Acid Binding Capacity Research Articles

Gradient ethanol extracts of Coreopsis tinctoria buds: Chemical and in vitro fermentation characteristics

Coreopsis tinctoria buds grow at high altitudes and have unique medicinal and health effects. This study focused on the chemical components of gradient ethanol extracts of Coreopsis tinctoria buds and their impact on the gut microbiota and its metabolites. UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS results disclosed the presence of 24 distinct chemicals in the extracts, marein, and quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside as the predominant antioxidants. Furthermore, the anhydrous ethanol extract (EtOH-EX) and 80 % (w/w) ethanol extract (80 % EtOH-EX) showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging capacity, and the water extract (Water-Ex) showed excellent bile acid binding capacity. Besides, simulated fermentation of the extracts increased short-chain fatty acids and the abundance of gut-friendly bacteria like Bifidobacteria, especially in the Water-EX group. Correlation analysis revealed that the key microbiota on metabolites production. In conclusion, the extracts derived from Coreopsis tinctoria buds exhibit a spectrum of bioactivities, viewing them as flexible options for applications across food and pharmaceutical products.

Effect of Dietary Benzoic Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Rumen Microbiota in Weaned Holstein Dairy Calves

Supplementation with benzoic acid (BA) in animal feed can reduce feeds’ acid-binding capacity, inhibit pathogenic bacterial growth, enhance nutrient digestion, and increase intestinal enzyme activities. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of BA on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbiota of weaned Holstein dairy calves. Thirty-two Holstein calves at 60 days of age were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 8): a control group (fed with a basal diet without BA supplementation; CON group) and groups that were supplemented with 0.25% (LBA group), 0.50% (MBA group), and 0.75% (HBA group) BA to the basal diet (dry matter basis), respectively. The experiment lasted for 42 days, starting at 60 days of age and ending at 102 days of age, with weaning occurring at 67 days of age. Supplementation with BA linearly increased the average daily gain of the weaned dairy calves, which was significantly higher in the LBA, MBA, and HBA groups than that in the CON group. The average daily feed intake was quadratically increased with increasing BA supplementation, peaking in the MBA group. Supplementation with BA linearly decreased the feed-to-gain (F/G) ratio, but did not affect rumen fermentation parameters, except for the molar proportion of butyrate and iso-butyrate, which were linearly increased with the dose of BA supplementation. Compared with the CON group, the molar proportions of iso-butyrate in the LBA, MBA, and HBA groups and that of butyrate in the HBA group were significantly higher than those in the CON group. Supplementation with BA had no significant effect on the alpha and beta diversity of the rumen microbiota, but significantly increased the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, and reduced those of the harmful bacteria, such as unclassified_o__Gastranaerophilales and Oscillospiraceae_UCG-002, in the rumen. Functional prediction analysis using the MetaCyc database revealed significant variations in the pathways associated with glycolysis across groups, including the GLYCOLYSIS-TCA-GLYOX-BYPASS, GLYCOL-GLYOXDEG-PWY, and P105-PWY pathways. In conclusion, BA supplementation improved the composition and function of rumen microbiota, elevated the production of butyrate and iso-butyrate, and increased the growth performance of weaned Holstein dairy calves.

Dietary Intervention of Benzoic Acid for Intestinal Health and Growth of Nursery Pigs.

