Acid Composition Of Total Lipids Research Articles

Cultivation of a Novel Strain of Chlorella vulgaris S2 under Phototrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic Conditions, and Effects on Biomass Growth and Composition

Microalgal biomass is an excellent platform for producing food, feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the trophic mode of cultivation (phototrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic) on the growth and biomass composition of Chlorella vulgaris S2. The contents of lipids and carbohydrates, as well as the fatty acid composition of total lipids, were studied. The effects of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) and the organic carbon concentration of the growth media under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions were also investigated. The C:N ratio of 30 mol mol−1 favoured lipid synthesis, and the C:N ratio of 10 mol mol−1 favoured carbohydrate synthesis. Maximal lipid and biomass productivities (2.238 and 0.458 g L−1 d−1, respectively) were obtained under mixotrophic conditions at the C:N ratio of 50 mol mol−1 and glucose concentration of 50 g L−1. Fed-batch cultivation conducted in a stirrer tank bioreactor under heterotrophic growth conditions increased biomass (2.385 g L−1 d−1, respectively) and lipid (0.339 L−1 d−1) productivities ~50 and ~60 times compared to the fed-batch phototrophic cultivation, respectively. The trophic mode, growth phase, and growth medium composition significantly influenced the fatty acid composition. Under mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth conditions, lipid accumulation is associated with an increase in oleic acid (C18:1) content. Mixotrophically grown biomass of Chlorella vulgaris S2 under optimised conditions is a suitable source of lipids for biodiesel production.

Комплексный методический подход в определении липидов моллюсков

Marine bivalves are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cerastoderma glaucum is a potentially commercial sea cockle that inhabits the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. This bivalve mollusk contains omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids. However, its lipid composition remains understudied. When determining total lipids, their classes, and fatty acid composition, standard methods often have to be adapted to the object in hand and tools available. The research objective was to develop a complex lipid analysis method for aquatic organisms.
 The study featured total soft tissues of C. glaucum harvested from the pseudolittoral zone on the sand and silt soil of the Sevastopol coast of the Black Sea. The chromatographic methods made it possible to identify total lipids and classify them into phospholipids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, sterols, and triacylglycerols. The subsequent densimetric determination involved a flatbed scanner and the TLC Manager 4.0.2.3D software. The fatty acid composition for total lipids was studied using the chromatography-mass spectrometric method.
 The existing methods in lipidology were adapted for determining total lipids, their classes, and the fatty acid composition of total lipids in C. glaucum. The article introduces a detailed description of the method for determining total lipids, as well as of how to prepare equipment and reagents to classify common lipids using multidimensional thin layer chromatography. It also contains an authentic scheme of chromatographic baths for stepwise separation, densitometric measurements, and examples of fatty acid chromatograms and mass spectra. The new sample preparation method for determining fatty acids in total lipids by gas chromatography demonstrated a minimal loss in native structure and proved to be less aggressive than standard methods of sample derivatization.
 The new method for lipid analysis of clam tissues appeared to be economical, less time-consuming, and reagent-intensive. It can be recommended for small laboratories engaged in bioenergetics or comparative analyzes of aquatic organisms.

Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar L. Parr and Smolts Reared in Aquaculture at Various Lighting Regimes

Continuous artificial lighting (24LD) was introduced experimentally in the standard technology to grow salmon juveniles in a southern region (Republic of North Ossetia–Alania) and its effect on fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids in muscles and the liver was assessed in parr and smolts of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Changes in the key FA were observed in the FA spectrum of fish, indicating that smoltification was complete and that smolts were ready for new habitat conditions. Thus the content of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) significantly increased as a result of an increase in (n-3) PUFAs, and, in particular, marine-type 22:6(n-3), and high values were observed for (n-3)/(n-6) and 22:6(n-3)/18:3(n-3) PUFA ratios. The most significant changes were detected in muscles. In all experimental groups, a decrease in saturated FAs (SFAs) and an increase in total lipid unsaturation was attributed primarily to PUFAs, while monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) decreased along with SFAs. The experimental data on the lipid and FA composition in salmon juveniles and a higher proportion of smolts in the test groups indicated that smoltification was the most successful in groups with continuous lighting and 24-h feeding and a natural regime of lighting and feeding.

