Achievement Subscales Research Articles

Investigation of the Relationship between Burnout Level and Psychological Resilience in Parents of Children with Down Syndrome

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between burnout level and psychological resilience in parents of children with Down syndrome (DS). This study was conducted at a Special Education and Rehabilitation Center in Türkiye between August and October 2022. The sample of the correlational and cross-sectional study consisted of 80 parents of children with DS. In this study, descriptive characteristics form (DFC), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and brief resilience scale (BRS) were used to collect data. The parents' mean scores on the emotional exhaustion subscale (EES) and personal achievement subscale (PAS) of MBI according to descriptive characteristics revealed statistically significant difference in the EES and PAS scores associated with the parents' age, gender, education status, working status, number of children in the family, and family type (p < 0.05). The parents' mean scores on the BRS according to descriptive characteristics revealed statistically significant difference in BRS scores associated with the gender, educational status, working status, number of children, type of family, and presence of a chronic disease in the child (p < 0.05). There was a strong negative correlation between the EES and the BRS (r = −0.740, p < 0.05), and a strong positive correlation between the PAS and the BRS (r = 0.758, p < 0.05). It was determined that parents' emotional exhaustion levels increased as their psychological resilience levels decreased, and parents' personal accomplishment increased as their psychological resilience levels increased.

Tahap Burnout dan Kepuasan Kerja dalam Kalangan Pensyarah Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat

This study aims to identify the level of burnout and job satisfaction among Kuala Langat Community College lecturers. The objective of this study is to measure and identify the relationship between the level of burnout and job satisfaction among lecturers. The study sample was carried out involving 92 respondents. Questionnaires Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Job Descriptive Index (JDI) were used as research instruments. Data has been analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) version 19. The findings show burnout levels among lecturers is at medium level for personal achievement subscale and a low level for emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscale. The level of job satisfaction is at a moderate level. The results of the correlation analysis test also found that there is a significant negative linear relationship between the level of burnout and level of job satisfaction but in a weak context in which Pearson Correlation (r) value is 0.321 which is in the weak correlation range (r = -0.321, p < 0.01). Hence, the findings of this study can be used by the Human Resource Development Division to carry out strategies for mitigating burnout and increasing job satisfaction among lecturers.

Italian Validation of the Delaying Gratification Inventory in Adolescents.

The delay of gratification (DoG) is defined as the willingness to forego immediate satisfaction to achieve greater long-term gratification. This ability is essential in adolescence, as its development is crucial against desirable versus undesirable behaviors. This study investigated the psychometric proprieties of the Delaying Gratification Inventory (DGI) in Italian adolescents. A total of 621 Italian adolescents, ranging from 14 to 17 years old (M = 15.92, SD = 1.05; 47.7% boys), participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis identified a four-factor structure (delay of gratification concerning Food, Social Interaction, Money, and Achievement). The reliability of the Italian DGI was acceptable. Measurement invariance across gender was supported. Boys reached a higher DoG score in the Food subscale and a lower score in the Social Interaction and Achievement subscales than girls. Moreover, the Italian DGI dimensions were all positively correlated with self-control and prosocial behavior. Except for the Social Interaction subscale, positive correlations were found between the Food, Money, and Achievement subscales and self-esteem. The present findings suggest that the Italian DGI could be used for assessing DoG ability, a key regulatory ability that promotes healthy behaviors in adolescence.

