Indigo Carmine Research Articles

Investigation of Natural Dyes and Taxonomic Identification of Fibers Used in Chancay Textiles by Vibrational Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry.

Textiles provide a valuable source of information regarding past cultures and their artistic practices. Understanding ancient textiles requires identifying the raw materials used, since the origin of dyes and fibers may be from plants or animals, with the specific species used varying based on geography, trade routes and cultural significance. A selection of nine Chancay textile fragments attributed to 800-1200 CE were studied with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) to identify the chemical compounds in extracts of natural dyes used to create green, blue, red, yellow and black colors. From the identified molecular markers, the green colors involved the overdyeing of indigo and flavonoid dyes, the blue colors were achieved using an indigo dye, the yellows came from a flavonoid dye, the reds from anthraquinone dyes of both plant and animal origin, and the black from a mixture of flavonoid, anthraquinone and indigo dyes. A subset of the textiles was identified as containing proteinaceous fibers based on ATR-FTIR. These textiles were further studied using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify the species used, with the peptide sequences measured confirming the presence of South American camelids, most likely llama or alpaca.

Mechanistic Insights into the Photocatalytic Indigo Carmine Dye Decolorization by Co3O4/TiO2.

TiO2 is widely studied as an efficient UV-light photocatalyst for organic compound degradation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. TiO2 can be modified to show photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination by combining with visible-light absorbing metal oxides. Here, we investigated Co3O4/TiO2 composite materials as visible-light absorbing photocatalysts, with various weight loadings of Co3O4, for the decolorization of wastewater pollutant indigo carmine. Under green LED light, 1.4 wt% Co3O4/TiO2 showed the highest decolorization rate compared to other weight loadings and bare TiO2. While UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated that Co3O4/TiO2 composite materials and bare TiO2 cause similar dye decolorization behavior, NMR spectroscopy showed that after 24 h, reaction products were present in the reaction mixture for 1.4 wt% Co3O4/TiO2, while TiO2 showed no reaction products. The lack of photocatalytic activity of Co3O4/zeolite and other Co3O4/oxide composite materials suggests a synergistic effect between Co3O4 and TiO2, where a small amount of Co3O4 enables TiO2 to utilize visible light without compromising the surface area available for ROS creation. Lastly, we emphasize the need to be cautious when drawing conclusions regarding the dye degradation, since we showed that decolorization does not necessarily equate to full degradation, using a unique combination of UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy.

Single-channel transcolonic endoscopic appendectomy for a sessile serrated lesion with dysplasia of the appendiceal stump.

A 53-year-old woman with a history of laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis 20 years ago presented to our endoscopy center for colonoscopy surveillance and found a circumferential Paris 0-IIb laterally spreading lesion in the appendix orifice. After indigo carmine mixed saline staining, the lesion showed a type II-open pit pattern, which grew into the appendiceal residual lumen. The single-channel transcolonic endoscopic appendectomy (TEA) was performed. The histopathologic analysis confirmed a sessile serrated lesion (SSL), and serrated morphology was observed in multiple crypts, with mild nuclear atypia. The patient experienced no complications during hospitalization, and a follow-up colonoscopy four months post-procedure revealed satisfactory healing of the defect.

Kinetics & mechanism of oxidation of indigo carmine dye with potassium peroxydisulphate in micellar and sub –micellar medium

Kinetics & mechanism of oxidation of indigo carmine dye with potassium peroxydisulphate in micellar and sub –micellar medium

Impact of surfactant on ZnO/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite characteristics for enhancing indigo carmine catalytic oxidation

Impact of surfactant on ZnO/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite characteristics for enhancing indigo carmine catalytic oxidation

