Acid Composition Of Different Tissues Research Articles

Amino Acid Composition in Different Tissues of Iceland Scallop from the Barents Sea.

The Iceland scallop from the Barents Sea is a commercially important species with promising aquaculture potential, but information on the biochemical properties of its tissues is limited. Our analysis of the adductor muscle, gonad, and mantle of this bivalve mollusk from coastal waters provided insight into its amino acid composition. Biochemical analysis revealed predominant levels of glycine (11.8, 11.5, and 9.6 mg g-1, respectively) and arginine (11.2, 8.3, and 5.8 mg g-1, respectively). While multivariate comparisons did not reveal significant differences in amino acid composition between the tissues, single comparisons showed significantly higher levels of arginine and leucine in the adductor muscle compared to those of the mantle. The abundant presence of glycine and arginine underscores their importance in maintaining basic physiological processes, consistent with other scallop species. Redundancy analysis identified water depth and scallop gonad index as influential factors shaping the amino acid profile in the adductor muscle. In the case of the mantle, water temperature emerged as the main driver of amino acid content. Our results confirm the richness of essential amino acids in scallop by-products and highlight their potential for human consumption, production of feed ingredients for farmed animals, and nutraceuticals.

Variation of fatty acid composition in different tissues during Astragalus membranaceus seedling morphogenesis

Variation of fatty acid composition in different tissues during Astragalus membranaceus seedling morphogenesis

Effects of alternate feeding between fish oil‐ and terrestrially sourced oil‐based diets on fatty acid composition of different tissues of turbot

Use of terrestrially sourced oils (TSO) in the diet easily causes reduction in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in farmed fish. Alternate feeding between fish oil (FO)- and TSO-based diets is a potential strategy for mitigating this LC-PUFA reduction. The present study, with turbot, was aimed at comparing the fatty acid-regulating effects of the alternate-feeding strategy in different tissue types, namely, muscle, liver and subcutaneous tissue around the fin (STF). The control group were fed the FO-based diet continuously for 13 weeks. Meanwhile, other groups were subjected to weekly alternation between the FO-based diet and diets based on TSO, namely, linseed oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil and beef tallow, respectively. Each dietary group had triplicate tanks, and each tank was stocked with 35 fish. Tissue samples were collected at the end of Week 9 and 13. At Week 9, significant differences among dietary groups were observed in LC-PUFA contents of all tissue types; at Week 13, the significant difference in muscle disappeared, but those in liver and STF remained. STF seemed more like a lipid storage site, with high contents of 18:1n-9 and 18:3n-3, but low LC-PUFA contents. Among all the treatments, alternate feeding between FO- and beef tallow-based diets resulted in the most similar fatty acid profile to the treatment with continuous FO feeding. This study added knowledge to the fatty acid composition of fish subcutaneous tissue, as well as to promising application of beef tallow in fish feed.

The Role of Offspring Genotype-By-Sex Interactions, Independently of Environmental Cues, on the Phenotype Traits of an Obese Swine Model.

Simple SummaryThe present study, comparing the postnatal development of purebred Iberian and crossbreds Iberian × Large White littermates born from purebred Iberian sows, allows us to discern phenotype traits driven by the genotype from features imposed by pre- and postnatal environment. The results obtained in this study support the well-known relevance of genotype but also evidence a paramount role of the interaction sex-by-genotype, with differential effects depending on the offspring genotype and sex.The present study aimed to assess the importance of offspring genotype on postnatal development, independently of confounding factors related to prenatal environment and postnatal lifestyle, using a translational model of obesity and metabolic syndrome (the Iberian pig). Hence, we compared two genotypes (purebred Iberian and crossbreds Iberian × Large White), produced in one single maternal environment (pure Iberian mothers) through artificial insemination of Iberian sows with Iberian and Large White heterospermic semen and maintained in the same conditions during postnatal development. The results indicate that, under same pre- and postnatal environments, the interaction genotype-by-sex has a determinant role on offspring phenotype (i.e., growth and development, metabolic and antioxidant status and fatty acid composition of different tissues). These results may set the basis for future preclinical and clinical research on the differences in the metabolic phenotype among genotypes.