Seasonal effect on fatty acid composition in phospholipid classes and triacylglycerols of male Capoeta umbla

The seasonal changes in muscle tissue, total lipids and fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL), triacylglycerol (TAG), and phospholipid classes of male Capoeta umbla were investigated in this study. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS) were identified as the major phospholipids (PLs) in the muscle tissue (PS). Triacylglycerols showed high contents of MUFA, 14:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3; while phospholipids presented high contents of AA, DHA, and 18:0. Myristic acid, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), linoleic acid (18:2n-6), and linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were shown to be present in larger concentrations in TAG than in PL classes. In PL classes, 16:0, 18:0, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (ΣPUFA) were higher than the TAG fraction. The fatty acid composition of total lipid and lipid classes (TAG and PL) were affected by the seasonal variations and lipid fraction.

Lighting intensity affects the fatty acid composition of total lipids of basil leaves and roots (Ocimum basilicum L.)

The vegetative organs of common basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in water culture at different levels of illumination (50, 100, and 150 μmol PAR quanta/(m2 s)) for 21 days were studied. In the work, the Purple Velvet basil variety, which is popular in agriculture and has intensely colored leaves was used. The biomass, water content, and composition of fatty acids (FA) of total lipids in the leaves and roots of plants and the content of malondialdehyde and chlorophylls (a, b) in the aerial parts of plants were determined. The sensitivity of the FA composition and morphophysiological parameters (biomass and chlorophyll content in leaves) of O. basilicum plants to the intensity of illumination was shown. The greatest effect was caused by the illumination intensity mode of 150 μmol/(m2 s). Species composition of O. basilicum FA under all lighting conditions was wider in root lipids; however, more pronounced changes in the qualitative composition of Fas were observed in leaves. Photodependent regulation of FA component composition of O. basilicum manifested itself in an increase in the proportion of unsaturated FAs, especially polyene ones, which led to an increase in the unsaturation index (UI) of esterified lipid FAs. The highest UI values were obtained with illumination of 150 μmol/(m2 s). At the same time, with an increase in the illumination intensity, a significant increase in the activity of ω-3 and ω-9-desaturases occurred, which indicates in favor of their lightdependent activation. Thus, increasing the intensity of lighting to certain values directly proportionally affects the physiological parameters of O. basilicum. The maximum indicators of productive growth and the implementation of adaptive mechanisms of green and underground parts of basil plants correspond to illumination of 150 μmol/(m2 s).

Lighting Intensity Affects the Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids of Basil Leaves and Roots (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Lighting Intensity Affects the Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids of Basil Leaves and Roots (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Fatty Acid Composition of Comamonas testosteroni under Hexachlorobenzene Loading Conditions

Changes in the lipid composition in bacterial membranes are considered to be the most important adaptation mechanisms to adverse chemical factors. The aim of the study was to compare the hexachlorobenzene effects on the fatty acid composition of total lipids Comamonas testosteroni. Methods. The study was performed with C. testosteroni UCM B-400 and B-401, B-213 strains. Bacteria were grown in the Luria-Bertrani (LB) liquid medium containing 10 and 20 mg/L of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). After cultivation, the biomass was separated by centrifugation and the fatty acid composition of total lipids was determined through analyzing its methyl esters. To assess the cell membrane properties, such parameters as the lipid unsaturation index, the average carbon chain length of fatty acids, and the membrane viscosity index were determined. Results. In the fatty acids spectrum of C. testosteroni B-400 after cultivation in a medium containing 20 mg/L of HCB, the contents of unsaturated hexadecenoic (C16:1) and octadecenoic (C18:1) acids were lower by 10.6 and 5.5%, respectively, and that of saturated hexadecanoic (C16:0) acid was higher by 8.4%, compared to the control. The fatty acid composition of C. testosteroni B-401 was more stable compared to strain B-400. Collection strain C. testosteroni B-213 compared to strains isolated from soil with high HCB load, in the presence of 10 and 20 mg/L of HCB had the highest relative content of saturated hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) up to 38.33—40.7%. Unsaturated octadecenoic acid decreased at the doses 10 and 20 mg/L to 1.5—2% compared to the control. In all strains under the HCB impact, there was an increase in the relative content of C17-cyclopropanoic acid compared to control variants. Conclusions. C. testosteroni UCM B-400, B-401, and B-213 bacteria under cultivation conditions in HCB-containing medium, decreasing the degree of lipid unsaturation and increasing the relative content of C17-cyclopropanoic acid can be considered as the main mechanisms regulating the cytoplasmic membrane fluidity; the displaying of these protective reactions had a strain trait and did not depend on the adaptation in natural isolating places.

