Acid Blue Dye Research Articles

Preparation of waste tea activated carbon using potassium acetate as an activating agent for adsorption of Acid Blue 25 dye

Waste tea activated carbon (WTAC) was prepared through chemical activation with a novel activating agent, potassium acetate and used for the sorption of Acid Blue 25 (AB25) dye. Batch adsorption studies were carried out with the consideration of factors such as initial dye concentration (50–350mg/L), temperature (30, 40, 50°C), contact time and initial pH (2–12). This was done to enable the determination of kinetics and isotherms behaviour. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models were tested and the adsorption of AB25 dye on WTAC was best fitted to Langmuir and the maximum monolayer of WTAC was 203.34mg/g. Pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to adequately describe the adsorption process. The adsorbent, WTAC gave 97.88% adsorption of AB25 dye.

Sulfur fixation on bagasse activated carbon by chemical treatment and its effect on acid dye adsorption

Heteroatoms are known to introduce specific surface functionalities that can enhance the adsorption properties of carbons. Sulfur fixation on bagasse-activated carbon was conducted by a low temperature chemical treatment with sulfuric acid followed by physical activation with CO2 at 900 °C. The effect of sulfur fixation on the surface chemical properties of bagasse-activated carbons were investigated and on their subsequent acid dye removal (CIBA AB80) behavior. Surface chemical development were examined and followed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), heteroatom analysis and carbon surface acidity. Functional group stability with thermal treatment was also investigated. The textural properties of the activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption. Chemical pre-treatment and gasification was able to fix up to 0.2 wt% of sulfur on the activated carbon. Although the sulfur fixed by chemical treatment is low, this method introduced several advantages in comparison to fixation by thermal methods. The chemical method did not interfere with the textural development of the carbon, as found in thermal methods. In addition, the surface chemistry generated by these levels of sulfur groups was sufficient to increase the uptake of acid blue dyes by more than 700% based on adsorption capacities normalized by the surface area of the carbon.

Roles of the Textural and Surface Chemical Properties of Activated Carbon in the Adsorption of Acid Blue Dye

This study has demonstrated the use of empirical modeling in resolving the effects of individual carbon properties on acid blue dye adsorption. Acid blue dye adsorption tests were conducted on activated carbons prepared from bagasse by physical (CO2) and chemical (ZnCl2, MgCl2 and CaCl2) techniques. Empirical models based on the carbon textural (surface area and pore size) properties and the surface chemistry inferred from heteroatom (C,H, N, and S) concentration and carbon surface pH were used to resolve the effects of individual carbon properties on acid blue dye adsorption. This form of analysis was conducted to optimize carbon preparation properties, forming the foundation for tailor-making adsorbents from bagasse suitable for acid dye adsorption. A series of statistical analyses (partial F-tests to establish the parameter significance) measured variants including the mean square error, r2 and adjusted r2, normality, and randomness of residuals, and formed the basis for testing the adequacy of these models. The empirical models suggest that a combination of suitable pore structure and distinct basic surface chemistry generated by sulfur- and nitrogen-based groups, which were also elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, is necessary to promote acid dye adsorption.

Electrochemical degradation of Acid Blue and Basic Brown dyes on Pb/PbO 2 electrode in the presence of different conductive electrolyte and effect of various operating factors

Electrocatalytic degradation of Acid Blue and Basic Brown dyes from simulated wastewater on lead dioxide anode was investigated in different conductive electrolytes. It was shown that complete degradation of these dyes is dependent primarily on type and concentration of the conductive electrolyte. The highest electrocatalytic activity was achieved in the presence of NaCl (2 g/l) and could be attributed to indirect oxidation of the investigated dyes by the electrogenerated hypochlorite ions formed from the chloride oxidation. In addition, contribution from direct oxidation could also be possible via reaction of these organic compounds with the electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals adsorbed on the lead dioxide surface. In the presence of NaOH, the electrocatalytic activity of the employed anode was not comparable to that in NaCl due primarily to the absence of chloride. This indicates that dyes degradation in NaOH occurs exclusively via direct electrochemical process. However, in H 2SO 4, the electrode performance was poor due partially to the absence of chloride from the conductive solution. The possibility of electrode poisoning as a result of growth of adherent film on the anode surface or production of stable intermediates not easily further oxidized by direct electrolysis in H 2SO 4 might also be accountable for the poor performance observed in this conductive electrolyte. Optimizing the conditions that ensure effective electrochemical degradation of Acid Blue and Basic Brown dyes on lead dioxide electrode necessitates the control of all the operating factors.