Effects of decreasing temperature on phospholipid fatty acid composition of different tissues and hematology in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

This study investigated the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition of the dorsal muscle, heart, brain, and spleen and hematology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (initial weight 72.89 ± 3.12 g) under decreasing water temperature from 16 °C to 12 °C, 8 °C, 6 °C, 4 °C, 2 °C, and 1 °C. Results showed the PLFA composition of the muscle was comparatively similar to that of the heart, whereas the unsaturated index (UI) and ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (U/S) of the spleen were the lowest. The proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) of phospholipids was significantly higher in the brain than in the other tissues. The U/S, UI, UFAs (MUFAs and PUFAs) of phospholipids in each tissue increased with the temperature above 8 °C, whereas saturated fatty acids decreased. Moreover, PLFA in the muscle, heart, and spleen were more sensitive to temperature variations. Hematology parameters were unaltered except for triacylglycerol. The results demonstrate that homeostasis could be maintained by compensatory restructuring of the biological membranes in the appropriate temperature range. Homeostasis was broken when tissues responded strongly once the temperature was declined to 6 °C. When the temperature was below 4 °C, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased significantly, and all reached a maximum at 1 °C, especially AST and ALT. When the temperature dropped to below 2 °C, the fish stopped eating, and the compensatory restructuring of PLFA in tissues failed under the combined stressors of low temperature and starvation, causing organ failure, especially in the muscle and spleen.

Fatty Acid Composition and Fatty Acid Associated Gene-Expression in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) are Affected by Low-Fish Oil Diets, Dietary Resveratrol, and Holding Temperature.

To sustainably produce marine fish with a high lipid quality rich in omega-3 fatty acids, alternative sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are being identified. Moreover, the use of bioactive compounds that would stimulate the in vivo fatty acid synthesis, such as resveratrol (RV), would reduce the dependence on fish oil in aquafeeds. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) were fed four experimental diets combining two fish oil levels (6% dry matter (DM); 2% DM) with or without 0.15% DM resveratrol supplementation (F6, F2, F6 + RV, F2 + RV) for two months. Additionally, the fish were challenged either at 19 °C or 23 °C. A higher water temperature promoted their feed intake and growth, resulting in an increased crude lipid content irrespective of dietary treatment. The fatty acid composition of different tissues was significantly affected by the holding temperature and dietary fish oil level. The dietary RV significantly affected the hepatic EPA and DHA content of fish held at 19 °C. The observed effect of RV may be partly explained by alterations of the mRNA steady-state levels of ∆6-desaturase and β-oxidation-related genes. Besides the relevant results concerning RV-mediated regulation of fatty acid synthesis in marine fish, further studies need to be conducted to clarify the potential value of RV to enhance fillet lipid quality.

The Effect of Different Dietary Fats on the Fatty Acid Composition of Several Tissues in Broiler Chickens

The type of fat used in formulating broiler chicken diets can affect growth performance, influence the fatty acid composition of different tissues and has consequences for bird health and nutritional value for the consumer. This study aimes to address the hypothesis of whether these effects are specifically due to the variation in the fatty acid composition of the diets, that is, the proportion of different saturates, monounsaturates (n‐7 and n‐9) or polyunsaturates (n‐3 or n‐6), or other factors (physical properties, solid/liquid and source, plant/animal). A total of 480 male Cobb 500 broilers are fed ad libitum on one of six diets containing 4% w/w of either: beef tallow, flaxseed, corn, canola, macadamia, or coconut oil (eight replicates/treatment) for 6 weeks. At harvest, there are no significant differences in productivity parameters nor in the crude lipid content of different tissues between dietary treatments. There are, however, substantial qualitative differences in the fatty acid profiles of all tissues. The levels of specific fatty acids in all tissues except the brain, are positively correlated with the levels of the same fatty acids in the diet however, the strength of the correlations varied between different fatty acids.Practical Applications: The results of the current study demonstrate that the dietary fatty acids types and proportions largely determines the fatty acid profile in edible tissues (meat, adipose, liver, and heart). The strong correlations and regressions between diet and tissue fatty acid levels validate the ability to predict the tissue fatty acid profile of broilers based on their dietary fat composition. Contrary to our hypothesis, dietary fat type had no influence on the growth parameters which makes us speculate whether such differences in similar studies only become apparent in situations where the birds are also under some level of environmental or social stress. This information will assist poultry feed manufacturers and broiler producers in making decisions about selection of fats with known nutritional and health benefits for inclusion in chicken feed.The relationship between the diet and breast meat fatty acid composition of 6‐week‐old male broilers (Cobb 500) fed diets containing 4% w/w of either tallow, flaxseed oil, corn oil, canola oil, macadamia oil, or coconut oil. Dietary fatty acid intake determined breast meat fatty acid composition with a strong positive linear correlation for 6 all fatty acid groups (saturates, omega‐9 and omega‐7 monounsaturates, omega‐3, and omega‐6 polyunsaturates and trans, R = 0.938–0.999, P < 0.01).