Seasonal influence on lipid profiles of fish in Northeastern Brazil

The seasonal effect in the fatty acid composition of total lipids of four fish species, white needle (Hemiramphus brasiliensis), black needle (Hyporhamphus unifasciatus), mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla), and sardines (Opisthonema oglinum) was evaluated. Fish samples were collected from coastal regions of the State Pernambuco of Northeastern Brazil in two seasonal periods (summer and winter). The results showed that fatty acid composition of total lipids values was slightly higher in the winter for all species, however, with no significant statistical difference between seasons, except for the pentanoic fatty acid (C15:0) content, which showed a significantly higher value in mackerel, in the summer. The highest contents of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids were observed in sardines, which also presented the best lipid profile. All examined species contained ω-3/ω-6 and ω-6/ω-3 ratios that are nutritionally recommended and could be considered a source of benefits to human health.

Fatty acid composition in fractions of neutral lipids and phospholipids of Hemisorubim platyrhynchos with seasonal distinction

The effect of seasonal variations in the fatty acid composition of total lipids (TL), neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids (PL) of Hemisorubim platyrhynchos was evaluated. Ten fish samples were collected from Amazon basin in each seasonal period (drought and flood). The fatty acids composition of TL, NL and PL throughout seasonal periods were studied. A significant difference was noted in TL content between the seasonal periods, with the highest values (7.48 %) in the drought period. NL corresponded to 90 %, on average, of TL and PL to 8.6 %. The fatty acids composition of TL and lipid classes (NL and PL) were affected by the seasonal variations and lipid fraction. Higher values of PUFA were observed during the flood period to TL and both lipids classes. EPA + DHA totalized on average 173 mg 100g−1, so jurupoca could be considered a source of these health-benefiting fatty acids, exceeding the daily intake recommendation.

Coordinated control of adiposity and growth by anti-anabolic kinase ERK7.

Energy storage and growth are coordinated in response to nutrient status of animals. How nutrient‐regulated signaling pathways control these processes in vivo remains insufficiently understood. Here, we establish an atypical MAP kinase, ERK7, as an inhibitor of adiposity and growth in Drosophila. ERK7 mutant larvae display elevated triacylglycerol (TAG) stores and accelerated growth rate, while overexpressed ERK7 is sufficient to inhibit lipid storage and growth. ERK7 expression is elevated upon fasting and ERK7 mutant larvae display impaired survival during nutrient deprivation. ERK7 acts in the fat body, the insect counterpart of liver and adipose tissue, where it controls the subcellular localization of chromatin‐binding protein PWP1, a growth‐promoting downstream effector of mTOR. PWP1 maintains the expression of sugarbabe, encoding a lipogenic Gli‐similar family transcription factor. Both PWP1 and Sugarbabe are necessary for the increased growth and adiposity phenotypes of ERK7 loss‐of‐function animals. In conclusion, ERK7 is an anti‐anabolic kinase that inhibits lipid storage and growth while promoting survival on fasting conditions.