Professional burnout in primary health care workers of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Background/objectivesEmotional exhaustion is the most common feature of overall burnout among primary care physicians. The purpose of our study is to identify professional burnout among doctors and nurses of the highest level. MethodsThe data were obtained using a social survey of doctors and nurses in primary health care organizations. Using the MBI questionnaire. The study locations were medical centers in urban and rural areas in eight regions of Kazakhstan. A total of 612 urban and 244 rural primary health care workers took part. ResultsMean score ±standard deviation on the exhaustion subscale was 32.6 ± 13.5, on the depersonalization subscale — 14.4 ± 6.1, on the personal achievement subscale — 42.2 ± 7.5. Overall, the high prevalence of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement was 57.4%, 64.6%, and 65.0%, respectively. Statistically significant predictors for emotional burnout were such as the location of work, urban or rural (OR = 1.973; p < 0.050, as well as who the employee was a doctor or nurse (OR = 2.137 p < 0.001). Work for a quieter job was a significant factor for personal achievement (OR = 4.709 p < 0.016), (OR = 9.341 p < 0.001), respectively. Statistically significant predictors for depersonalization was the status of the employee, namely, whether his work was permanent or not full -time (OR = 1.542 p < 0.001). Gender (OR = 0.350 p < 0.018), job location urban or rural (OR = 1.918 p < 0.050), and alcohol consumption (OR = 4.493 p < 0.021) were statistically significant for personal achievement. ConclusionMental and psychological health issues have become an increasingly important research topic in recent years. In our study, more than half of the study population reported professional burnout, namely exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal achievement. We found a statistically significant relationship between emotional exhaustion and job location, as well as employee status, Depersonalization, and employee status and position. Personal achievements and gender with work location. To change my job to a more calm one was in all three parameters. Doctors have higher emotional exhaustion than nurses.

Emotional Intelligence and Burnout among Medical Students at a Public Saudi University

Background: Medical students’ mental health is a significant problem, as research has shown that their mental health was comparable to, if not better than, the general population before attending medical school. The study aimed to examine emotional intelligence and burnout and their associated factors and identify their predictors among medical students at Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU). Methods: A cross-sectional study targeted medical students at the college of medicine of IMSIU. The invited students were requested to respond to the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) and TEI Que-SF questionnaires. Sociodemographic and personal life data were also evaluated. Results: Out of the 350 invited medical students, 280 (80%) completed the study questionnaires. More than half (53.2 %) were females, while 66.8 % were aged between 21 and 23. Generally, the mean score of the four scales of the tool were 4.56 (Out of 6), 4.31 (Out of 6), 4.72 (Out of 8), and 4.62 (Out of 6), where higher scores mean better emotional intelligence. According to the results of the MBI-SS tool, 19.3 % of the students had a high-level burnout considering the exhaustion subscale, 76.4 % in the depersonalization subscale, and 77.5 % in the personal achievement subscale. Emotional intelligence is negatively correlated with exhaustion and depersonalization burnout and positively related with personal achievement burnout. Conclusion: A significant correlation was found between medical students’ emotional intelligence with burnout components, positively with academic achievement, and negatively with exhaustion and depersonalization burnout. Improving the student’s ability to deal successfully with different situations (increasing emotional intelligence) is associated with a lower level of burnout and better academic achievement. Keywords: medical students, emotional intelligence, burnout, Saudi Arabia

Ethnic Identity, Chinese National Identity, and Intergroup Attitudes of Adolescents from an Ethnic Autonomous Region in China

ABSTRACT We compared the differences and explored the associations between ethnic identity and Chinese national identity, and the intergroup attitudes of adolescents from the Yi, Han, and Mongolian ethnicities in a Yi ethnic autonomous region in China. The participants (N = 1830, 50% female) were middle school students (n = 910, M age = 13.51) and high school students (n = 920, M age = 17.71). We found (a) significant ethnic differences between the high school students in the subscales of behavior, self-identification, and achievement; (b) that the three ethnic groups exhibited nonsignificant differences in their perceptions of Chinese national identity; (c) a positive association between ethnic identity and Chinese national identity for the adolescents across ethnicities; (d) a positive association between ethnic identity and intergroup attitudes for the Yi adolescents only; and (e) that Chinese national identity was positively associated with intergroup attitudes for the Yi and Han adolescents and for the Mongolian middle school students, but not for the Mongolian high school students. This suggests that age and context play central roles in shaping the ethnic and national identities of adolescents in such regions, and those who grow up in an inclusive environment are more likely to develop positive intergroup attitudes.

Relationship Between Teams' Leader-Member Exchange Characteristics and Psychological Outcomes for Nurses and Nurse Managers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan.