Fatty Acid Composition of Different tissues of Spodoptera exigua Larvae and a Role of Cellular Phospholipase A2

Fatty Acid Composition of Different tissues of Spodoptera exigua Larvae and a Role of Cellular Phospholipase A2

Influence of dietary linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) ratio on fatty acid composition of different tissues in freshwater fish Songpu mirror carp,Cyprinus Carpio

Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic purified diets were formulated to feed Songpu mirror carp for 60 days. The control diet (CD) was only supplemented with soybean oil. The other five experimental diets contained soybean oil, linseed oil and lard oil blended at various inclusion levels to attain different linoleic acid (LA)/α-linolenic acid (LNA) ratios (0.53, 1.04, 2.09, 3.95, 6.82) with a constant total C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; LA+LNA, 2% dry weight) content. The fatty acid (FA) profiles of hepatopancreas, dorsal muscle, intestine, intraperitoneal fat (IPF), spleen and kidney reflected those of the diets, but with some differences. The spleen showed the lowest correlation with diet compared with other tissues, followed by the hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). The intestine and IPF showed relatively higher correlation. On the other hand, the control group had the lowest tissue-diet correlation, followed by the LA/LNA0.53 group (P < 0.05), whereas the LA/LNA2.09 showed the highest. The LA/LNA ratios in the tissues were up-regulated in the LA/LNA0.53, 1.04 groups and down-regulated in the LA/LNA3.95, 6.82 groups. This was due to when LA (or LNA) was highly added in diet, the decrease in this FA was huge in tissue. The contents of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids increased in the control group, but seemed not influenced by dietary LA/LNA ratios. These results demonstrated that the FA deposition was tissue-specific, and also influenced by the dietary FA composition in the experimental fish. Finally, we suggest that 2.09 is the optimal LA/LNA ratio (2% C18 PUFA) of Songpu mirror carp for fillet FA composition.

Comparative study of lipid and fatty acid composition in different tissues of wild and cultured female broodstock of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili)

The aim of this study was to compare the total lipid (TL) content, the lipid class (LC) composition and their associated fatty acids from muscle, liver and ovary of wild and cultured mature females of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), in order to obtain information to formulate a more suitable diet for this species broodstock. TL content in muscle and liver was higher in cultured fish than in wild fish, mainly due to TG accumulation, while the ovary TL content was higher in wild fish. Regarding to fatty acids profile, the percentage of 18:1n-9 in TL and TG was lower in ovaries and muscle of cultured fish than in wild ones. Cultured fish displayed lower proportion of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA) and higher proportions of 18:2n-6 and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) than wild specimens for all tissues in TL and LC. In contrast, differences in the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) between both groups were found only in some tissues and in some LC, being in those cases higher in wild fish. In consequence, cultured fish presented a lower DHA/EPA ratio and a higher EPA/ARA ratio with respect to wild fish. These results suggest that 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and essential fatty acids (EFA), especially EPA and ARA, are not supplied in the appropriate proportions in the diet of cultured fish and could negatively affect their reproductive performance.

A comparative study on fatty acid composition in different tissues of thewild and culturedParalichthys olivaceusbroodstocks

Lipid contents and fatty acid composition in muscle,liver and egg of the wild and cultured Paralichthys olivaceus broodstocks were determined by biochemical methods,to ascertain their effects on the reproductive performance.The results indicated that lipid contents in muscle,liver and egg of both wild and cultured broodstocks were as follows: liver egg muscle.The lipid contents in muscle and egg of wild broodstocks were significantly lower than those of cultured(P0.05),while there were no differences of lipid content in liver between the wild and cultured;21 fatty acids were detected in muscle,liver and egg.There were no differences of SFA in muscle between the wild and cultured(P0.05),but MUFA was sig-nificantly lower than that of cultured(P0.05).SFA in liver and egg of wild broodstocks was significantly higher than that of cultured(P0.05),but there were no differences of MUFA in liver and egg between wild and cultured(P0.05);The PUFA,especially EPA and DHA in muscle,liver and egg of wild were signifi-cantly lower than those of cultured(P0.05),but ARA of wild was significantly higher(P0.05);The ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA and EPA/ARA in muscle,liver and egg of wild were significantly lower than those of cultured(P0.05),the ratio of DHA/EPA in liver of wild was significantly higher(P0.05),while there were no differences of the ratio of DHA/EPA in muscle between wild and cultured(P0.05).Results of this study indicated that,PUFA,especially DHA,EPA and ARA,could be conjectured to be essential to P.olivaceus during sexual maturation.Thus,in order to ensure the reproductive performance and quality of egg and fry,an adequate supply of fatty acids was needed,meanwhile,the proportion of several fatty acids,especially PUFA,also needed to be considered.