Состав жирных кислот в трохофорах мидий Mytilus galloprovincialis, выращенных в условиях загрязнённости полихлорбифенилами

Состояние черноморских популяций Mytilus galloprovincialis в естественной среде обитания напрямую зависит от развития мидии на всех стадиях, в том числе на начальных стадиях личиночных форм, наиболее чувствительных к загрязнению окружающей среды. Поллютанты органического происхождения оказывают негативное влияние на личинки моллюска, проявляющееся в торможении их роста и развития. Закономерности размножения мидии хорошо изучены, что даёт возможность получать в контролируемых лабораторных условиях личинки из искусственно оплодотворённых яйцеклеток этого вида моллюсков. В работе впервые исследован жирнокислотный состав общих липидов, выделенных из биомассы тканей личинок M. galloprovincialis на стадии трохофоры в контроле и после их трёхдневной экспозиции в среде с добавлением различных концентраций полихлорбифенилов. Жирнокислотный состав суммарных липидов в биомассе личинок, полученных на третьи сутки эксперимента, исследовали методом хромато-масс-спектрометрии. Всего идентифицировано 14 жирных кислот: 59 % из них относились к насыщенным, 24 % — к моноеновым, 17 % — к полиеновым. Для статистического анализа использовали программу MATLAB (версия 8.2). В условиях проведённого эксперимента в липидах трохофор M. galloprovincialis достоверно отличались значения суммы мононенасыщенных и полиненасыщенных жирных кислот. Сумма насыщенных жирных кислот статистически значимо не изменялась. Основными насыщенными жирными кислотами во всех исследуемых трохофорах мидий являлись пальмитиновая (C16:0) и стеариновая (C18:0). Их концентрации значительно не изменялись под действием полихлорбифенилов. Наиболее значимые мононенасыщенные жирные кислоты — олеиновая (C18:1ω9), пальмитолеиновая (C16:1ω7) и вакценовая (C18:1ω7). Содержание мононенасыщенных жирных кислот понижалось вдвое при действии полихлорбифенилов с концентрациями 0,1 и 1 мкг·л−1; при концентрации полихлорбифенилов 10 мкг·л−1 суммарное содержание этих кислот было равно таковому в контроле. Среди полиненасыщенных жирных кислот, обладающих положительной биологической активностью, были идентифицированы арахидоновая (C20:4ω6), эйкозапентаеновая (C20:5ω3) и докозагексаеновая (C22:6ω3). Суммарное содержание Омега-3 и Омега-6 кислот в личинках мидий в контрольном опыте не превышало 12,8 %. С увеличением концентрации полихлорбифенилов в среде выращивания трохофор с 0,1 до 1 мкг·л−1 концентрация полиненасыщенных жирных кислот повышалась в 2,5 раза. При концентрации полихлорбифенилов 10 мкг·л−1 и в пробе с ацетоном суммарное содержание полиненасыщенных жирных кислот было сопоставимо с таковым в контрольном опыте. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о том, что жирнокислотный отклик трохофор мидий M. galloprovincialis максимален при воздействии концентраций полихлорбифенилов от 0,1 до 1 мкг·л−1. При концентрации загрязнителей 10 мкг·л−1 и выше биохимические процессы в личинках, по-видимому, замедляются. Результаты данного исследования могут способствовать лучшему пониманию перестроек, позволяющих моллюскам на личиночных стадиях развития адаптироваться к условиям загрязнения среды обитания органическими поллютантами.

Extraction of omega 3 fatty acids from sardine byproducts using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2)

Introduction: Sardine generally processed as canned fish, and in consequence of a lot of solid waste are generated as byproducts which could be good sources of fish oil. Omega-3 fatty acid compositions of total lipids extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) from sardine fish by-product (head, skin and viscera) were determined and the results were compared with Soxhlet extraction. Methods: SC-CO2 extraction was performed at the optimized condition at a temperature of 60 0 C, the pressure of 35 Mpa and flow rate of 3 ml min-1 . Results: Highest yield was obtained from the skin (42.5%) followed by the head (22.4%) and the viscera (9.6%) which is closer to that of the yield of Soxhlet extraction method where 44%, 23% and 11% (on dry basis) oil were yielded from skin, head and viscera, respectively. Saturated fatty acid was dominant incorporate with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid in all organs and the difference of extracted fatty acids between SC-CO2 and Soxhlet methods were insignificant. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was characteristically major PUFA accounting 19.8% in head, 15.4% in skin and 13.6% in viscera of the total fatty acids. Conclusions: Total oil extracted by SC-CO2 had lower free fatty acid content than the oil extracted by Soxhlet method. Thus, SC-CO2 could be the effective method for extracting omega-3 PUFA rich fish oil from sardine by-products.