The objectives of this review are to investigate how benzoic acid can mitigate the negative effects of weaning stress, improve the intestinal microbiota, intestinal health, and growth of nursery pigs, determine the optimal dose level of benzoic acid for the growth rate in nursery pigs, and compare the efficacy of benzoic acid and other acids in pig feeds. After weaning, pigs are exposed to less lactose and solid feed with high acid-binding capacity at infrequent intervals, causing an increase in digesta pH, reducing protein digestion, and increasing ammonia-producing bacteria in the stomach. Benzoic acid supplementation has improved the intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs through its antimicrobial properties and pH reduction in the digesta. The positive modulation of luminal microbiota in the small intestine of pigs by benzoic acid improves intestinal morphology and enhances nutrient utilization, especially nitrogen, of nursery pigs. Benzoic acid supplementation of up to 1% in feeds also increases hippuric acid contents in the urine of nursery pigs, decreasing urinary pH, which is related to ammonia emission and barn conditions in intensive pig production. Supported by the beneficial impacts of benzoic acid, the growth performance of nursery pigs was also improved. However, excessive benzoic acid (over 2.5% up to 5%) in feeds reduces the growth performance of nursery pigs. Thus, this review conducted a meta-analysis of the results from 16 papers to determine the optimal dose level of benzoic acid for body weight gain of nursery pigs, which was found to be 0.60%. The efficacy of benzoic acid was similar to that of other organic acids, including citric acid, fumaric acid, formic acid, and formate salts. Collectively, benzoic acid supplementation can positively modulate the luminal and mucosal microbiota in the small intestine, increase nutrient utilization and intestinal health, decrease urinary pH, and improve the growth performance of nursery pigs.

Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Disubstituted Benzimidazoles via One-Pot Telescopic Grinding Approach.

Benzimidazole compounds are known for their broad spectrum therapeutic potentials. A small library of benzimidazole derivatives were designed and synthesized via a one-pot telescopic grinding approach. The ability of these molecules as proposed anticancer agents were evaluated by their potential to bind to two important cancer pathway protein targets, human estrogen receptors and cyclin dependant kinases, 3ERT and 5FGK respectively. Further nucleic acid binding and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity being in the scope for anticancer potential evaluations, the ability of these molecules have been evaluated for the same. Further, to support the experimental and computational results, AI-assisted tools were employed to predict the anticancer activity (PASS) as well as to identify false positives (PAINS). Also, the druggability of the proposed compounds was evaluated by following their pharmacokinetic parameters - ADME.

Fabrication of resveratrol-loaded soy peptide nanogels with transglutaminase and in vitro gastrointestinal delivery and cholesterol-lowering effect

To improve the intestinal delivery of resveratrol, soy protein peptides (SPP) and transglutaminase (TGase) were used to prepare nanogels (NGs). The results demonstrated that, compared with native soy protein isolate (SPI) NG, SPP-NG showed a lower encapsulation efficiency (EE, 70.26%), a higher release efficiency (RE, 95.83%), and a smaller particle size (194.43 nm). However, the addition of TGase increased the EE and particle size to 74.37% and 217.73 nm, respectively. The RE of SPP-TGNG was also maintained at as high as 93.28%. Interestingly, SPP-TGNG exhibited optimal bile acid–binding capacity and cholesterol-lowering digests. The differences in delivery effects and morphology were attributed to structural changes in NGs. The unfolding and exposure of hydrophobic residues and weakened hydrogen bonds by hydrolysis resulted in a disordered and loose network structure, but it was beneficial to the production of cholesterol-lowering peptides and amino acids after digestion. The presence of TGase strengthened the crosslinking network by increasing β-sheet contents, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and isopeptide bonds. The alteration in multilevel structure would further affect the digestive products. The exposure of more hydrophobic residues and isopeptide crosslinking may be the intrinsic reason for the production of more hypocholesterolemic peptides and amino acids. This study indicated that the combination of hydrolysis and TGase treatment enhanced the delivery efficiency and bioactive properties of peptide-based NGs to resveratrol and revealed the internal mechanism between the structural changes and delivery efficiency. This work offers a theoretical foundation and technical suggestions for the production of peptide-based cargo systems and hydrophobic active substances.

Polygonati rhizoma fermentation by Monascus ruber and evaluation of fermentation products in vitro

This study investigated the conditions for polygonati rhizoma (PR) fermentation by Monascus ruber and the lipid-lowering activity of the resulting product. Monascus ruber was used for the solid-state fermentation of PR, and the response surface method was used to optimize the fermentation culture medium parameters. The optimal fermentation system yielded a maximum monacolin K concentration of 21.82 ± 0.34 mg/g. The fermentation conditions were as follows: 12.5 mmol/kg of L-glutamic acid, 0.64 mmol/kg of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, 3.0 wt% of yeast extract powder, a fermentation period of 15 days, and a fermentation temperature of 30 ℃. The binding capacities of unfermented PR, “Nine-Steam-Nine-Bask” processed Polygonati rhizoma (NPR), and Monascus ruber solid-state fermented polygonati rhizoma (MPR) to sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, and sodium glycolate were determined. MPR showed a stronger bile acid-binding capacity than unfermented PR. In addition, MPR exhibited the highest cholesterol inhibitory capacity of 51.43±1.41 %. Thus, MPR can be used as a potential antilipemic agent with potent hypolipidemic effects.