Analysis of fatty acid composition in different tissues of adult femaleTridentiger trigonocephaluscollected from the Yangtze Estuary

Research was made in this paper on the moisture,lipid content and fatty acid composition of muscle,liver and ovary of adult female Tridentiger trigonocephalus collected from the Yangtze Estuary at Ⅴ stage of ovary development.The results indicated that:(1) The moisture content in muscle,liver and ovary was reduced successively,and the value was significantly different among these three tissues(P0.05).The total lipid content in these three tissues was(1.32%±0.08%),(7.75%±0.38%),and(26.73%±0.59%),respectively.There was significant difference in total lipid content among these three tissues,and the highest was in ovary,followed by liver,and the lowest was in muscle.(2) The content of SFA in muscle was significant higher than that in liver and ovary.There was significant difference in SFA content among three tissues(P0.05).About the MUFA,C16:1 content of liver is the highest.The C16:1 content in muscle,liver and ovary were(11.90%±0.71%),(15.28%±2.42%) and(9.49%±0.37%) respectively,and there was significant difference among these three tissues(P0.05).The content of PUFA,3PUFA,6PUFA in ovary was significantly higher than that in muscle and liver(P0.05),but showed no significant difference between muscle and liver(P0.05).The total content of EPA and DHA in muscle,liver and ovary were increased successively.The total content of EPA and DHA in these three tissues was(30.17%±1.02%),(30.53%±0.50%) and(34.33%±0.71%),respectively.The content of EPA and DHA in ovary was significantly higher than that in muscle and liver(P0.05),but showed no significant difference between muscle and liver(P0.05).The ratio of EPA to DHA(EPA/DHA) in these three tissues was 1.50,1.75 and 1.59 respectively,and the ratio of total 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to total 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids(∑ 3PUFA/∑ 6PUFA) in these three tissues was 6.44,8.05 and 7.00,respectively.The ratios of EPA/DHA and ∑ 3PUFA/∑ 6PUFA were highest in liver,followed by ovary,and the lowest was in muscle.

Seasonal Variations in Fatty Acid Composition of Different Tissues of Mirror Carp, Cyprinus Carpio, in Orenler Dam Lake, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

The seasonal variations of fatty acids compositions in the muscle, liver, and ovarian tissues of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) living in Örenler Dam Lake were determined by using gas chromatography. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analyses by employing SPSS software and p < 0.05 was accepted as significant value. In the statistical analyses, multiple comparisons tests were performed. The results showed that monounsaturated fatty acids levels were found to be higher than that of polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in all seasons. Palmitic and stearic acid levels were the highest in ovaries (19.95% in winter and 7.79% in summer, respectively). Oleic and palmitoleic levels were at the highest levels in liver tissues (34.53% in summer and 18.37% in winter, respectively). Docosahexaenoic (C22:6ω3, DHA), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5ω3, EPA), eicosatrienoic acid, and arachidonic (C20:4ω6, AA) levels were at the highest level as 17.27, 2.54, and 8.41% in ovaries in the winter and 6.37% in muscle tissues in the spring, respectively. ω3/ω6 ratios were 0.62–0.98 in muscle, 1.54–2.82 in the liver, and 2.82–3.89 in the ovaries. From the point of total fatty acid variations, the highest variations were observed as follows: muscle in spring (26.73%), liver in winter (33.85%), and ovaries in winter 36.38%.