QUALITY OF RAPESEED OIL AFTER DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS (AMENDMENTS) OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN SOILS

Application of sewage sludge rich in organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium tend to improve crop yields. Nevertheless, this use is limited because of their heavy metal content. The objective of this work is to study the effect of sewage sludge on the accumulation of metallic trace elements in seeds and rapeseed oil. For this purpose, two different types of sludge by their metal composition were tested. Compared to the control, the supply of industrial sludge increases the metallic load of seeds and rapeseed oil. This increase is noted with the highest doses 50 and 100 t/ha. The same trend was observed during the two years of application. This effect is due to the richness of these slurries in chrome, cadmium and lead. This modification of the metal composition was accompanied by the decrease in the oil content. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of total lipids shows an increase in the percentage of oleic acid at the expense of linoleic and linolenic acids. On the other hand, the increase of 18: 1 at the expense of linoleic and linolenic acids may be the result of metal-induced alteration. For urban sludge, we noticed a variation in Cr, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn contents in the seeds depending on the doses. However, for Cd and Pb no variation was recorded. An increase in metal trace element levels was well reported at the seed level during the second amendment. We also detected a decrease in oil content with the contribution of industrial sludge. The composition of the total lipids in fatty acids shows an increase in the percentage of oleic acid (C18: 1) at the expense of linoleic (C18: 2) and linolenic (C18: 3) acids under the effect of heavy metals brought by the industrial sludge while no difference is recorded with urban sludge regardless of the dose. No significant differences in heavy metals were observed with the addition of the different doses of urban sludge even after two years of application. Urban sludge has no effect on oil content or fatty acid composition. However, we detected increases in most heavy metals, especially for high doses of industrial sewage sludge.

FATTY ACID CONTAINMENT IN ORGANIC CHICKEN-BROILERS MEAT AND TRADITIONAL GROWING

The article presents the results of the study on fatty acids content of broiler chickens purchased from retailers and broiler chickens grown in organic farming. In the study we compared the obtained results. There are also results of the influence of developed preventive drug postbiotic on the fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. The samples were compared in terms of their nutritional value and quality. Chicken that goes into the retail network is obtained from broiler chickens grown in a traditional (intensive) technological way. Organic poultry is extensive. For the experiment in organic farming, we formed the 2 groups (control and experiment). In the experimental group, broiler chickens received a prophylactic preparation - a postbiotic with organic feed, and no drugs were used in the control. In-depth studies of the mechanisms of its effect on the body of chickens and the quality of the products obtained were studied changes in the fatty acid composition of total lipids in skeletal muscle and the biochemical composition of the muscle tissue of chickens. There were no significant changes in the fatty acid content of the tested meat compared with the control group. The content of palmitoleic, linoleic and caprylic acids is slightly increased. The fat content of heavy broiler chickens is much higher than that of broiler chickens. The best fatty acid ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 is found in organic chicken meat. Retail chicken meat has a lower omega 6 content, significantly higher than palmitic acid omega 3. Organic chicken meat contains 3-5% less fat compared to retail chicken. In the meat of chickens grown using organic technology, the amount of saturated fatty acids increased significantly by 11.13%, there is a significant decrease in omega-6 fatty acids by 7.57% and an increase in the amount of omega-3 fatty acids by 0.8% compared to with chicken from the retail chain. Therefore, the value of organic chicken meat lies not only in the absence of residues of antibiotic substances, pesticides and herbicides, but also in its biological value and dietary properties.

Fatty Acids of the Three-Spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) from the White Sea

The fatty acid composition of total lipids in the muscles, liver, and gonads of adult specimens of the three-spined stickleback from the White Sea has been studied. In particular, a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly those of ω-3 families, was found in the gonads and muscles. Among these, essential eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, as well as docosapentaenoic acid, were dominant. The relationship between the fatty acid composition in different organs of the three-spined stickleback and of the other fish species and the effect of complex environmental factors is discussed. Particular fatty acids are tissue-specific, and their composition is also evidence of the physiological state of the organism. These results can be used both in the development of a methodology in the formula for the lipid basis of food ingredients extracted from marine hydrobionts of the Arctic region, which are an important renewable natural resource, and in research on the physiological and biochemical state of the fish during the process of their development under normal and changing environmental factors.