Removal of Inorganic–Organic Bound Cu(II) from Different Aqueous Solutions by New Adsorbents Synthesized by Sol–Gel Process

Hydrolysis product of alcohol modified titanium(IV)‐n‐propoxide and its coated form were prepared as new and regenerable adsorbents for adsorbing and removing Cu(II) ions from its different aqueous solutions. The hydrolysis and alcoholysis products and adsorbents were characterized using GC, 1H‐NMR, FT‐IR, SEM, and TG‐DTA analysis. It was found that Cu(II) ion adsorption rather increased when hydrolysis product of alcohol modified titanium(IV)‐n‐propoxide was coated with prehydrolyzed 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxy silane in n‐propanol and this coated material was used as adsorbent. Depending on the results of experiments performed at optimum conditions of initial Cu(II) concentration, amount of adsorbent, contact time, and pH, maximum adsorption of Cu(II), i.e., >98% has been achieved under the non‐competitive conditions, while almost 60% is achieved under the competitive conditions of Pb(II), Zn(II), Fe(III), and alkali and earth alkali metals. It was also concluded that Cu(II) adsorption efficiency is not affected from the media containing acetate, tannic acid, or Turkish Blue dye. The adsorbent was easily regenerated with 5 N HNO3 solution and used over and over again for the adsorption of Cu(II) ions.

Preparation of activated carbon using low temperature carbonisation and physical activation of high ash raw bagasse for acid dye adsorption

Activated carbons were prepared from bagasse through a low temperature (160 °C) chemical carbonisation treatment and gasification with carbon dioxide at 900 °C. The merit of low temperature chemical carbonisation in preparing chars for activation was assessed by comparing the physical and chemical properties of activated carbons developed by this technique to conventional methods involving the use of thermal and vacuum pyrolysis of bagasse. In addition, the adsorption properties (acid blue dye) of these bagasse activated carbons were also compared with a commercial activated carbon. The results suggest that despite the high ash content of the precursor, high surface areas (614–1433 m 2 g −1) and microporous (median pore size from 0.45 to 1.2 nm) activated carbons can be generated through chemical carbonisation and gasification. The micropore area of the activated carbon developed from chars prepared by the low temperature chemical carbonisation provides favourable adsorption sites to acid blue dye (391 mg g −1 of carbon). The alkalinity of the carbon surface and total surface area were shown to have complementary effects in promoting the adsorption of acid blue dye. Adsorption of the anionic coloured component of the acid dye was shown to be promoted in carbon exhibiting alkaline or positively charged surfaces. This study demonstrates that activated carbons with high acid dye adsorption capacities can be prepared from high ash bagasse based on low temperature chemical carbonisation and gasification.

Photostabilization of Nylon 66 in presence of acid blue dyes

We have examined the effect of two different classes of photostabilizers, UV absorber and hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) on Nylon 66 to prevent the photo-oxidation of the polymer matrix and colour fading of the dye. Acid blue dyes, UV absorber and HALS were observed to impart photostability to Nylon 66. UV absorber and HALS showed photostability directly proportional to their relative concentration in the polymer whereas in case of dye, 0.2% w/w concentration was observed as the optimum concentration. Loss of UV absorber with photo-irradiation time was found to be inversely proportional to the UV absorber concentration in the polymer whereas the fading of the dye was directly proportional to its concentration in the polymer. UV absorber imparted higher lightfastness to the dye as compared to HALS. No influence of the substitution on pendant phenyl ring of anthraquinone acid blue dyes was observed for their photostabilizing efficiency.