IntroductionThe Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) theory, based on the social exchange theory, relates to positive psychological states among nurses. However, the influence of various LMX qualities coexisting within a team on nurses or nurse managers is still uncleared.ObjectiveThis study examines the relationship of nurses and nurse managers’ psychological states with the average LMX and LMX dispersion among nurses in their units.MethodsThe study was conducted at two university hospitals in March 2017 using anonymous questionnaires. Nurses completed the LMX-7 scale and the subscales of job satisfaction, achievement, and growth from the Checklist on Commitments Related to Work. Nurse managers completed the subscales of management satisfaction, effectiveness, and extracting extra effort from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Both nurses and managers completed the Intention to Continue Working scale. The nurses’ data were analyzed using a multilevel analysis to clarify associations between nurses’ psychological states and LMX, average LMX, and LMX dispersion. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis tested to test the correlations of the psychological states of nurse managers with average LMX and LMX dispersion.ResultsData from 586 nurses and 28 managers were analyzed. The LMX and average LMX of nurses were positively related to positive psychological states. Nurse managers displayed significant associations between high LMX dispersion and good psychological states. When average LMX was low, management effectiveness increased as LMX dispersion increased; when average LMX was high, management effectiveness was almost constant.ConclusionThe unit’s LMX characteristics appear to be related to the psychological states of both nurses and nurse managers. Increasing the LMX of each nurse may lead to positive psychological states for not only that nurse but all nurses in the unit. When LMX with subordinates is low, increasing LMX with a portion of nurse managers should be a priority to improve their psychological states.

BURNOUT SYNDROME IN BULGARIAN PHARMACISTS – PILOT STUDY

Introduction: Work in the field of healthcare is accompanied by considerable emotional tension. Pharmacists are at risk of professional burnout, but so far, there is very little scientific research in this professional group in Bulgaria.&#x0D; Objective: To study the presence of Burnout Syndrome among Bulgarian pharmacists and perform an analysis according to the demographic characteristics of respondents.&#x0D; Material and Methods: A pilot study was conducted for the presence of Burnout Syndrome among 142 pharmacists in Varna, Bulgaria, working in different areas of the pharmaceutical sector: pharmacies for public services, hospital pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies, higher education institution. The information was collected using an anonymous questionnaire that included the specialized Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) tool to examine professional burnout according to three subscales: emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment.&#x0D; Results: Higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation were found in male respondents in comparison to women, while the values between the two genders were almost similar according to the professional achievement subscale. The most vulnerable group was the male group at the age of 31-40. Pharmacists over the age of 50 had lower levels of burnout as they had developed good habits to deal with stress.&#x0D; Conclusion: Gaining professional experience in pharmacists is associated with an increase in the levels of professional burnout. High levels of depersonalisation are a prerequisite for worse quality of pharmaceutical care.

Describing and measuring the ‘switch-on’ effect in people with dementia who participate in cognitive stimulation therapy: A mixed methods study

Introduction Cognitive stimulation therapy is an evidence-based group intervention for promoting cognition and quality of life in people with dementia. This New Zealand study aimed to describe and measure the ‘switch-on’ effect, a recently reported benefit involving enhanced participation. Method A convergent parallel mixed methods design was implemented. Interviews guided by qualitative descriptive methodology were conducted with four community-dwelling men with mild dementia and their wives, before, during and after cognitive stimulation therapy. Concomitantly, participants with dementia were scored on the Volitional Questionnaire following a single-subject A–B design. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using NVivo-assisted thematic analysis and descriptive statistics respectively and conjointly. Findings ‘Switch-on’ was found to be multi-dimensional in nature, with increased engagement and expanded scope in Doing, Feeling, Relating, and Thinking and Reflecting. ‘Switch-on’ occurred with a noticeable onset within 3 weeks, which was sustained and consolidated towards completion of cognitive stimulation therapy in both group and home environments. Three men showed concurrent improvements on the achievement sub-scale of the Volitional Questionnaire. However, the measure did not effectively capture ‘switch-on’ due to its ceiling effect. Conclusion Findings about ‘switch-on’ suggest broader, under-researched benefits of cognitive stimulation therapy that merit further exploration from an occupational therapy perspective.