136 Effects of acid-binding capacity in low-zinc diets on growth performance of weaned pigs

Abstract Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) of piglets remains a concern in the pork industry. Historically, PWD has been controlled with dietary solutions such as antibiotics as growth promotors and high dietary inclusion of ZnO. However, such use of antibiotics is not permitted any longer and such use of ZnO has already been banned in the EU. In the present trial, the objective was to study the effects on growth performance of acid binding capacity (ABC) as dietary solution in low zinc diets compared to control diet with high zinc. In total, 1,445 pigs (Camborough F1 female x 800 boar line; PIC Canada) were weaned at 20 ± 1 d of age, comprising of equal number of gilts and barrows, and were randomly placed into one of 50 mixed-gender pens (50% barrows and 50% gilts) in two rooms filled four d apart, for 28 or 29 pigs per pen. In total, five dietary regimes were tested during Phase 1 (d 0-7) and 2 (d 7-21): one high in Zn (2,000-3,000 ppm ZnO; 412 mEq/kg ABC-4) and 4 low in Zn (150 ppm) with incremental reductions in ABC-4 from 326 to 150 mEq/kg. Reductions in ABC-4 were accomplished using a combination of changes; added organic acids (formic, fumaric, benzoic), Ca formate to replace limestone, and a low ABC-4 soy protein concentrate to replace regular soy protein concentrate. Pigs were fed a common diet during Phase 3 (d 21-42). For each feeding phase all diets were formulated to equal net energy and standardized ileal digestible amino acids and contained phytase. At d 21, pigs fed high Zn were 1.6 kg heavier (11.3 vs 9.7 kg; P < 0.01) than pigs fed low Zn with greatest ABC-4. Within low Zn diets, reducing ABC-4 linearly increased body weight (BW; 9.7 vs. 10.1 kg). These differences continued until d 42: pigs fed high Zn were 1.8 kg heavier (24.1 vs 22.3 kg; P < 0.01) than pigs fed low Zn with greatest ABC-4). Within low Zn diets, reducing ABC-4 for the first 3 wk after weaning linearly increased BW (22.9 vs. 22.3 kg; P < 0.01). This increased growth was caused by a combination of increased (P < 0.01) feed intake and increased (P < 0.05) gain-to-feed and coincided with reduced (P < 0.01) incidence of scours. In conclusion, weaned pigs fed high Zn diets grew more than pigs fed low Zn diets. Dietary ABC-4 is a dietary solution to consider for ameliorating the reduced growth by pigs fed low Zn diets: 33% of the reduced growth could be compensated for by feeding diets low in dietary ABC-4 during the first 3 wk after weaning.

Heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Shinshu N-07 exerts antiobesity effects in western diet-induced obese mice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiobesity effects of heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Shinshu N-07 (N-07) isolated from fermented Brassica rapa L. Male mice were divided into three groups (n=10/group); normal diet, western diet (WD), or WD+N-07 (N-07) group and administered each diet for 56 days. The N-07 group showed significant suppression of body weight gain and epididymal fat, perirenal fat, and liver weights compared with the WD group. Higher levels of fecal total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) were observed in the N-07 group than in the WD group. The mRNA expression of the cholesterol transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5) was significantly increased in the small intestine of N-07-fed mice compared with WD-fed mice. Moreover, N-07 supplementation significantly increased the mRNA expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the TG- and FFA-removal ability of N-07 was confirmed to evaluate its soybean oil- and oleic acid-binding capacities in in vitro experiments. The antiobesity effects of N-07 might be due to its ability to promote lipid excretion by regulating cholesterol transporter expression and lipid-binding ability.

