserve protein composition of 22 Phaseolus species has been studied. The non-sulphur-containing amino acids were present at values higher than those suggested for animal (and human) nutrition, but the sulphur-containing amino acids, with some exceptions, were under the minimum accepted requirement. However, taking into account the variability in the percentages of methionine and cystine, as well as the cystine/methionine ratio, it is concluded that the genus Phaseolus has a theoretical possibility for synthesizing a reserve protein with a balanced sulphur-containing amino acid content. An accession from Mexico of the species Ph. phyllanthus possesses a protein characterized by a high sulphur-containing amino acid content (3,84%). The possible utilization of this species in breeding for legume protein quality is suggested. Some observations about the percentage of arginine in wild and cultivated forms of Ph. Vulgaris are also presented.

The Taxonomic Significance of the Fatty Acid Content of Seeds of Linum

About sixty taxa in the genusLinum are arranged systematically and are compared using data published earlier for the fatty acid content of their seeds. Plants of sect.Linum, of sect.Dasylinum, and Old World species of sect.Linastrum generally have higher percentages of linolenic acid and lower percentages of linoleic acid; plants of sect.Syllinum, of sect.Cathartolinum, and New World species of sect.Linastrum have the reverse tendencies. The segregation ofL. stelleroides from other species of sect.Linum and the maintenance ofL. tenuifolium in a section separate from other tested species are supported.

Seed ripening in grasses:II. Changes in free amino acid content

1. The free amino acid content of seeds Aberystwyth S. 143 cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), S.321 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), S. 48 and S. 352 timothy varieties (Phleum pratense L.) was studied during ripening.