The activity of indigo carmine against bacteriophages: an edible antiphage agent

Bacteriophage infections in bacterial cultures pose a significant challenge to industrial bioprocesses, necessitating the development of innovative antiphage solutions. This study explores the antiphage potential of indigo carmine (IC), a common FDA-approved food additive. IC demonstrated selective inactivation of DNA phages (P001, T4, T1, T7, λ) with the EC50 values ranging from 0.105 to 0.006 mg/mL while showing no activity against the RNA phage MS2. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) revealed that IC selectively binds to dsDNA, demonstrated by a significant reduction in the diffusion coefficient, whereas no binding was observed with ssDNA or RNA. Mechanistically, IC permeates the phage capsid, leading to genome ejection and capsid deformation, as confirmed by TEM imaging. Under optimal conditions (50 °C, 220 rpm), IC achieved up to a 7-log reduction in phage titer, with kinetic theory supporting the enhanced collision frequency induced by agitation. Additionally, IC protected E. coli cultures from phage-induced lysis without affecting bacterial growth or protein production, as demonstrated by GFP expression assays. IC’s effectiveness and environmental safety, combined with its FDA approval and cost-effectiveness, make it a promising antiphage agent for industrial applications.Key points• Indigo carmine effectively inactivates a broad spectrum of bacteriophages, offering protection to bacteria in industrial cultures.• A novel application of indigo carmine as a food-grade, environmentally safe, and FDA-approved antiphage agent protecting bacterial cultures.• Antiphage activity arises from indigo carmine’s interaction with DNA within the phage capsid without harming bacterial cells or compromising protein production in bacterial cultures.Graphical abstract

P0980 Virtual chromoendoscopy is comparable to dye spray chromoendoscopy for IBD surveillance: a single centre retrospective study

Abstract Background Patients with colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) and interval surveillance endoscopy is recommended 8 years after diagnosis or symptom onset to identify premalignant lesions (considered to be dysplastic adenomas, sessile serrate lesions [SSL] or large hyperplastic polyps). To enhance detection the current gold-standard technique is dye-spray chromoendoscopy (DCE). Advancements in high-definition electronic imaging have facilitated the development of virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE) and the 2019 European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guidelines advise that either DCE or VCE can be used. However, there is limited data comparing DCE and VCE. Methods We undertook a retrospective review of the 197 IBD surveillance colonoscopies performed at Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust in a 6-month period from December 2023 to July 2024 using the accepted techniques of DCE, VCE and white light endoscopy (WLE) with segmental biopsies. DCE (with an indigo carmine mix) and WLE were performed using either Olympus 260, 290 or 1500 colonoscopes, and VCE with Olympus 290 or 1500 colonoscopes using TXI (Texture and Color Enhancement Imaging) optical enhancement in addition to EndoCuff Vision, narrow band imaging (NBI) and/or Endo-Aid CADe computer aided detection where appropriate. Results Of the 197 procedures, 125 (64%) were DCE, 44 (22%) VCE and 28 (14%) WLE with segmental biopsies. 43% (n=85/197) of patients were female and 57% (n=112/197) male. The median age was 52 years (range 21-86) and mean disease duration 18 years (range 2-48). Suspected premalignant lesions were identified in 56% (n=70/125) of cases using DCE; 68% (n=30/44) using VCE; and 29% (8/28) using WLE. Both DCE and VCE were superior to WLE at detecting lesions (p= 0.0016 and p=0.0035 respectively). There was no statistical difference in lesion detection between DCE and VCE (p>0.05). Withdrawal time (median) was shorter in VCE (20 minutes, range 6-67) than DCE (26 minutes, range 10-59), but shortest in WLE (15 minutes, range 7-42). Dysplasia, SSL or hyperplasia were histologically confirmed in 49% (n=34/70) of lesions identified with DCE, 60% (n=18/30) with VCE, and 50% (n=4/8) with WLE. Conclusion VCE is comparable to DCE for lesion detection. Both DCE and VCE are statistically superior to WLE for lesion detection. Withdrawal times are shorter in VCE than DCE without detriment to lesion detection. Optical diagnosis improved with the use of VCE. Our findings support VCE as an acceptable alternative to DCE for IBD surveillance and highlight potential advantages.

Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity in BiFeO3 Nanoparticles through Electrical Polarization

This study investigates the enhancement of photocatalytic properties in BiFeO3 nanoparticles through an additional electrical polarization (poling) pretreatment process. BiFeO3, a promising multiferroic material with a narrow bandgap of ≈2. 12 eV, is well‐suited forvisible light‐driven photocatalysis. However, its photocatalytic efficiency isoften limited by insufficient photogenerated charge availability. To address this, a poling process was employed to align the ferroelectric domains within BiFeO3 nanoparticles, improving charge separation and enhancing photocatalytic activity. The findings reveal that the poling process preserves the intrinsic bandgap of BiFeO3, maintaining its visible light absorption capability. Steady‐state photoluminescence spectroscopy shows a marked increase in the intensity in poling‐treated samples, indicating enhanced charge carrier generation. Photo degradation experiments using Indigo dye as a model pollutant demonstrate that poling‐treated BiFeO3 achieves a remarkable photodegradation efficiency of 99%, compared to 56% for untreated BiFeO3. Additionally, the poling‐treated BiFeO3 retains 65% of its initial efficiency after four cycles, highlighting its durability for sustained environmental applications. This study underscores the effectiveness of poling in enhancing the photocatalytic performance of BiFeO3 nanoparticles, providing valuable insights into the development of efficient photocatalysts via domain engineering for environmental purification technologies.

Durable Textile Dyeing/Printing Using Natural Indigo Dyes and Leaves, and Mayan-Inspired Blue Indigo Pigments

Indigo leaves from various plant species are sources of dyes/pigments, not fully exploited for making sustainable textiles. Blue indigo vat dye extracted from indigo leaves yields high wash color fastness but fades slowly with light, and is not easily used for direct printing. Indigo leaves can be used to produce textiles of various color shades, while light-resistant Mayan-inspired hybrid pigments have not yet been used for textile coloring. Using blue indigo dyes from three plant species, with exhaustion dyeing, intense wash-resistant blue-colored textiles are produced, and in the case of Indigofera Persicaria tinctoria, textiles have antibacterial activity against S. epidermis and E. coli. A 100% natural Mayan-inspired blue indigo pigment, made from sepiolite clay and natural indigo dye, was used both in powdered and paste forms to perform pigment textile dyeing by pad cure process, and direct screen printing on textiles. A water-based bio-binder was used efficiently for both padding and printing. Bio-based Na Alginate thickener allowed to produce prints with good color-fastness on both polyester and cotton fabrics, while bio-based glycerin produced excellent print color fastness on polyester only: wash fastness (5/5), dry and wet rub fastness (5/5) and light fastness (7/8).

Efficacy of Magnifying Texture and Color Enhancement Imaging With Indigo Carmine as an Alternative to Crystal Violet for Colorectal Tumors.

Pit pattern diagnosis using crystal violet staining for colorectal tumors is useful for qualitative and depth diagnosis. However, due to its reported carcinogenic potential, the use of crystal violet has been restricted. This study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) magnification in pit pattern diagnosis. This study enrolled consecutive patients with consent obtained and with colonic tumors indicated for magnifying endoscopy in which all modalities' images (magnified observation with crystal violet staining (CV), magnified white light observation with indigo carmine (IC-WLI), and magnified TXI observation with indigo carmine (IC-TXI)) were evaluable between July 2020 and January 2023. The visibility of the pit pattern using a 5-point Likert scale and its diagnostic accuracy were compared (IC-TXI vs. IC-WLI, reference: CV, by three experts). A total of 145 colorectal tumors from 145 patients were included. Visibility scores for the pit pattern were significantly higher with IC-TXI compared to IC-WLI (all three experts, p < 0.0001). The pit pattern match rate (Type II/III/IV/V) of IC-TXI compared to CV was also superior to IC-WLI (72.9% vs. 59.7%; p = 0.02). IC-TXI provided reasonably good and higher visibility and diagnostic accuracy than IC-WLI for pit pattern diagnosis of colorectal tumors compared to CV, suggesting it as an alternative to CV.