Effect of plasma exchange with albumin replacement on albumin functionality and organ dysfunction in acute-on-chronic liver failure

Effective treatments for acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) are a major unmet need. This proof-of-concept pilot study was aimed at evaluating the effects of plasma exchange (PE) with albumin 5% (PE-A5%) on albumin functional capacity and organ dysfunction in patients with ACLF. Ten adult patients were enrolled in a single-center phase II, prospective, open-label, non-controlled study. Six PE-A5% sessions were performed in 10 days followed by a 1-month follow-up visit. Albumin functional capacity and circulatory function were assessed, as were renal, cerebral, and liver function, and systemic inflammation. The main safety variable was the percentage of PE sessions associated with at least one procedure-related adverse event (AE). Patients with ACLF showed lower albumin binding capacity, lower antioxidant capacity, and lower levels of albumin with preserved structure compared to healthy donors (n= 19). From baseline to day 11, PE-A5% treatment increased albumin levels and improved albumin binding capacity to Sudlow site II (15.3±1.6mg/ml to 18.9±1.7mg/ml; p= 0.003), fatty acid-binding capacity (8.2±1.4μM to 3.1±1.5μM; p= 0.013) and antioxidant capacity (human mercaptalbumin 9.5±1.5mg/ml to 14.6±1.6mg/ml; p= 0.001). Native albumin levels were increased throughout day 1-11PE-A5% sessions (6.5±1.0mg/ml to 10.2±1.4mg/ml; p= 0.035). PE-A5% improved systemic hemodynamics (mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index), renal function (creatinine level, blood urea nitrogen), cerebral function (hepatic encephalopathy grade), liver parameters (transaminases, bilirubin) and inflammatory parameters (C-reactive protein, leukocyte count). All patients had at least one of the 78 AEs reported, mostly mild (product/procedure-related: 36%). Sixteen serious AEs were reported in eight patients (procedure/product-related: none). PE-A5% was a safe procedure associated with positive effects on albumin functionality, and circulatory, renal, cerebral, and liver function in patients with ACLF. Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a clinical condition characterized by severe systemic inflammation, organ failure, and high mortality. Plasma exchange removes patient's plasma containing pathogenic substances, replacing it with 5% albumin and fresh frozen plasma (PE-A5%). In this study, cirrhotic patients with ACLF were treated with PE-A5%, which was a safe procedure that increased binding and antioxidant capacity of patients' albumin, while improving circulatory, kidney, brain, and liver functions. These beneficial effects could impact survival in ACLF. NCT01201720. 2010-021360-15.

β-Glucan content and in vitro bile-acid binding capacity of Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus spp.

The cholesterol lowering properties of oats and barley, attributed to their high β-glucan content, are well established, but it remains unclear whether mushrooms, also rich in β-glucan, exhibit a similar functionality. We aimed to quantify the β-glucan content of commonly consumed Australian mushrooms and evaluated their bile acid binding capacity, the primary cholesterol lowering mechanism of β-glucan. Raw, boiled and fried Australian grown Agaricus bisporus (button, cup, flat and brown mushrooms) and Pleurotus spp. (shimeji and oyster) along with oats were freeze-dried and the β-glucan content was determined. The bile acid binding capacity of these samples was assessed using an in vitro digestion assay. The β-glucan content of freeze-dried raw A. bisporus mushrooms (4.5-8.1 g per 100 g) was similar to that of oats (7.6 g per 100 g, all p > 0.05), whereas Pleurotus mushrooms contained ∼5 times more β-glucan (32.5-37.4 g, p < 0.05). Boiling increased the β-glucan content of oyster, button, flat and brown mushrooms by 3-7% (p < 0.05), but did not affect the β-glucan content of shimeji or cup mushrooms. Frying had no effect on any mushroom type. The bile acid binding capacity of A. bisporus mushrooms (29-36%) was equivalent to that of raw oats (36%, p > 0.05), whereas the bile acid binding capacity of oyster mushrooms (22%) was lower than that of oats (p < 0.05). Both boiling and frying increased the bile acid binding capacity. The cholesterol lowering effects of A. bisporus mushrooms and the acceptability of consumption at the required levels need to be confirmed by clinical trials.