Characterization and analysis of the cotton cyclopropane fatty acid synthase family and their contribution to cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis

BackgroundCyclopropane fatty acids (CPA) have been found in certain gymnosperms, Malvales, Litchi and other Sapindales. The presence of their unique strained ring structures confers physical and chemical properties characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids with the oxidative stability displayed by saturated fatty acids making them of considerable industrial interest. While cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPE) are well-known inhibitors of fatty acid desaturation in animals, CPE can also inhibit the stearoyl-CoA desaturase and interfere with the maturation and reproduction of some insect species suggesting that in addition to their traditional role as storage lipids, CPE can contribute to the protection of plants from herbivory.ResultsThree genes encoding cyclopropane synthase homologues GhCPS1, GhCPS2 and GhCPS3 were identified in cotton. Determination of gene transcript abundance revealed differences among the expression of GhCPS1, 2 and 3 showing high, intermediate and low levels, respectively, of transcripts in roots and stems; whereas GhCPS1 and 2 are both expressed at low levels in seeds. Analyses of fatty acid composition in different tissues indicate that the expression patterns of GhCPS1 and 2 correlate with cyclic fatty acid (CFA) distribution. Deletion of the N-terminal oxidase domain lowered GhCPS's ability to produce cyclopropane fatty acid by approximately 70%. GhCPS1 and 2, but not 3 resulted in the production of cyclopropane fatty acids upon heterologous expression in yeast, tobacco BY2 cell and Arabidopsis seed.ConclusionsIn cotton GhCPS1 and 2 gene expression correlates with the total CFA content in roots, stems and seeds. That GhCPS1 and 2 are expressed at a similar level in seed suggests both of them can be considered potential targets for gene silencing to reduce undesirable seed CPE accumulation. Because GhCPS1 is more active in yeast than the published Sterculia CPS and shows similar activity when expressed in model plant systems, it represents a strong candidate gene for CFA accumulation via heterologous expression in production plants.

Effects of different fat sources and levels on the fatty acid composition in different tissues of laying hens

To examine the effects of supplemental fat on fatty acid (FA) compositions of some tissues, laying hens were fed diets containing different fat sources (tallow, mixture of tallow and flaxseed oil [1:1], sunflower oil, flaxseed oil) and levels (2% or 4%); 360 Isa Brown hens were assigned to one of the nine diets. The dietary FA composition was reflected in the FA composition of tissue lipids. The supplemental tallow oil increased concentrations of saturated fatty acids. The proportions of linoleic and arachidonic acids in all tissues for laying hens fed a diet containing sunflower oil (SO) were higher than the other diets. Moreover, increasing the SO level increased the n-6 FAs content. Also, dietary flaxseed oil significantly increased the content of linolenic and other n-3 FAs in most studied tissues. These results indicated that desirable changes can be achieved in FA compositions of poultry meats by using various animal and plant fats in poultry diets.

Recombinant lactobacilli expressing linoleic acid isomerase can modulate the fatty acid composition of host adipose tissue in mice

We have previously demonstrated that oral administration of a metabolically active Bifidobacterium breve strain, with ability to form cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), resulted in modulation of the fatty acid composition of the host, including significantly elevated concentrations of c9, t11 CLA and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in liver and adipose tissue. In this study, we investigated whether a recombinant lactobacillus expressing linoleic acid isomerase (responsible for production of t10, c12 CLA) from Propionibacterium acnes (PAI) could influence the fatty acid composition of different tissues in a mouse model. Linoleic-acid-supplemented diets (2 %, w/w) were fed in combination with either a recombinant t10, c12 CLA-producing Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 (Lb338), or an isogenic (vector-containing) control strain, to BALB/c mice for 8 weeks. A third group of mice received linoleic acid alone (2 %, w/w). Tissue fatty acid composition was assessed by GLC at the end of the trial. Ingestion of the strain expressing linoleic acid isomerase was associated with a 4-fold increase (P<0.001) in t10, c12 CLA in adipose tissues of the mice when compared with mice that received the isogenic non-CLA-producing strain. The livers of the mice that received the recombinant CLA-producing Lb338 also contained a 2.5-fold (albeit not significantly) higher concentration of t10, c12 CLA, compared to the control group. These data demonstrate that a single gene (encoding linoleic acid isomerase) expressed in an intestinal microbe can influence the fatty acid composition of host fat.

How do n-3 fatty acid (short-time restricted vs unrestricted) and n-6 fatty acid enriched diets affect the fatty acid profile in different tissues of German Simmental bulls?

