Acetone Leaf Extracts Research Articles

Anticancer Activity of n-Hexane and Acetone Leaf Extracts from Delonix regia (Gul Mohar) on HeLa (Cervical) and Prostate Cell Lines

Objective: The purpose of this study was evaluation of the anticancer activity of n-hexane and acetone leaf extracts obtained from Delonix regia on BJ, cervical (HeLa), and prostate cell lines. Study Design and Setting: This in vitro study was designed to assess the cytotoxic effects of leaf extracts from D. regia. The leaves were harvested, dried, and then subjected to extraction using hexane and acetone. The resulting extracts were concentrated and prepared for analysis. The effects of these extracts were evaluated on HeLa and prostate cell lines under standard laboratory conditions. Methodology: MTT colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of leaf extracts. Cell cultures were prepared and introduced into the plates. Different concentrations of extracts were added, and reduction of MTT to formazan within cells was measured. The cytotoxicity was monitored as the concentration causing 50% growth inhibition (IC50) for cell lines. Results: Results show that the acetone extract exhibits moderate inhibition (36.29%) on cervical cell lines, while the nhexane extract demonstrates higher inhibition (55.84%) on the same cell line. However, both extracts are inactive on prostate cell lines. On BJ cell lines, both extract showing significant inhibition (69.68% & 61.32%) respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion n-hexane extracts of D. regia exhibited more cytotoxic activity than acetone leaf extract. Although, D. regia possessed some anticancer activity potential however its efficacy is not comparable to doxorubicin. The study suggests further exploration of acetone and n-hexane extracts from D. regia as potential anticancer agents

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Carob Leaf (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Crude Extracts Using NMR and Mass Spectroscopic Techniques.

Carob leaves have gained attention for their bioactive properties and traditional medicinal uses, including as treatment for diabetes, digestive disorders, and microbial infections. The aim of this study was to explore the phytochemical composition of carob leaf acetone extracts using advanced spectroscopic techniques. The combined use of heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments with 1D selective nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) offers detailed structural insights and enables the direct identification and quantification of key bioactive constituents in carob leaf extract. In particular, the NMR and mass spectrometry techniques revealed the presence of myricitrin as a predominant flavonoid, as well as a variety of glycosylated derivatives of myricetin and quercetin, in acetone extract. Furthermore, siliquapyranone and related gallotannins are essential constituents of the extract. The potent inhibitory effects of the carob leaf extract on Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 50 μg mL-1) and a-glucosidase enzyme (IC50 = 67.5 ± 2.4 μg mL-1) were also evaluated. Finally, the antibacterial potency of carob leaf constituents were calculated in silico; digalloyl-parasorboside and gallic acid 4-O-glucoside exert a stronger bactericidal activity than the well-known myricitrin and related flavonoids. In summary, our findings provide valuable insights into the bioactive composition and health-promoting properties of carob leaves and highlight their potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Antimicrobial potential of Hippocratea Indica Willd. Acetone Leaf fractions against Salmonella Typhi: an in vitro and in silico study

Salmonella Typhi is a major global concern in many low- and middle-income countries. In addition, the emergence and persistence of drug resistant strains has increased the impact of this disease. Plant metabolites have been explored traditionally and scientifically as antimicrobial agents. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of acetone leaf fractions of H. indica against S. Typhi. Dried pulverized leaves of H. indica were extracted using cold maceration with acetone after defatting with n-hexane. The leaf extract was concentrated and subjected to column chromatography and eight bioactive fractions were identified. The fractions were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fractions were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhi in-vitro and in-silico. The lowest MIC was observed in fractions 20 and 21 (0.375 mg/mL) while the lowest MBC was observed in all fractions except 7, 17 and 18 (0.375 mg/mL). A ligand from fraction 8 had the highest binding affinity to Type I dehydroquinase (-3.4) and a ligand from fraction 7 had the highest binding affinity to Gyrase B (-11.2). This study concludes that the overall antimicrobial activity of the acetone leaf extract of H. indica provided evidence that it contains drug-like compounds that can be further explored as a drug candidate against S. Typhi.