Coffee pulp simulated digestion enhances its in vitro ability to decrease emulsification and digestion of fats, and attenuates lipid accumulation in HepG2 cell model

The coffee industry produces a considerable quantity of coffee pulp (CP), a by-product with high levels of caffeine, phenolic compounds, and dietary fiber, which are reportedly involved in the lipid homeostasis regulation required to maintain human health. This work's objective was to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of coffee pulp flour (CPF) and aqueous extract (CPE) after static simulated digestion by the assessment of their in vitro capacity to decrease emulsification and digestion of fats, and lipid-lowering capacity in HepG2 cells after the induction of intracellular fat accumulation. The CPF and CPE digested fractions displayed in vitro hypolipidemic properties by preserving the reduction of micellar cholesterol solubility (27–34%) and the secondary bile acid-binding capacity (22–30%), increasing their primary bile acid-binding ability (2.7-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively), and inhibiting the lipase and the HMGCR (77–79% and 36–85%, respectively) activities. Moreover, the hypolipidemic properties of non-digested fractions enhanced the CPF potential to decrease lipid absorption. Both ingredients (CPF and CPE) demonstrated lipid-lowering effects since they effectively counteract the accumulation of intracellular triglycerides and cholesterol triggered by palmitic acid in hepatic cells after the simulated digestion. This study suggests that phenolic compounds, caffeine, and dietary fiber may be responsible for the lipid-lowering properties exhibited by the CP ingredients and their composition differences affect the above-mentioned properties exhibited in the simulated digestion. These results contribute to demonstrating that the CPF and the CPE may act as modulators of pathways involved in hepatic lipid accumulation and could be a key element in its prevention.

Characterization and Bile Acid Binding Capacity of Dietary Fiber Obtained from Three Different Amaranth Products.

Amaranth is a dicotyledonous plant, now considered a health-promoting food. It has been rediscovered by the worldwide food industry, which is increasingly becoming aware of the many uses and benefits provided by amaranth in various food preparations. Amaranth dietary fibers, soluble and insoluble fractions, obtained from flour, protein isolate, and beverage were physicochemically characterized and their potential bile acid binding capacity was evaluated. Primary bile acids binding to fiber might contribute to a hypocholesterolemic effect, while the binding of secondary bile acids could minimize the cytotoxic effect that these metabolites exert on the colon. Amaranth fiber fractions were capable of sequestering cholate, taurocholate, deoxycholate, and bovine bile, with a percentage depending not only on the origin and the type of amaranth fiber evaluated but also on the bile acid studied. Flour fiber and the protein isolate insoluble fractions were the most efficient for binding bile and bile acids with uptake values between 29 and 100% relative to cholestyramine. Moreover, deoxycholate, a hydrophobic secondary bile acid, was the most captured by all the fractions, reaching 100% uptake with total and insoluble fibers of the three amaranth products. These results would suggest that the main effect through which amaranth fiber binds bile acids corresponds to an adsorptive effect mediated by hydrophobic interactions.