Prevalence of Burnout among Primary Health Care Staff and Its Predictors: A Study in Iran

Burnout, which is an emerging challenge in health systems, is very common among primary health care (PHC) workers. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of burnout among PHC workers, and its predictive factors, in a region in the west of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, all the health network staff (n = 539) were enrolled. The data collection instrument was the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which consists of 22 items and the three subscales of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal achievement (PA). High scores in EE and DP and low scores in PA are indicative of high burnout. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of high burnout. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. The findings showed that 90.5% of the staff had high DP, 55.3% had high EE, and 98.9% had low PA scores. Also, 52.9% (277 people) of the staff suffered from high burnout. Single people (OR = 3.33), less experienced employees (OR = 9.09), people aged over 35 years (OR = 2.35), physicians (OR = 1.72), and staff with permanent employment (OR = 5.0) were more likely to suffer high levels of burnout. We conclude that burnout is a common problem in PHC workers. Less experienced, younger, single employees and physicians were more at risk of suffering from high burnout. Preventive measures, such as strengthening social skills, communication competencies, and coping strategies, and reduction of risk factors such as job stress, are suggested for reducing employees’ risk of burnout.

Estudio comparativo entre educación superior y media: efecto del apoyo social percibido, el autoconcepto y la inteligencia emocional en el rendimiento académico

El rendimiento académico constituye en la actualidad una temática de gran interés en el ámbito de la educación por su relevante papel en el ajuste del alumnado. El apoyo social percibido, el autoconcepto y la inteligencia emocional son variables potencialmente relacionadas e influyentes sobre el rendimiento académico. Así, los objetivos de esta investigación son los siguientes: en primer lugar, analizar las relaciones entre el apoyo social percibido, el autoconcepto y la reparación emocional con el rendimiento académico del alumnado de educación superior y de educación media; en segundo lugar, examinar la capacidad predictiva de las variables citadas sobre el rendimiento académico. Participan en la investigación un total de 831 estudiantes de educación superior (50.1%) y de educación media (49.9%). Se administran los instrumentos de evaluación TCMS, AFA-R, AUDIM, TMMS-24 y EBAE-10. Se procede con análisis correlacionales y de regresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados confirman relaciones significativamente positivas entre el apoyo social percibido, el autoconcepto y la reparación emocional con el rendimiento académico, así como la capacidad predictiva del apoyo del profesorado, el autoconcepto y la reparación emocional sobre el rendimiento académico. Se concluye que el apoyo del profesorado es el principal predictor del rendimiento académico del alumnado universitario, seguido del autoconcepto, mientras que en la educación secundaria es el autoconcepto la variable con mayor peso explicativo, seguido del apoyo del profesorado y la reparación emocional. Por tanto, se proponen buenas prácticas educativas por parte del profesorado en ambas etapas educativas para la mejora del apoyo social percibido, el autoconcepto, la reparación emocional y el rendimiento académico del alumnado.

The association of job satisfaction and burnout with individualized care perceptions in nurses.

Individualized care is closely related to the fulfillment of nurses' ethical responsibilities regarding the provision of healthcare as well as having a strong foundation in the philosophy of nursing. This study aimed to determine the association of job satisfaction and burnout with individualized care perceptions in nurses working at a university hospital located in the Central Black Sea region of northern Turkey. A cross-sectional correlational survey design. The study was conducted between 15 February 2017 and 15 August 2017 with 419 nurses working at a public university hospital located in Samsun. Data were collected using an information form, the Individualized Care Scale-Nurse Version, the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman Correlation were used. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ondokuz Mayıs University Clinical Studies Board of Ethics. Oral informed consent was taken from the participants. There was a significant positive relationship between the total Individualized Care Scale-A Nurse Version score and the General Satisfaction subscale score of the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale (r = 0.121, p < 0.05). The total Individualized Care Scale-A Nurse Version score increased as the General Satisfaction subscale score of the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale increased. There was a significant negative relationship between the total Individualized Care Scale-B Nurse Version score and the Desensitization (r = -0.143, p < 0.01) and Personal Achievement subscale scores of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (r = -0.182, p < 0.01). The Desensitization and Personal Achievement subscale scores of the Maslach Burnout Inventory increased as the total Individualized Care Scale-B Nurse Version score decreased. Factors associated with the individualized care perceptions of nurses, such as job satisfaction and burnout levels and factors related to personal life and worklife should be taken into consideration. Also in order to increase job satisfaction and motivation in nurses, personal preferences regarding the service they want to work at should be taken into account. Nurses with lower burnout and higher job satisfaction were found to have higher individualized care perceptions and to support the individuality of patients in care applications. It is important to consider work-related factors associated with individualized care perceptions, job satisfaction, and burnout in nurses.