This study investigated the effect of n-6 (control group) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supply (treatment group unrestricted) and a short-time feed restriction for n-3 PUFA supply (treatment group restricted) on intramuscular fat content and the total fatty acid composition in different tissues (muscle, subcutaneous fat, liver, serum and erythrocytes) and lipid classes of intramuscular fat of German Simmental bulls (n=25). Exogenous n-3 PUFA caused a higher concentration of the sum of all single n-3 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) in all analysed tissues. Feed restriction compared to control feeding induced a significant decrease of C18:1cis-9 in the phospholipid fraction of longissimus muscle and in subcutaneous fat. The concentration of C18:3n-3 in liver of treatment groups was between 34 and 44% higher compared to control. PUFA in serum and the sum of n-3 PUFA in erythrocytes were significantly higher in both treatment groups compared to control. The synthesis and deposition of n-3 LC PUFA seems to be tissue dependent according to different relative amounts.

Different oilseed supplements alter fatty acid composition of different adipose tissues of adult ewes

Twenty-five mature Small Tail Han ewes were used to investigate the effects of supplemental oilseeds in the diet (sunflower seed, safflower seed, rapeseed, and linseed) on fatty acid composition in different tissues (longissimus lumborum muscle, tail fat, subcutaneous back fat and kidney fat). Averaged over tissue, safflower and sunflower seed was most effective (P<0.05) in enhancing the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid compared to rapeseed, linseed, and control (1.35% and 1.15% vs. 0.80%, 0.80%, and 0.75%, respectively). Linseed supplemented ewes had lesser n-6/n-3 value (2.48, P<0.05) compared to sunflower and safflower supplemented ewes (6.12 and 3.90, respectively). Fatty acid composition for most major fatty acids differed among tissues (P<0.05) but tissue differences varied depending on oilseed supplement (P<0.05). Proportions of conjugated linoleic acid were greatest in tail fat (1.54% vs. 0.82%, 0.79% and 0.70% for kidney, back, and muscle fat, P<0.05) as were total unsaturated fatty acids (49.1% vs. 42.4%, 36.7% and 33.4% for muscle, back, and kidney fat, P<0.05) and tail fat was the most responsive tissue to improvement in fatty acid profile through supplementation. Beneficial fatty acid content of tissues can be increased by oilseed supplementation, but the magnitude of increase varies according to tissue.

Cholesterol, Lipid Content, and Fatty Acid Composition of Different Tissues of Farmed Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) from China

AbstractMarine fishes are rich in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are extremely important for human health. The objective of our work was to determine the content and composition of lipids and fatty acids in the different tissues of cobia from China and to evaluate their nutritional value. The results showed that cobia from China was rich in lipids; the neutral lipid content was above 82%; the content of cholesterol and phospholipid was low. Eighteen fatty acids were identified. Myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), and stearic acids (C18:0) were the main saturated acids; palmitoleic (C16:1n‐7) and oleic acid (C18:1n‐9) were the main monounsaturated fatty acids. EPA and DHA were the main PUFA; n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA were present as 12–18% and 2.6–3.2% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The n‐6/n‐3 ratio was in the range from 0.18 to 0.22, which was far lower than that (5:1) recommended by WHO/FAO. Therefore, cobia lipids from China have a high nutritional value.

Influence of Fatty Acid Profile of Total Parenteral Nutrition Emulsions on the Fatty Acid Composition of Different Tissues of Piglets

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) studies in human babies of very-low-birth-weight suggest that the lipid emulsions currently available are not optimum for neonatal nutrition. Since fatty acid metabolism in human and pigs is very similar, the present study examines how lipid emulsions used in clinical TPN (i.e. ClinOleic, Intralipid, Lipofundin or Omegaven), with different fatty acid compositions, administered to neonatal piglets for 7 days, influenced their tissue fatty acid composition as compared to those enterally fed with a sow milk replacer. A positive linear relationship was found between the proportion of all individual fatty acids in the lipid emulsions or in the milk replacer versus those in plasma, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous fat, liver, heart, pancreas, stomach or intestine total lipids or in brain phospholipids, the latter showing the lowest correlation coefficient. With the exception of brain, the proportion of either oleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid in the individual tissues was correlated with those present in the corresponding lipid emulsion or milk replacer, whereas the proportion of linoleic acid correlated significantly with all the tissues studied. With the exception of brain phospholipids, both eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were higher in the tissues of piglets receiving Omegaven than in all other groups. In conclusion, with the exception of the brain, fatty acid composition of plasma and different tissues in piglets are strongly influenced by the fatty acid profile of TPN emulsions. Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids are, however, much less influenced by dietary composition, indicating an active and efficient metabolism that ensures its appropriate composition at this key stage of development.