Ultrafiltration of Car Wash Wastewater: Pilot-Scale Studies

Currently, the world faces serious challenges in meeting the growing demand for clean water. The present paper demonstrates the possibility of using the ultrafiltration (UF) process to reuse water from wastewater generated in car washes. Car washes commonly use foaming agents with dyes, which, although they are not necessary for washing cars, may hinder water reuse. For this reason, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the dyes present in car wash wastewater on the membrane fouling intensity. For this purpose, experimental tests were conducted with the application of a pilot plant with an industrial PCI B1 membrane module. The module was equipped with tubular FP100 (100 kDa) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. For the feed, two types of cleaning agents and synthetic wastewater were used. The results obtained in the current study demonstrated that the UF membranes allowed the obtainment of the permeate characterized by high quality. In addition, it has been shown that the presence of Indigo carmine dye in the wastewater led to an increase in the fouling intensity. To sum up, it should be pointed out that the findings presented in the current study may be of key importance in the design of pilot installations used for the treatment of car wash wastewater.

Development of New Biosorbent Based on Crosslinked Chitosan Beads with High Brilliant Blue FCF Removal Efficiency.

Effluents containing synthetic anionic dyes can pose a risk to ecosystems, and they must be treated before their release to the environment. Biosorption, a simple and effective process, may be a promising solution for treating these effluents. In this work, chitosan beads were crosslinked with epichlorohydrin to produce a highly stable and performant biosorbent to remove Brilliant Blue FCF dye. The biosorbent was characterized by determining the functional groups on its surface, as well as its elemental composition, crystallinity, and surface morphology. Crosslinking with epichlorohydrin significantly improved the biosorption capacity of chitosan beads. A maximum biosorption capacity of 600 mg/g corresponding to 99% removal efficiency was observed at pH 3.0, a biosorbent dose of 0.5 g/L, an initial dye concentration of 300 mg/L, a contact time of 10 h, and a temperature of 323 K. The biosorption of Brilliant Blue FCF dye in chitosan beads crosslinked with epichlorohydrin was well described by the Langmuir isotherm and followed an adsorption kinetic of pseudo second order. The thermodynamic parameters indicate a spontaneous biosorption process. The presence of anions such as NO3- and SO42- could interfere with the biosorption of Brilliant Blue FCF on the chitosan crosslinked beads, but Cl- did not interfere in biosorption process. Over three biosorption/desorption cycles, the biosorbent showed a removal efficiency of 97% and a desorption rate of over 98%. Chitosan is available worldwide and is a low-cost biomaterial, presenting high potential to be used as a biosorbent to treat industrial effluents containing anionic compounds, such as dyes.

การพัฒนาเว็บแอปพลิเคชันสำหรับบริหารจัดการการเชื่อมโยงแผนภาพโทนสีครามธรรมชาติกับแหล่งผลิตผ้าย้อมคราม

This research involves the development of a management system for connecting the color scheme of natural indigo dye with indigo dye fabric production. The objectives are: 1) To develop a management system for connecting the color scheme of natural indigo dye with indigo dye fabric production. 2) To assess the efficiency of the management system for connecting the color scheme of natural indigo dye with indigo dye fabric; and 3) To assess the user satisfaction of the management system for connecting the color scheme of natural indigo dye with indigo dye fabric.The research methodologies are as follows: study and collect data, analyze and design the system, and develop and test the system. The development of this system utilizes the Three-Tier architecture, consisting of: 1) The presentation layer, which uses Next.js in conjunction with Redux Toolkit, Material UI and React Leaflet. 2) The application layer, which employs Nest.js in combination with Sequelize ORM; and 3) The data layer, which utilizes the PostgreSQL database. The results of the system development are as follows: 1) The management system for connecting the color scheme of natural indigo dye with indigo textile production has been successfully developed to manage three main parts: First, the general user section; Second, the producer or retailer section; Third the administrator section. 2) The evaluation of system efficiency conducted by five experts; they found it to be highly efficient, with a mean score of 4.84 and a standard deviation of 0.34.; and 3) The satisfaction evaluation, based on a sample of 50 individuals comprising customers and interested parties, as well as a group of producers or indigo-dyed fabric shops. The assessment revealed a very good level of overall satisfaction, with a mean score of 4.57 and a standard deviation of 0.58.