Job stress and satisfaction in faculty of a teaching hospital in south India: A cross-sectional survey.

Background:There are multiple economic, psychological, and physical consequences of high job stress, low job satisfaction and burnout in faculty of a teaching hospital in South India. Data from developing countries on these domains are sparse.Materials and Methods:In a cross-sectional study we assessed the prevalence and sources of perceived job stress, job satisfaction and burnout in faculty, as well as ways of coping with stress among consenting faculty of a large, private, charitable, teaching hospital in India using standardized, self-rated questionnaires.Results:A total of 304 respondents, 156 (51.3%) were Assistant Professors; 71 (23.4%) were Associate Professors, and 77 (25.3%) were Professors. The majority (175; 58%) were male, younger than 45 years (235; 76%) and from clinical departments (248; 81.5%) A third (96; 31%) reported high overall levels of perceived job stress. In multivariate analyses, age less than 45 years, designation as Assistant or Associate Professor, and working in a clinical department were associated with perceived high job stress; reporting high perceived job satisfaction was protective. Nearly two-thirds (217; 71.4%) of faculty reported high levels of job satisfaction. In multivariate analysis, age less than 45 years and reporting high job stress were associated with low perceived job satisfaction. Causes of stress and satisfaction differed by age, gender and designation. On the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), 88 (29%) had high scores on the emotional exhaustion subscale, 63 (20.8%) had high scores on the depersonalization subscale, and 90 (29.7%) had low scores on the personal achievement subscales. High job stress and low job satisfaction were significantly associated with burnout on the three domains.Conclusions:High job stress and low job satisfaction were inversely related in this survey of medical faculty and were significantly associated with levels of burnout. The sources of job stress and job satisfaction identified provide insights that could inform formal institutional mechanisms to prevent burnout in doctors.

Testing the correlation between occupational stress and occupational burnout among nurses working in public health institutions

INTRODUCTION: Stress at work is a major problem in the modern world in many areas of work, especially in health care. Occupational burnout of nurses represents a serious problem, not only for themselves. It also affects the quality of the health services provided to patients. OBJECTIVE is to examine the connection between occupational stress and occupational burnout among nurses working in public health institutions. METHODS: An examination was carried out to determine a connection between occupational burnout and occupational stress among nurses working in the hospital, at the departments of surgery, gynecology and emergency. For the evaluation of professional burnout among nurses, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, MBI-HSS pattern, was used, and Matteson and Ivancevich Questionnaire was used to assess occupational stress. Statistical data processing was done by the SPSS 17 software. RESULTS A total of 60 examinees were included in the study, 20 of them from the Surgery, Gynecology and Emergency department. Of these, 51 (81.7%) are female and 9 (18.3%) are male. The average age of nurses is 41.45 years, from which 40.9on Surgery; 41.8 on Emergency; 41.65 on Gynecology, and the average years of service are 17.91. Descriptive statistics for the examined variables are shown and it can be seen that there is a low level of occupational stress, i.e. the result is below 21. In the occupational burnout variable, respondents show the medium level of emotional exhaustion (M=24.05), low level depersonalization (M=3.83) and low level of lack of professional achievement subscale (M=38.71). The test results confirm the first hypothesis (H1) that with the increase of occupational stress levels, the level of occupational burnout among nurses also increases. Occupational stress correlates with occupational burnout (r=0.529, p<0.01), i.e. nurses who have higher results of occupational stress, have more occupational burnout results also. The results of the tests involving correlations between occupational burnout and occupational stress dimensions show that with the increase of occupational stress the dimension of emotional exhaustion also increases (r=0.493, p<0.01), that there is no significant correlation between occupational stress and the dimension of depersonalization, and that the dimension of occupational stress and the dimension of individual realization have significant connection (r=0.393, p=0.01). The results show that there is no statistically significant difference between departments when it comes to occupational burnout, i.e. nurses working in Surgery do not have higher results of occupational burnout than nurses working in Gynecology and Emergency F(0.679) p>0.05, and that there is no statistically significant difference between the departments in terms of occupational stress, i.e. nurses working in Surgery do not have higher occupational stress results than ones working in Gynecology and Emergency department F(0.722) p>0.05. The results do not show significant differences in the level of occupational burnout and occupational stress in relation to nurses' age and years of service. DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION: The results of the study show that with increased occupational stress occupational burnout also increases and that nurses have low levels of occupational stress, low depresonization, low level of lack of personal achievement and a medium level of emotional exhaustion. There were no significant differences in occupational burnout and occupational stress between nurses working in surgery, gynecology and emergency departments. No significant differences in occupational burnout and occupational stress were found in relation to the age and years of service of nurses working in the departments of surgery, gynecology and emergency.