PSVI-11 Evaluation of the Acid Binding Capacity of Ingredients and Complete Diets Commonly Used for Weanling Pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to measure acid-binding capacity at a pH of 4 (ABC-4) of common feed ingredients and determine additivity in diets. Ingredient categories included: cereal grains, vegetable proteins, animal proteins and milk, vitamin premixes and minerals, amino acids, and fiber sources. A 0.5 g sample of each ingredient was suspended in 50 mL of distilled deionized water and titrated with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. Sample ABC-4 was calculated as the amount of acid in milliequivalents (meq) required to reduce and maintain 1 kg of ingredient to a pH of 4 with a smaller number believed to be more advantageous. Cereal grains were found to have decreased ABC-4 compared with other ingredients (Table 1). Vegetable proteins had greater ABC-4 with more variation than cereal grains. Soybean meal (SBM) had an ABC-4 of 602 ± 28.2 meq/kg. Soy protein concentrate (737 ± 165.0 meq/kg) and enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM; 753 meq/kg) had greater ABC-4 compared with SBM while fermented soybean meal (FSBM; 207 ± 100.0 meq/kg) was less. Fish meal (1,380 ± 150.9 meq/kg) had greater ABC-4 compared with all analyzed vegetable proteins. Spray dried whey powder and whey permeate had slightly less ABC-4 than that of soybean meal with values of 440 and 520 meq/kg, respectively. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) had the greatestt ABC-4 among all ingredients with values of 21,863 ± 598.7 and 18,384 ± 769.7 meq/kg, respectively. Following ingredient analysis, a series of diets were created and analyzed to determine additivity by comparing the differences between calculated and analyzed ABC-4. All analyzed diets had less ABC-4 than calculated values; however, analyzed ABC-4 increased in the same magnitude as the calculated values across diets. The first series of diets were arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial consisting of increasing CaCO3 with or without ZnO. There was a ZnO × CaCO3 interaction (P = 0.020) for difference between calculated and analyzed ABC-4 where differences between calculated and analyzed ABC-4 increased (linear, P &amp;lt; 0.001) as CaCO3 increased in diets without ZnO, but not in diets with ZnO. The second series of diets consisted of different levels of SBM with either FSBM or ESBM included at 5% of the diet. Differences between calculated and analyzed values were not different between treatments (P = 0.640). In conclusion, perfect ABC-4 additivity in complete diets was not realized due to lower analyzed than calculated values; however, analyzed ABC-4 still increased as calculated values increased. These data suggest that diet ABC-4 can be adjusted through selection of ingredients but feeding trials are needed to determine its impact on pig performance.

127 How to Best Calculate Acid Binding Capacity at pH 4 in Feed Ingredients for Weanling Pigs

Abstract The value of acid binding capacity at pH 4 (ABC-4) of feed ingredients can be used to formulate weanling pig diets for improved feed efficiency and free of ZnO. In practice, it is expensive and time consuming to analyze all ingredients used in pig diet formulation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the most efficient and cost-effective method to accurately predict ABC-4 in feed ingredients used in weanling pig diets. Variation of the ABC-4 value is low in most feed ingredients, and the average value of ABC-4 is accurate enough for use in feed formulation [Lawlor et al. (2005)]. However, limestone and soybean meal (SBM) were studied because of their contribution to dietary ABC-4, and their inherit variability in ABC-4. Results showed that when ABC-4 of limestone and SBM is analyzed, the error in ABC-4 of final feed decreases by 58%. Therefore, if SBM and limestone are analyzed for ABC-4, and fixed values are used for all other ingredients, the value of ABC-4 in the final diet will be +/-20 mEq/kg of the target ABC-4 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). When ingredients are not analyzed for ABC-4, the variability increases and value in final feed will vary between +/- 48 mEq ABC-4/kg (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Next, 39 samples of SBM were collected from the US, Brazil, and Argentina to develop a prediction equation of ABC-4 for SBM from its macro-nutrient composition. Values of ABC-4 of SBM ranged between 773 and 878 mEq/kg, with an average of 824 mEq/kg and STD of 28 mEq ABC-4/kg. No significant relationships between the analyzed macro-nutrients and ABC-4 of SBM were observed (R2 = 0.01, with cross-validation). Therefore, the accuracy and precision of predicting ABC-4 of SBM were not improved by developing a derivative formula to estimate ABC-4 in SBM from its macro-nutrients. Next, 24 samples of limestone were collected from Canada to develop methods to predict ABC-4 accurately and quickly. The value of ABC-4 ranged between 20,823 and 23,412 mEq/kg, with an average of 22,117 mEq/kg and STD of 431 mEq/kg. A good correlation was obtained between ABC-4 and near infrared spectroscopy calibration (NIR) lines (R2 = 0.79, unground, with cross-validation). We conclude that for accurate and rapid determination of ABC-4, and ease of application in nursery diet formulation, ABC-4 can be analyzed in limestone using NIR, in SBM using wet chemistry, and for all other ingredients fixed values can be used. Additionally, for accurate formulation of nursery diets, a safety margin of 20 mEq/kg can be applied to the target ABC-4 value in the final diet.

