Acid Composition Of Fractions Research Articles

Fatty acid composition in fractions of neutral lipids and phospholipids of Hemisorubim platyrhynchos with seasonal distinction

The effect of seasonal variations in the fatty acid composition of total lipids (TL), neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids (PL) of Hemisorubim platyrhynchos was evaluated. Ten fish samples were collected from Amazon basin in each seasonal period (drought and flood). The fatty acids composition of TL, NL and PL throughout seasonal periods were studied. A significant difference was noted in TL content between the seasonal periods, with the highest values (7.48 %) in the drought period. NL corresponded to 90 %, on average, of TL and PL to 8.6 %. The fatty acids composition of TL and lipid classes (NL and PL) were affected by the seasonal variations and lipid fraction. Higher values of PUFA were observed during the flood period to TL and both lipids classes. EPA + DHA totalized on average 173 mg 100g−1, so jurupoca could be considered a source of these health-benefiting fatty acids, exceeding the daily intake recommendation.

Fatty Acid Composition in Fractions of Total Lipids from the Buds of Plants of the Betula L. Genus by the Opening Phases

The fatty acid composition (FAC) of fractions of organic compounds isolated from total lipids (TL) by successive solvents—chloroform, acetone, and methanol, taken as neutral lipids (NL), glycolipids (GL), and phospholipids (PL)—was studied by the phases of the opening of buds in plants of the Betula L. genus [1]. It was found that the FAC of the TL fractions of opening buds of trees with morphological features of Betula pubescens Ehrh., Betula pendula Roth, and Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercklin) Hamet-Ahti is represented mainly by unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) (up to 88% of the total fatty acids). Linolenic and linoleic acids (up to 55 and 47% of the total fatty acids, respectively) constituted the main share of USFAs. Palmitic acid predominated quantitatively among saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (up to 42%). The content of linoleic acid in all SL fractions decreased with the development of buds in all three birches, while the content of linolenic acid in the composition of the GL and PL fractions increased. In birches differing in morphological characteristics, the specific features of the FAC from the SL fractions of the buds were studied by the opening phases.

In vitro pepsin digestibility and amino acid composition in soluble and residual fractions of hydrolyzed chicken feathers

ABSTRACTBeta-keratin in poultry feathers is a structural protein that is resistant to degradation due to disulfide and hydrogen bonds. Feather meal can be a valuable feed compound if the digestibility can be increased. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of chemical, enzymatic, and pressure-thermic treatments for chicken feathers on solubility, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), and amino acid composition of solubilized and residual fractions. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, models for solubility and IVPD were developed including the above factors applying a central composite face-centered design. Addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), and autoclaving time affected solubility and IVPD of the feather hydrolysates, but not addition of keratinolytic enzyme. In experiment 2, 7 combinations of the hydrolysis factors NaOH, Na2SO3, and autoclaving time with a predicted IVPD of 900 g/kg of DM, calculated for the sum of solubilized and residual feather fractions, were included to measure effects on IVPD and amino acid composition in each fraction. The IVPD values were higher for solubilized than residual fractions when treated with NaOH and autoclaving, but no differences were found when treated with Na2SO3 and autoclaving. Losses of cystine were substantial for all treatments, but lower for Na2SO3 than for NaOH. Furthermore, use of lower Na2SO3 concentration and longer autoclaving time reduced losses of cystine. Compared with NaOH treatments, Na2SO3 gave lower losses of threonine, arginine, serine, and tyrosine. With reference to the ideal protein profile for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), the treatments with 60 or 90 min autoclaving and 0.36 or 0.21% Na2SO3 had the highest chemical scores. The scores were generally higher for amino acids in residual than solubilized fractions, but with 90 min autoclaving and 0.21% Na2SO3 differences were small. In conclusion, hydrolysis of chicken feathers with low concentrations of Na2SO3 combined with autoclaving results in feather meal with high nutritional value for Atlantic salmon; separation of solubilized and residual fractions is not necessary.

Fatty Acid Contents in Fractions of Neutral Lipids and Phospholipids of Fillets of Tilapia Treated with Flaxseed Oil

AbstractThe fatty acid composition in fractions of neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids (PL) of the lipid content of muscle tissue of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets enriched with 7% of flaxseed oil was evaluated. Lipid profiles were evaluated every 15 days over 90 days. NL were predominant, with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids being the major ones, and the PL fraction showed a great amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The PUFA/SFA ratio values were lower in the NL fraction, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6, when compared to the PL fraction, which ranged from 1.0 to 1.1. The n‐3 PUFA concentrations increased from the beginning of the treatment up to 90 days of treatment, while the n‐6 PUFA concentrations decreased in the same period, thus improving the n‐6/n‐3 ratio of lipid content. The n‐6/n‐3 ratios in the NL class varied from 11.1 to 1.1 and in the PL class from 4.6 to 1.0, which contributed to an increase in the nutritional value of the fish meat. The PUFA/SFA ratio values increased during the treatment, whereas the n‐6/n‐3 ratios decreased. Thus, the addition of flaxseed oil to the tilapia diet led to an improvement in the quality of the fish meat in terms of physiological and nutritional properties.