Engelli Çocuk Ailelerinin Aile İlgi ve Tükenmişlik Durumlarının Engelli Çocuğu Bulunmayan Ailelerle Karşılaştırılması

Objective: The aim of this descriptive-cross-sectional study was to compare interest and burnout levels in mothers of children with disabilities to the mothers of children without disabilities. Materials and Methods: A total of 194 people were selected representing mothers of children with disabilities (n=97) and mothers of children without disabilities (n=97) living in Gaziantep. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-Square and t-Tests. Results: The mean age of the mothers of children with disabilities was 32.71 ± 6.20, while the mean age of the mothers of children without disabilities was 34.65±7.96 (p=0.06). Of the mothers of children with disabilities, 10.3% were illiterate or had not completed primary school, while this figure was 9.30% among mothers of children without disabilities (p=0.841). Of the mothers of children with disabilities and children without disabilities, 94.90% and 95.90%, respectively, were housewives. Of the children with disabilities, 64.90% had intellectual disabilities, 18.60% had physical disabilities, and 16.50% had both intellectual and physical disabilities. Mothers of children with disabilities were more likely to have consanguineous marriages (55.80%) compared to mothers of children without disabilities (42.20%) (p=0.055). According to the average score of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Emotional Exhaustion Subscale, the mothers of children with disabilities were more likely to have a high average (13.33±9.64) than mothers of children without disabilities (7.43±7.56) (p=0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between the scores of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Personal Achievement subscale of the mothers of children with disabilities (27.79 ± 5.24) and mothers of children without disabilities (26.86±4.82) (p=0.201). There was no statistically significant difference between the scores of the McMaster Family Assessment Device-General Functioning sub-dimension of the mothers of children with disabilities (1.76±0.52) and mothers of children without disabilities (1.68±0.55) (p=0.342). Conclusion: If a child is diagnosed as having a disability, the family counseling process should be initiated and the family should be given correct information about the process. Providing family and couple therapy for all families may be beneficial in reducing stress and burnout.

Perception of specific military skills – the impact of perfectionism and self-efficacy

Abstract We investigated the development of specific military skills in Norwegian cadets during the three-year military academy training as well as the impact of perfectionism and self-efficacy on the development of these skills. Latent growth-curve models were performed with perfectionism as a time-invariant predictor and with self-efficacy as a time-varying predictor. There were significant increases in the Individual Coping Capacity (ICC) and Cooperation in Difficult Situations (CDS) subscales but not in the Motivation to Achievement (MA) subscale. The initial skill levels were not related to the growth of the skills. Both adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism predicted initial values of ICC and CDS, explaining 5% of the variance in the initial ICC levels and 12% of the variance in the initial CDS levels. Perfectionism variables did not explain the development of the three types of military skills over time. Moreover, self-efficacy significantly predicted ICC at all time points and CDS and MA at all time points except at T3. We therefore concluded that cadets with high adaptive perfectionism scores are likely to have higher initial skill levels and that self-efficacious cadets are expected to show a greater development of military skills during military academy training.