227 Varying the Acid Biding Capacity of High and ZnO-Free Diets Influences Weanling Pig Growth Performance

Abstract Altering the acid binding capacity to pH4 (ABC-4) of the weanling pig diet can influence stomach pH, thereby aiding in protein digestion and improving feed efficiency. Two studies examined the effect of ABC-4 level in diets of either high ZnO or without ZnO on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Both trials were randomized complete block designs, where body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed (G:F) were measured. Data were analyzed using pen and pig as experimental units for the first and second study, respectively. In the first study, weanling pigs (n = 1,152) were allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 18 replicate pens per treatment. Treatments were applied in phase 1 (1-10 d) and 2 (11-21 d), and pigs received a common phase 3 (22-42 d) diet. All diets contained high ZnO (2,500ppm and 1,500ppm phase 1 and 2, respectively). The control diet (CON) had no acidifiers resulting in 400 mEq ABC-4/kg, and treatments ranged from 360 to 300 mEq/kg using Ca formate and formic acid alone or in combination. In the first week, G:F of pigs fed the test diets was greater than in the CON diet (+0.09-0.15 g/g, P &amp;lt; 0.05). In phase 2, pigs fed diets containing formic acid (300 mEq ABC-4/kg) had reduced ADFI (-15 g/d from CON, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Conversely, pigs fed Ca formate and formic acid (300 mEq ABC-4) had greater ADFI (+16 g/d, P &amp;lt; 0.05) and a tendency for greater G:F than CON (+0.02, P &amp;lt; 0.10). Pigs fed a diet containing Ca formate only (360 mEq ABC-4/kg) had a greater G:F (+0.03, P &amp;lt; 0.05) yet comparable feed intake to CON. In the second 42-day study, weanling pigs (n = 120) housed in pens with individual electronic feeding stations (10 pigs/pen), were randomized to 6 ZnO-free treatments, totaling 20 replicate pigs per treatment. The ABC-4 was linearly reduced from 450 to 200 mEq/kg using fumaric acid and shifting Ca sources from Ca carbonate to monocalcium phosphate and monodicalcium phosphate. In phase 1 (0-15d), pigs had greatest ADFI (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and G:F (P &amp;lt; 0.05) at 300 and 350 mEq ABC-4/kg, respectively, and east ADFI at 200 mEq ABC-4/kg (greatest fumaric acid inclusion) and 450 mEq ABC-4/kg (no acidifier). Overall, pigs fed the 300 mEq ABC-4/kg diet had the greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, and ADFI while pigs fed the 350 mEq ABC-4/kg diet had the greatest G:F. Pigs fed the 450 mEq ABC-4/kg diet had the lowest BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F. In conclusion, reducing the ABC-4 of ZnO and ZnO-free diets using a combination of acidifiers and/or calcium sources improved feed efficiency of weanling pigs. But a greater inclusion of acidifiers may reduce ADFI.

Nutritional strategies to reduce the impact of Escherichia coli in newly weaned pigs

Low crude protein, added insoluble fiber, and low acid-binding capacity diets, as well as pharmacological zinc oxide (when applicable) are important nutritional strategies that can be used to maintain the gastrointestinal health of weanling pigs exposed to Escherichia coli. Feed additives including probiotics, exogenous enzymes, egg yolk antibodies, spray-dried plasma, clays, medium-chain fatty acids, phytogens, and antibiotics may be other options to reduce the impact of E coli. Management strategies such as vaccine protocols, colostrum management, barn and water line sanitation, and weaning age should be combined with nutritional interventions to minimize diarrhea caused by E coli.

Modification of Ginseng Insoluble Dietary Fiber by Enzymatic Method: Structural, Rheological, Thermal and Functional Properties.

In this study, the effects of enzymatic modification using cellulase/xylanase on the composition and structural and functional properties of ginseng insoluble dietary fiber (G-IDF) were evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microcopy showed that enzymatic extraction treatment caused obvious structural alterations in ginseng-modified (G-MIDF) samples, which exhibited more porous and completely wrinkled surfaces. Comparing the peak morphology of G-MIDF with untreated IDF using X-ray diffractometry, the G-MIDF sample exhibited split peaks at a 2θ angle of 23.71°, along with the emergence of sharp peaks at 28.02°, 31.78°, and 35.07°. Thermo-gravimetric analysis showed that G-MIDF exhibited a specified range of pyrolysis temperature and is suitable for food applications involving processing at temperatures below 300 °C. Overall, it was evident from rheograms that both G-IDF and G-MIDF exhibited a resemblance with respect to viscosity changes as a function of the shear rate. Enzymatic treatment led to significant (p < 0.05) improvement in water holding, oil retention, water swelling, nitrite ion binding, bile acid binding, cholesterol absorption, and glucose absorption capacities.