Manganese ferrite-graphite oxide-chitosan nanocomposite for efficient dye removal from aqueous and textile wastewater under UV and sunlight irradiation

This study presents the development and characterization of manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4)-based nanocomposites with graphite oxide (GO) and chitosan (CS) for efficient dye removal from textile wastewater and aqueous solution. Comprehensive characterization was performed using FT-IR, Raman, XRD, BET, SEM, DRS and Zeta potential techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the cubic spinel structure of MnFe2O4, with characteristic peaks at 2θ = 32, 35, 48, 53, 62, and 64°. BET analysis revealed a high specific surface area of 442.57 m2/g and a pore diameter of 2.36 nm for the MnFe2O4/GO/CS nanocomposite. SEM imaging showed polyhedral MnFe2O4 particles (11–33 nm) deposited on a wrinkled graphite oxide matrix. DRS analysis indicated band gap energies of 3.1 eV for MnFe2O4, 3.0 eV for MnFe2O4/GO, and 3.5 eV for MnFe2O4/GO/CS. Zeta potential measurements showed a positive surface charge (+ 36.8 mV) for MnFe2O4/GO/CS. The MnFe2O4/GO/CS nanocomposite exhibited exceptional photocatalytic performance under UV light irradiation. It achieved 99.9 and 99.5% removal of Reactive Red 198 dye and Brilliant Blue FCF 133, respectively. The photocatalytic process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.99). In real textile wastewater treatment, the nanocomposite reduced BOD from 889 to 0.86 mg/L and COD from 1227 to 74 mg/L, with 96% dye removal. Also, MnFe2O4/GO/CS showed excellent performance under sunlight irradiation and maintained high removal efficiencies over multiple cycles, demonstrating good reusability. This study highlights the potential of the MnFe2O4-based nanocomposites as versatile and sustainable solutions for remediating dye-contaminated water.

Innovative use of brick waste for eco-friendly treatment of indigo dye house wastewater: An approach towards waste to resource

The textile industry is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy, holding a share of 57% in total exports of Pakistan but also possessing several environmental challenges due to the discharge of highly contaminated wastewater. On the other hand, construction and demolition waste is another threat to the environment because of its massive quantity and large area requirement for its disposal. This study explores the use of waste bricks as a sustainable medium to treat textile wastewater. Waste bricks, sourced from construction debris in Hyderabad, were crushed, cleaned, and used in the treatment system. Composite samples of textile effluent were collected from a textile factory in Nooriabad, Sindh, and treated in a brick column treatment system over 14 days. Key parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), hardness, chloride concentration, chemical oxygen demand (COD), dye concentration, electrical conductivity (EC), and total solids (TS) were monitored using standard methods. The results revealed that the waste brick filtration system effectively reduced various pollutants within four2 days and improved further, with significant decreases in COD (94%), dye concentration (99%) , and turbidity (91%) after 14 days, indicating that waste bricks can be a green alternative for wastewater treatment, promoting the concept of “using waste to treat waste” and contributing to environmental sustainability.

Facile synthesis of CQD/g-C3N4 as a highly effective metal-free photocatalyst for the degradation of carmoisine and indigo carmine dye

Facile synthesis of CQD/g-C3N4 as a highly effective metal-free photocatalyst for the degradation of carmoisine and indigo carmine dye

Impregnation of ZnO over a new hydrogel bead based conducting polymer and alginate for textile dye treatment: Interface charge transfer assessment, real wastewater treatment, and dye selectivity

In this study, we have taken a novel approach to dye removal and real wastewater treatment by employing dual smart strategies: surface charge transfer engineering and developing an easily recoverable photocatalyst. The removal of acid blue 92 (AB92) dye by using a novel 3D polypyrrole-zinc oxide-sodium alginate (PPy-ZnO-SA) nanocomposite under UV-C, visible light, and natural sunlight was investigated. The nanocomposite hydrogel was characterized using various techniques, including XRD, Raman, FESEM, TEM, XPS, PL, DRS, and CV analyses, and the type of effective interactions in different stages of removal was investigated by FTIR analysis. The optimum conditions (reaction time=284min, dye concentration=19.37mg/L, and dose of beads 36g/L) were optimized by the central composite design (CCD) approach, and the removal efficiency of AB92 was achieved at 93.80% and 97.16% for UV and visible light, respectively. The nanocomposite's performance on various dyes was studied, and the catalyst successfully removed an average of 71.64% of the cationic dyes and 95.13% of the anionic dyes under light. After examining both photocatalytic and coagulation treatments, our analysis of actual textile wastewater revealed a COD reduction of 94.04% and 84.62% under UV and visible light, respectively.