<em>In Vitro</em> antifungal activity of selected plant extracts against mango stem end rot pathogen: <em>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</em>

Phytopathogens are primarily controlled through the application of synthetic products, which harm human and environmental health. The use of plant-derived extracts as ecofriendly bioagents has become increasingly popular due to the biologically active compounds present in the plants. Thus, a study was conducted to determine the antifungal activity of the ethanol and acetone leaf extracts of Argyreia pomacea, Coccinia grandis, Erythrina subumbrans, and Gymnema sylvestre against the causal pathogen of mango stem-end rot. Pathogen was isolated from diseased mangoes and identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae. The pathogenicity of the isolated L. theobromae was confirmed on healthy samples of mangoes. The antifungal activity of leaf extracts was determined by the food poison technique. The leaf extracts were tested at different concentrations of 50, 25, and 12.5 mg/ml. Results indicated that the ethanol extract of E. subumbrans (29.21 ± 0.65 %) at the concentration of 50 mg/ml showed the highest percentage of mycelial growth inhibition followed by the acetone extract of G. sylvestre (28.97 ± 0.79 %) at the concentration of 25 mg/ml against the L. theobromae. The percentage of mycelial growth inhibition was significantly different among all treatments (P < 0.05). This might be due to the different kinds of phytochemicals in the plant leaves. Further studies are required to isolate and identify the specific bioactive compounds from the leaves, responsible for these antifungal activities.

Assessment of larvicidal, growth-suppressing, and developmentaltering bioefficacy of Ageratum houstonianum against Aedes aegypti (L.).

Aedes aegypti is a major vector responsible for spreading dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses worldwide. These illnesses have increased globally due to climate and environmental changes. Vector control and management are the principal tactics for combating mosquitoes-borne diseases in the absence of an effective vaccine. The study aimed to ascertain bioactivities of Ageratum houstonianum leaf acetone extract (AhLAE) against Aedes aegypti. Bioefficacy of AhLAE was tested against fourth instar larvae (L4) of Ae. aegypti using standard WHO protocol. The mortality, growth, and development of larvae, pupae and adults were recorded after exposure to the extract. The AhLAE showed larvicidal activity against L4 with LC50 and LC90 values of 401.88 and 691.24 mg/L, respectively. The mortality of the larvae further increased on subsequent days. The AhLAE caused a significant reduction in pupae formation and adult emergence. It also increased the larval duration of L4 and development duration of the pupa formed from the treated L4, indicating its growth-suppressing effects. The impact of the AhLAE was dose-dependent; high concentrations caused reduction in survival and growth of L4. Consequently, the L4-pupal and L4-adult growth indexes decreased. Additionally, the AhLAE induced developmental anomalies in the form of larva-pupa (L-P) intermediates. The study found that the AhLAE exhibited larvicidal, growth-suppressing, and development-altering activities against Ae. aegypti. The findings suggest the potential of AhALE as a natural insecticidal agent for controlling mosquitoes.

Antibacterial power of Pomegranate extracts against Beta-Lactamase producing Escherichia coli

Herbs, as the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)(P. granatum), has significant chemical constituents with distinct pharmacological properties. These chemicals confer neuroprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties to the plant. Pomegranate has specific components that enable its pharmacological actions; one of the functions of pomegranate extracts is to deactivate what is called extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) that makes Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistant to standard antibiotics. Twenty E. coli strains identified as beta-lactamase producers, the strains isolated from urine samples collected from patients with symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) and molecularly characterised using 16S rDNA. The study evaluated the antibiotic sensitivity and antibacterial activities of acetone and ethanolic pomegranate leaf and peel extracts, assessing their antimicrobial susceptibility against nineteen antibiotics. The ehanolic peel (EP) and leave (EL) extracts showed inhibitory potential inhibition zones spanning (9.0-12.6-18.3 mm) against E. coli pathogen producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase as compared with (10.2-15.3 mm) inhibition scale exhibited by acetone peel (AP) and leave (AL) extracts treatment. Pomegranate leaves and peel extracts contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and other biological effects, and can be fractionated for the identification of new antibacterial bioactive compounds for the development of drugs against ESBL- E. coli, in addition to their synergy with antibiotics for combination therapy that may have effective management and treatment of multidrug-resistant infections such as urinary tract infection.