A comparison study on structure-function relationship of polysaccharides obtained from sea buckthorn berries using different methods: antioxidant and bile acid-binding capacity

In this study, the structural characters, antioxidant activities and bile acid-binding ability of sea buckthorn polysaccharides (HRPs) obtained by the commonly used hot water (HRP-W), pressurized hot water (HRP-H), ultrasonic (HRP-U), acid (HRP-C) and alkali (HRP-A) assisted extraction methods were investigated. The results demonstrated that extraction methods had significant effects on extraction yield, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, particle size, triple-helical structure, and surface morphology of HRPs except for the major linkage bands. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that HRP-U with filamentous reticular microstructure exhibited better thermal stability. The HRP-A with the lowest molecular weight and highest arabinose content possessed the best antioxidant activities. Moreover, the rheological analysis indicated that HRPs with higher galacturonic acid content and molecular weight showed higher viscosity and stronger crosslinking network (HRP-C, HRP-W and HRP-U), which exhibited stronger bile acid binding capacity. The present findings provide scientific evidence in the preparation technology of sea buckthorn polysaccharides with good antioxidant and bile acid binding capacity which are related to the structure affected by the extraction methods.

Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) instant porridge: Effect of isomaltooligosaccharides and Fibercreme as sucrose replacement on lipid profile improvement in hypercholesterol-induced rats

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of consumption pregelatinized kidney bean porridge with variation of sweetener including sucrose (BKM S), isomaltooligosaccharides (BKM IMO) and Fibercreme (BKM FC) in hypercholesterolemia rats on the lipid profile, bile acid binding capacity, digesta cholesterol excretion and digesta characters including weight, water content and pH. The diets included standard diet for Negative Control rats (NC diet) and kidney bean porridge diets with different sweeteners: sucrose (BKM S diet), IMO (BKM IMO diet) and fibercreme (BKM FC diet), respectively. Red kidney bean instant porridge substituted 30% of total calories of the diets. All of the diets were formulated based on AIN 93M standard and were fed for 28 days. The result showed that BKM IMO and BKM FC diets improve lipid profile of rats by reducing total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and increasing HDL cholesterol. In addition, both diets increased cholesterol excretion. In vitro measurement of bile acid binding capacity showed that BKM IMO and BKM FC have a higher binding capacity than BKM S. It can be argued that increasing of cholesterol excretion and bile acids binding capacity of these diets are responsible for the improving of the lipid profile. BKM IMO and BKM FC have higher digesta weight and water content but lower pH. It is concluded that substitution of sucrose as sweetener with isomalto-oligosaccharides and Fibercreme in the formulation of pregelatinized kidney bean porridge improve the beneficial health effect of kidney bean porridge.

In vitro digestibility, glycaemic index and bile acid–binding capacity of foods containing different types of resistant starch in comparison with the commercial resistant starches

This study investigated the in vitro digestibility, glycaemic index (GI) and bile acid–binding capacity (BABC) of some potential resistant starch source food products (PRSF). Commercially available resistant starch (RS) samples, Hylon VII (RS2), Novelose 330 (RS3) and Fibersym (RS4) were also included in the study. The RS content of the PRSF used in this study was in the range of 25–77%. Standardised static in vitro digestion processes were applied, and the total digestibility, GI and BABC of the samples were determined. The digestibility of commercial RS samples was lower than the PRSF samples. No significant correlation was found between digestibility and RS or total dietary fibre (TDF) contents of the samples. A statistically significant positive correlation was obtained between GI and in vitro digestibility values. In addition, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the GI and TDF content of the PRSF samples. In addition, it was observed that neither RS content nor RS type had a significant effect on BABC.