The association between the levels of burnout and quality of life among fourth-year medical students at the University of the Free State.

BackgroundSociety invests huge financial resources in training medical students. However, the academic and personal demands placed on these students can be taxing and may be detrimental to students’ quality of life leading to high levels of burnout and academic dropout rates.AimTo determine the association between the levels of burnout and quality of life among fourth-year medical students at the University of the Free State (UFS).SettingSchool of Medicine, UFS, Bloemfontein.MethodsAll fourth-year medical students in their first semester of the clinical phase were included. Data were collected using anonymous self-report measures. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) measured the levels of burnout according to three subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal achievement), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF) measured the quality of life.ResultsOf the 121 enrolled fourth-year medical students, 91 (75.2%) completed the questionnaires. The MBI personal achievement subscale had the highest number of participants (n = 53; 58.2%) with high levels of reported burnout. Significant associations were found between the psychological health subscale of the WHOQOL-BREF and all three subscales of the MBI, in particular emotional exhaustion.ConclusionAn association exists between the levels of burnout and quality of life among fourth-year medical students. This information could be of value to medical schools as they are in a position to implement interventions that promote students’ well-being.

Career Aspiration and Life Satisfaction of Final Year Medical School Students

The aim of this study was to assess career aspiration and its three subscales (leadership, achievement, educational) and their relationship with life-satisfaction in final year medical school students of both genders. This cross-sectional study was carried out in final year students of a medical college in Rawalpindi,Pakistan using 24 items revised English Version of Career Aspiration Scale (CAS) and 5 items Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). This study was conducted on total 88 final year medical school students, among them 44 were males and 44 were females. Findings show significant correlation of career aspiration with lifesatisfaction, as well as of its educational subscale and life satisfaction. There was a non-significant correlation of achievement and leadership subscales of career aspiration with life-satisfaction. Medical students who are more aspired towards their career seem to be more satisfied in their life. Moreover, medical students were more interested in getting more and more education but there is lack of aptitude towards achievement and leadership, signifying the need of mentoring amongst medical students. Practical steps should be taken to develop achievement and leadership aspects of medical students, which can ultimately enhance their career aspirations.

Exploring the Relationship between Burnout and Critical Thinking Skills among Iranian University Professors Teaching TEFL

The profession as a teacher involves experiencing a number of challenges which naturally lead to emotional tiredness and lack of reward, technically known as burnout (Colomeischi, 2015). The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between burnout and critical thinking ability. To this end, a sample of 40 professors of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) filed at a number of universities in Iran was chosen. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was employed to assess the participants' burnout level, which is specifically evaluated by measuring three subscales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement. In addition, the measures of the participants' critical thinking skills were obtained via Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (WGCTA). The Pearson correlation coefficient analysis indicated that emotional exhaustion and depersonalization strongly and negatively correlated with critical thinking ability. However, a strong and positive relationship was found between personal achievement and critical thinking skills.

The syndrome of burnout among Iranian university professors teaching TEFL

This study aimed at finding out whether the role of a teacher in a classroom influences the level of burnout s/he may experience. The teacher's role was investigated in the light of Goffman’s Footing theory, according to which the role is classified into three categories of animator, author, and principal. Goffman (1981) believed that an animator is a person who exactly repeats the ideas expressed by the others; an author paraphrases the statement, and the principal is a person who explains her/his original opinions. A total of 30 university professors teaching TEFL at BA and MA levels were chosen and filled Maslach’s Burnout Inventory to measure their level of burnout in terms of three subscales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement. In addition, a metaphor checklist was given to their students who were asked to select among 21 metaphors, the ones representing animator, author, and principal roles that appropriately described the role of each of the 30 professors. The findings indicated that burnout was lower in the professors who adopted the principal role and higher in those who took on the animator and author roles respectively. The results offer pedagogical implications for the university context.