Temperature and water stresses on antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plants have implications for sustainable use and global warming

Some traditional healers believe that herbal medicines derived from wild populations have higher activity than cultivated medicinal plants. This has important implications for the conservation of medicinal plants if traditional healers do not want to use cultivated plants. We have previously shown that water and temperature stresses have little effect on antimicrobial activity acetone leaf extracts of Leonotis dysophylla Benth., Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. and Tulbaghia violacea Harv. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts may be important in treating several different diseases. We have therefore investigated the effect of water and temperature stresses on the quantitative and qualitative antioxidant activity of these species in plants with limited genetic variation using 6‑hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) and l-ascorbic acid as positive controls. Activity was measured against two free radicals, 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). All plant extracts had some antioxidant activity following 182 to 240 days of exposure to temperature (15 °C and 30 °C) and water (50–500 ml/pot every second day) treatments. The IC50 values across water treatments did not show any clear patterns, which suggests that water stress had little influence on the antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the IC50 values under high temperature of 30 °C were statistically significantly higher than those under the temperature of 15 °C, which indicates that high temperature led to a reduced antioxidant activity. The effect of fluctuating temperatures higher than 30 °C because of prevailing global warming is more likely to lower the antioxidant activity of many important medicinal plants in nature. The results also indicate that plants in nature do not necessarily have higher activity to address concerns of traditional healers. Using cultivated plants may affect the quality and/or safety of medicinal properties to be used to treat different illnesses. As such, the establishment of optimal growth regimes for ex situ cultivation for important and especially threatened medicinal plants is recommended. It may help yield consistent supply of quality and quantity of bioactive material for self-medication and commercialisation. Cultivation may also contribute to conservation of species biodiversity.

Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Acetone Leaf and Stem-Bark Extracts of Psychotria dalzellii Hook.f. by GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of in vitro Anti-bacterial Properties

Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Acetone Leaf and Stem-Bark Extracts of Psychotria dalzellii Hook.f. by GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of in vitro Anti-bacterial Properties

Increased antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extract of Isodon coetsa

Application of nanotechnology for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract can be a promising alternative to traditional chemical methods. Products of biological origin have less side effects, thus are safe for human health besides being cost-effective and pollution-free. Keeping in view this, the current work was designed for the environment- friendly production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilising Isodon coetsa acetone leaf extract. The effect of some important variables including incubation time, pH, AgNO3 concentration, temperature and volume of plant extract were examined for the optimum production of AgNPs. Synthesized nanoparticles were further characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the antibacterial potential of nanoparticles was also determined by agar-well diffusion method. The optimal conditions for synthesis of AgNPs achieved after 24 h of incubation at pH 9.0, 2mM AgNO3, 60°C temperature, and using 10% I. coetsa leaf extract. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy revealed that the size of the strongest peak for AgNPs was 9.5 nm, while atomic force microscopy confirmed their spherical shape with smooth surface without any pinholes or cracks. AgNPs showed excellent antibacterial action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The current study has contributed to the development of a simple and fast bioprocess for the synthesis of AgNPs of the appropriate size and form which also have increased antibacterial activity in comparison to crude extract. Therefore, the process of biogenically synthesised AgNPs from plants is a straightforward, commercially feasible, and environmentally benign approach that can be used in disease control while utilizing their important role as therapeutic agent for treating various ailments caused by pathogenic bacteria.

Utilization of Suji Leaves Extract (Pleomele Angustifolia N.E Brown) in Inhibiting Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation on Rats

Suji leaf (Pleomele angustifolia N.E. Brown) has long been used as an ingredient for traditional medicines. This study seeks to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of suji leaf extract in terms of its ability to reduce oedema in the hind paws of rats. Six groups were treated: negative control, positive control given diclofenac sodium as anti-inflammatory medication, two groups of suji leaf extract powder (SEP) with doses of 300 and 800 mg/kg, acetone extract of suji leaf (AES), and a group of acetone extract of SEP (EA-SEP) at a dose of 500 mg/kg with oral administration. Injections of 1% carrageenan suspension into the right hind paw of rats induced inflammation. The results demonstrated that SEP administered at a dose of 800 mg/kg has an inflammatory capacity (80.56%), AES (56.94%), and AE-SEP (75.7%). Chlorophyll, total phenol, and antioxidant capacity in SEP (9.0809 mg /g sample; 3.7354 mg GAE/g sample; 3.04 mg AAE/g sample), AES (4.6471 mg /g sample; 0.9994 mg GAE/g sample; 3.26 mg AAE/g sample), and AE-SEP (6.4912 mg /g sample; 2.1703 mg GAE/g sample; 2.55 mg AAE/g sample). According to qualitative test results, Suji extract contains bioactive compounds of the flavonoid group, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. It is believed that phenolic compounds function as anti-inflammatory agents.