At the Scrub Sink: Evaluation of Ureteric Patency During Cystoscopy.

At the scrub sink, we discussed the best ways to evaluate for ureteric patency during cystoscopy. For decades, surgeons have been using intravenous indigo carmine for evaluating ureteric patency. Ten years ago, a shortage of indigo carmine halted production. In response to the shortage of indigo carmine, surgeons went into action, developing alternative strategies that are evidence-based and cost-effective. The shortage is over now; the lessons we learned as a subspeciality can help us address the next challenge.

FACILE HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF NIOBIUM PENTOXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE PHOTODEGRADATION OF DYES AND REDUCTION OF FREE FAT ACIDS IN WASTE OIL

We report a facile hydrothermal method for the synthesis of niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) under two different temperatures, 120 °C (Nb2O5-120) and 150 °C (Nb2O5-150). The obtained materials were characterized by structural, optical and morphological techniques. Also, the photocatalytic properties of the Nb2O5 samples were evaluated in two reactions under ultraviolet (UVC) irradiation: degradation of methylene blue (MB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes; and esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) present in waste cooking oil (WCO). The Nb2O5 was formed at different temperatures of synthesis, and the increase in temperature did not cause significant changes in the structural and optical characteristics, but resulted in an increased surface area of the synthesized materials. Both synthesized materials showed excellent efficiency for dye photodegradation. The sample Nb2O5-150 presented the best performance for the MB photodegradation, with almost 85% of the removal efficiency. In this case, the adsorption of MB molecules on the surface of the material was high due to the favorable electrostatic interaction and also because of its high surface area. For the IC photodegradation, the adsorption was insignificant, and both samples presented approximately 100% of the removal efficiency. These materials were also promising for the reduction of free fat acids in waste oil by photoesterification.

Facile synthesis of g-C3N4@Sulfated titania nanocomposites with enhancement visible-light degradation of dyes and antibiotics: Mechanistic and DFT studies.

The photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 has been opposed by the fast recombination speed of photogenerated carriers. Here, g-C3N4 -modified sulfate-built-in TiO2 quantum dots (ST-QDs) were successfully created using a simple ultrasonication-thermal procedure. g-C3N4-enrapped ST QDs with a 10nm size were revealed by the characterization results. Because of the enhanced electron-hole separation, boosted oxygen vacancy, and enhanced light absorption in the straight forward z-scheme heterojunction, the CN@ST composites demonstrated excellent activity for the degradation of pollutants such as ciprofloxacin (20ppm CIP degraded to 91.5% in 140min); in the presence of potassium persulfate (2mM), and indigo carmine (20ppm IC, without oxidizing agent, and fully degraded in 50min) under visible light energy. Quenching assays revealed that h+ and ●OH were among the initial active molecular species produced on the catalyst surfaces, accompanied by an increased mineralization potential with TOC approaching 95% for both of the pollutants. On the composite, the interface interaction between C3N4 and sulfated TiO2(001), besides the adsorption behavior of CIP and IC is inspected using the density functional theory (DFT). The compounds' molecular geometry was optimized, and Fukui indices were used to pinpoint their reactive sites. Additionally, the removal of photogenerated electrons that were collected on the (001) facets of the high-energy ST increases the photocatalytic activity since it produces a high separation with holes. This study sheds light on the processes and mechanisms by which CN@ST photodegrades CIP and IC and creates a new avenue for treating such contaminated wastewater with semiconductor photocatalytic oxidation technology.