Early nuclear cytochemical changes in regenerating mammalian liver

Various cytochemical parameters were studied cytophotometrically in parenchymal cell nuclei isolated from rat liver at different times following partial hepatectomy. The study was confined to the early period following operation, before DNA synthesis and before mitotic activity ensued. Binding of acridine orange was found to increase approx. 70% over normal controls at 3 h post-hepatectomy followed by a sharp decrease to 60% below controls by 12 h and a return to near control levels at 24 h. These changes were found in both diploid and tetraploid cell nuclei. The initial two-fold difference in AO binding observed between diploid and tetraploid nuclei in normal liver persisted at 3 h but decreased markedly from 6 to 24 h after operation. Chromatin thermal stability, determined by acridine orange microfluorimetry, showed a rapid decrease at 3 h in both diploid and tetraploid cell nuclei followed by an increase above control levels at 6 h which persisted up to 24 h after partial hepatectomy. Parallel measurements of Feulgen dye binding showed no change in the relative DNA content of diploid and tetraploid cells throughout the experimental period. Ratios of specific picric acid and alkaline bromphenol blue dye binding by histone arginine and lysine side chains were found to rise significantly over normal controls at 3 h post-hepatectomy and return to normal levels by 6 h.

Nuclear cytochemical changes in rat adrenal glands stimulated by adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Various cytochemical parameters were studied cytophotometrically in nuclei isolated from rat adrenal glands stimulated by exogenous ACTH. Acridine orange dye binding was found to increase in response to the administered dose, reaching a maximum increase of 30% over controls at 16 h after treatment. Parallel measurements of Feulgen dye binding showed no increase in the relative DNA content of the cells and no mitotic activity was evident in histological sections. Chromatin thermal stability, determined by acridine orange microfluorimetry, exhibited a decrease proportional to the enhanced acridine orange binding in the same dose range, reaching a minimum within 8 h after injection of ACTH. Ratios of specific picric acid and alkaline bromphenol blue dye binding by lysine and arginine residues respectively in histone were found to be significantly and consistently lower in nuclei from treated glands.

THE DIAGNOSIS OF METACHROMATIC LEUCODYSTROPHY DURING LIFE.

The authors report the study of saliva sediment in 4 cases of juvenile metachromatic leucodystrophy belonging to the same family (and else in a sister of one of these cases presenting the characteristic neurological picture but with no metachromasia demonstrable by the Austin test in urine or by biopsies), in 6 normal relatives of the patients with Scholz disease, in 9 cases of various diseases of the nervous system, and in 10 normal subjects. The presence of metachromatic bodies staining in a pinkish red colour with acid blue toluidine dye was demonstrated in the saliva sediment of the 4 cases of metachromatic leucodystrophy. In 2 of these patients biopsies of the parotid gland, stained with cresyl violet dye, showed the presence of intracellular brownish metachromatic bodies. In these 2 cases the study of cerebrospinal fluid sediment also disclosed the presence of metachromatic bodies. Furthermore, a chromatographic qualitative test for metachromatic lipids yielded positive results in saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine sediments. The conclusion was drawn that the search for metachromatic bodies in cerebrospinal fluid and mainly in saliva sediment may be of help in disclosing or ratifying the diagnosis of metachromatic leucodystrophy during life.

The Adsorption of Dye Mixtures by Cellophane Sheet. I. Temperature and Concentration Dependence of Adsorption from Some Binary Mixtures

Abstract 1) The amount of dyes adsorbed by Cellophane from two mixture dyeings of Chlorazol Sky Blue FF and Chrysophenine G, and Chlorazol Sky Blue FF and p-nitroaniline →γ acid (α-coupling) was measured. Further, the amount in case of single dyeing was also measured. 2) It was assumed that the reduction in adsorption of dyes from mixture dyeing is due to an interaction between the two dyes in the dyebath, and that this interaction means only the formation of complexes. On this assumption, the instability constant in the case of the pair of Blue dye and Yellow dye was calculated, according to the mass action law, but it was impossible to calculate it in the case of the pair of Acid dye and Blue dye, because the composition of complexes of this pair was not constant. 3) How the amount of Blue dye adsorbed from mixture dyeing varies with the sort and the concentration of its partner dye and with the dyeing temperature was discussed from the standpoint of the instability constant and the affinity.