Effect of acute streptozotocin diabetes on fatty acid content and composition in different lipid fractions of rat skeletal muscle.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of acute streptozotocin diabetes on long chain fatty acid content and composition in different lipid classes of particular muscle types in the rat. Two days after streptozotocin administration, rats were anesthetised, and the white and red sections of the gastrocnemius, the soleus and the blood were taken. Lipids were extracted with chloroform/methanol and separated into different fractions (phospholipids, free fatty acids, di- and triacylglycerols) by means of thin layer chromatography. Fatty acids of each fraction were identified and quantified by means of gas-liquid chromatography. The diabetes resulted in elevation of the concentration of blood glucose (over four-fold) and the plasma free fatty acid (over two-fold). Total free fatty acid content in the muscles of diabetic rats increased by 26% in the white, 24% in the red gastrocnemius and 21% in the soleus. There were also changes in the composition of that fraction in each muscle. Diacylglycerol fatty acid content was elevated in both parts of the gastrocnemius (the white part by 15%, the red part by 44%) and remained stable in the soleus of the diabetic rats. The content of triacylglycerol fatty acids was elevated only in the red gastrocnemius in the diabetic group (by 112%), but changes in fatty acid composition in this fraction occurred in each muscle. The content of phospholipid fatty acids was elevated in the white gastrocnemius (by 13%) and remained stable in other muscles. There were only minor changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition in the diabetic rats. We concluded that acute insulin deficiency changes fatty acid content and composition in skeletal muscle lipids. The changes depend both on lipid fraction and muscle type.

Fatty acid composition in fractions of structural and storage lipids in liver and skeletal muscle of hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats.

The fatty acid (FA) compositions of liver and skeletal muscle structural lipids, overall phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine, and triglycerides (TG) were determined in the hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) rat, a nonobese animal model of the insulin resistance syndrome. Four groups of HTG rats and four groups of control animals were fed equal-energy diets for two weeks: basal (B), high-sucrose (HS), or fish oil-supplemented basal (BFO) or high-sucrose (HSFO) diets. In the liver of HTG rats, a decrease of n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), especially in 20:4n-6, in comparison with controls was found. Moreover, a concomitant accumulation of 18:2n-6 in structural lipids was observed. These differences were more pronounced in liver than in skeletal muscle. HS feeding raised the proportion of 18:1n-9 and decreased 18:2n-6 in lipid fractions. In both tissues and in both strains, the amounts of long-chain n-3 PUFA, as well as the level of total C20-22 PUFA, went up after fish oil feeding. However, the effects were somewhat less pronounced in the HTG rats. The increase in n-3 PUFA occurred mainly at the expense of reduced levels of 18:2n-6 in structural lipids and of 18:1n-9 in triglycerides. These changes were associated, in companion studies reported in this volume, with improved insulin action in HTG rats. In conclusion, the FA composition in lipid subclasses of HTG rats differs significantly from the controls mainly in liver structural lipids, suggesting the impairment of PUFA desaturation. Dietary change effected a similar modulation of FA profile across both strains, with fish oil increasing the levels of long-chain PUFA toward control values in the NTG rats. The HTG rat thus provides an interesting animal model for the study of impaired fatty acid metabolism.

Fatty acids of the ameboid sperm of Ascaris suum (nematoda)

Abstract 1. 1. Total lipids were extracted from the ameboid sperm of Ascaris suum and separated into neutral, glyco- and polar lipid fractions by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative TLC. 2. 2. The fatty acid composition of fractions was determined by gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of fatty acid methyl esters. 3. 3. Six saturated: (12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0) and sixteen unsaturated (14:1, 14:2, 16:1, 16:2, 18:1, 18:2, 20:1, 20:2, 20:4, 20:5, 22:1, 22:3, 22:4, 22:5, 22:6, 24:1) fatty acids were identified in the sperm extract. One saturated (18:0; 12%) and five unsaturated (18:1, 18:2, 20:1, 20:2, 22:1; 74%) fatty acids represented 86% of the total. 4. 4. The major neutral lipid component of the sperm migrated as a free fatty acid when analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This component was purified by preparative TLC; GLC analysis indicated that it contained five major fatty acids identified as 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 20:1 and 20:2.

Amino acid composition of fractions of ‘Kentucky-31’ tall fescue as affected by N fertilization and mild water stress

Environmental and management factors can influence the protein concentration of forages, significantly altering specific amino acid content. Drought, high rates of fertilizer N and the presence of a fungal endophyte have been associated with significant alterations in plant N metabolites and animal performance problems on tall fescue. A controlled environment study was conducted to examine the influence of N fertilization (10 and 100 μgN/g) and water regime (low and adequate soil water availability) upon the distribution and concentration of amino acids in endophyte infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) herbage. Tall fescue tissue was collected from three replicates of each treatment, quick frozen in liquid N and lyophilized. Two insoluble (RI, structural residue; RII, membrane residue) and two soluble (SI, soluble protein; SII, low molecular weight N compounds) fractions were collected. Amino acid analyses of acid hydrolysates of fractions showed that application of 100 N significantly increased the concentration (per unit dry weight) of all amino acids in the entire plant, with an average increase of about 55%. Application of 110 N increased the concentrations of most amino acids in fractions RI, RII, and SI, but only aspartate-asparagine, glutamate-glutamine, alanine, threonine, serine, valine and proline in fraction SII. Fraction RI contained about 65% of total amino acids under 10 N and 55% under 110 N even though N level did not alter dry matter distribution among fractions. While the amount of dry matter was least in SI, amino acids in the fraction ranged from 8% (leucine, 10 N) to 20% (lysine, 110 N) of the total amount of specific amino acids recovered. Significant increases in proline, glutamate, aspartate, serine, valine, threonine, alanine and phenylalanine concentration occurred under low soil-water availability compared with adequate water conditions. Basic amino acids including histidine, arginine and lysine increased with increased N and with water stress at each N level. Application of N increased amounts, and water stress influenced distribution of amino acids among the fractions of tall fescue herhage. Nitrogenous components, such as non-protein amino acids which could influence plant nutritive quality, were increased in fraction SII by increased N and water stress.