INVESTIGATION ON CONTENT OF FATTY ACIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, AND PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULAR SPECIES COMPOSITION OF THE VIETNAMESE CORAL Bebryce sp.

In the fatty acid composition of total lipid of the soft coral Bebryce sp., the concentration of unsaturated fatty acid predominates. The composition of saturated fatty acids is very diverse, including all saturated fatty acids from C14 to C26. The unsaturated fatty acids with high concentration are C20: 4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, 24:5n-6, 26:3n-6, 26:2n-6, 26:2n-7, 28:3n-6. In the fatty acids composition of the studied coral, there is presence of characterized fatty acids for the existence of sponges C25-C28 (demospongic fatty acids) with total content 29,86%. Most of the Bebryce coral species do not have zooxanthellae, therefore, in the fatty acids composition, either it is lack or contains only a small amount of markers fatty acids for zooxanthellae such as 18:5n-3, 18:4n-3, 18:3n-6, 20:4n-3. In the phospholipid content of the soft coral Bebryce sp., there is presence of characterized classes for Cnidarian animals such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylchonline (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphonolipid is ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP). PC account for the highest concentration (37,20% of total phospholipid). The molecular species of phospholipid classes of Bebryce sp. for the first time were investigated. In the results, there we 60 phospholipid molecular species identified in 5 classes. The molecular species with high content in the classes were PE 20:4/18:1e, PE 20:4/19:1, PC 20:4/18:0e, PC 20:4/16:0e, PS 24:5/18:0e, PI 24:5/18:0, CAEP18:2base/16:0 and CAEP 18:1base/16:0.

Dietary linseed supplementation affects the fatty acid composition of the sn-2 position of triglycerides in sheep milk

In the human intestine, lipids are absorbed as sn-2 monoglycerides (sn-2, also named β-position), produced mainly by pancreatic lipases, which hydrolysate the triglyceride molecule in positions 1 and 3 (sn-1,3, α-position). The fatty acids esterified in sn-2 are thus preferentially absorbed, which means that the bioavailability of a single fatty acid is affected by its position on the triglyceride. This experiment is carried out with the milk used to make cheese applied in a study with 42 human volunteers. In that study the authors detected an improvement in the blood lipid profile. The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of this kind of cheese in improving human health by studying how linseed supplementation affects the milk fatty acid composition of the 3 different triglyceride positions and thus the fatty acid bioavailability. The sn-2 were obtained by reacting total milk lipids with swine pancreatic lipase. The milk came from 24 sheep fed a control diet and 24 sheep fed a diet containing 200 g of extruded linseed per day. The sn-2 were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The fatty acid composition of total lipids and sn-2 was obtained by a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector apparatus equipped with a high polar 100 m length capillary column. The bioavailability of the fatty acids was evaluated by a putative preferential intestinal absorption index (PPIAi), where PPIAi <0 indicated a disadvantageous nutritional condition and PPIAi >0 indicated a preferential intestinal absorption. With regard to the fatty acid composition of triglycerides, the linseed group showed a significantly higher content of both linolenic acid and rumenic acid compared with the control. As a consequence of linseed supplementation, the linolenic and rumenic acid content esterified in the β-position increased greatly. This was highlighted by the PPIAi. The results of the present study suggest that the linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid affinity for lyso-phosphatidic acid acyl-transferase increased with its tissue availability.

Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids in Needles of Picea obovata in the Spring Vegetation Period

Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids in Needles of Picea obovata in the Spring Vegetation Period

Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipid, Phospholipid and Triacylglycerol in the Muscle and Liver Tissue of Capoeta trutta Fatty acids of Capoeta trutta

Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipid, Phospholipid and Triacylglycerol in the Muscle and Liver Tissue of Capoeta trutta Fatty acids of Capoeta trutta

Жирнокислотний склад загальних ліпідів печінки коропа (Cyprinus carpioL.) за умов штучного гіпобіозу

Жирнокислотний склад загальних ліпідів печінки коропа (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>L.) за умов штучного гіпобіозу