Momordica balsamina acetone leaf extract induces apoptosis and inhibits the invasiveness and migration of MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Despite its well-documented nutritional and medicinal properties, Momordica balsamina has not received enough attention in cancer research. As a result, this study investigated whether a crude acetone leaf extract of Momordica balsamina could induce apoptosis and inhibit the migration and invasiveness of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The MTT assay showed a significant decrease in cell viability after 48 h of treatment with concentrations from 100 – 200 µg/ml of the extract. Light microscopy, the acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining assay, and the Muse™ MitoPotential kit showed that the decrease in cell viability is associated with apoptotic cell death. Indeed, extract-treated cells showed signs of chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and loss of membrane permeability and mitochondrial membrane potential. The scratch wound-healing assay and transwell cell invasion kit showed that the extract inhibited the invasive and migratory abilities of MCF-7 cells, respectively. Also, the extract modulated the expression of proteins involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis, as well as those involved in the regulation of cell invasiveness and migration. Based on these findings, we concluded that Momordica balsamina is a potential source of anticancer compounds.

Investigation of Anthelmintic Potential of Two Leafy Vegetables from the Amaranthaceae Family

Objective: The present study investigates the anthelmintic potential of Amaranthus viridis Linn. and Amaranthus tricolor Linn. (Amaranthaceae) leafy vegetables from the Pune district, traditionally used as vermicides. Materials and Methods:The ethyl acetate, acetone and ethanol leaf extracts of both plants were subjected to preliminary investigations for thephytochemical elements. The anthelmintic activity of these extracts was tested against fully-grown Eisenia fetida earthworms.Ethyl acetate extract of A. viridis L. and acetone extract of Amaranthus tricolor L. showed the presence of all phytochemicals.Doses of 10–30 mg/ml were used in bioassay. Time of paralysis and death of earthworms was observed. Results: All extractsexhibited considerable dose-dependent activity against the reference drug, showing maximum activity at 30 mg/mL in bothplants. The most promising activity was exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract of the A. viridis L. (P (min.) = 4, D (min.) =5), followed by the acetone extract of the A. tricolor L. (P (min.) = 6, D (min.) = 13). Albendazole (20 mg/ml) and normalsaline were applied as a standard drug and control, respectively. High concentrations of alkaloids, tannins, and phenolicphytochemicals might be responsible for the exceptional activity. Conclusion: The present work scientifically validates thetraditional use and concludes that ethyl acetate and acetone extracts may be further processed to isolate the compoundsresponsible for said activity. One-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5% was used to validate the data (n = 3, p < 0.05).

Botanical insecticides: Assessment of Vitex negundo and Acorus calamus acetone leaf extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Botanical insecticides: Assessment of Vitex negundo and Acorus calamus acetone leaf extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Antifungal Activity of Citrus Limon Leaf Extracts against Fungal Pathogens Isolated from Decaying Potato Tubers in Supermarkets of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Globally, fungal pathogens pose severe threats to stored cereal and tuber crops, resulting in substantial losses in economic crops. This study investigated the inhibitory activities of aqueous, ethanol, and acetone leaf extracts of Citrus limon L. Osbeck against the mycelial growth of Curvularia mebaldsii, Fusarium oxysporum, and Penicillium species isolated from spoilt potato tubers retailed within supermarkets in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Various concentrations (100 g/L, 50 g/L, and 25 g/L) of the C. limon leaf extracts (aqueous, acetone and ethanol) were prepared and (5 mL) amended with potato dextrose agar (oxoid, UK) previously inoculated with the 7-day old culture of each fungal isolates before incubation at 28 oC. The percentage growth inhibition was determined to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of each extract. Aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts at 50g/L and 100 g/L displayed 100 % inhibition against all three pathogens except Penicillium sp. with 91.0 - 90.97 % inhibition. The ethanol and acetone extracts had the most inhibitory effects against F. oxysporum C. mebaldsii. In contrast, the aqueous extracts displayed the least effects, though not significantly different (p0.05) across the concentrations. The notable antifungal effects against F. oxysporum, a prominent pathogen of post-harvest spoilage of potatoes, suggest the potential use of C. limon extracts to enhance the shelf-life of potatoes in supermarkets, specifically, and for post-harvest storage in general.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the leaf and stem extracts of Carissa bispinosa used for dental health care

BackgroundCarissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan is one of the plants used traditionally to treat oral infections. However, there is limited data validating its therapeutic properties and photochemistry. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective efficacy of the leaf and stem extracts of C. bispinosa against oral infections.MethodsThe phenolic and tannin contents were measured using Folin-Ciocalteau method after extracting with different solvents. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts were assessed using the microdilution method against fungal (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata) and bacterial (Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) strains. The 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing power (FRP) models were utilised to assess the antioxidant potential of the extracts. Cytotoxicity of the leaf acetone extract was evaluated using the methylthiazol tetrazolium assay.ResultsThe methanol leaf extract had the highest phenolic content (113.20 mg TAE/g), whereas hexane extract displayed the highest tannin composition of 22.98 mg GAE/g. The acetone stem extract had the highest phenolic content (338 mg TAE/g) and the stem extract yielded the highest total tannin content (49.87 mg GAE/g). The methanol leaf extract demonstrated the lowest MIC value (0.31 mg/mL), whereas the stem ethanol extract had the least MIC value of 0.31 mg/mL. The stem methanol extract had the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50, 72 µg/mL) whereas the stem ethanol extract displayed maximum FRP with absorbance of 1.916. The leaf acetone extract had minimum cytotoxicity with the lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.63 mg/mL.ConclusionsThe results obtained in this study validated the protective effect of C. bispinosa against oral infections.

Therapeutic and Biological Aspects of Leaf Extracts from Indian Copper leaf Plant (Acalypha Indica)

Acalypha indica is found extensively in India and the Indian subcontinent. The whole plant has medicinal values with many ethnobotanical importance which has been described in many ancient and modern literatures. Most medicinal and therapeutic capabilities are present in leaves compared to other plant parts such as roots, stems, seeds and flowers. Various studies have been proposed to establish the therapeutic capabilities of the Indian Copper leaf plant (Acalypha indica). This research paper focuses on studying different phytochemicals present in acetone and hydro-alcohol leaf extracts of Acalypha indica with quantification of Phenol and Flavonoid content in the plant extracts. This experimental evidence also quantifies the antioxidant properties by DPPH methodology for given extracts and the plants’ importance as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The study also gives insight into the capability of the solvent extracts for the greener synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP’s) from molecular silver solution with characterization and morphological characteristics of synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of musky smelling Dendrobium moschatum and screening of its antibacterial potential

In the realm of floriculture, orchids have attracted a lot of interest for their alluring and distinctive morphological looks. In the present study, the musky smelling orchid Dendrobium moschatum was screened for its phytochemical and antioxidant property analysis followed by characterization and isolation of bioactive compounds. The plant contained high amount of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 21.86 ± 0.44 and 12.52 ± 0.23 respectively. The acetone extract of leaf of D. moschatum was evaluated using GC-MS, TLC and NMR spectroscopy and based on these, 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one also termed as coumarin was isolated as the main bioactive compound. The crude extract of the species showed satisfactory results by inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis at MIC 0.78 mg/mL, but not so effective against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. This signifies that the plant is valuable source of essential bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial activity which is not only advantageous for its conservation in natural habitat but also for the development of therapeutic alternates against common bacterial infections.

Biochemical, Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Potential of Allamanda blanchetii (Purple Allamanda)

One of the significant members of the perennial, terrestrial plant family Apocynaceae is Allamanda blanchetii. Its gorgeous blossom has led to its cultivation as an ornamental plant. Many ailments can be cured using medicinal herbs. We have presented the preliminary analysis of A. blanchetii in this work. In this work, we have provided a phytochemical analysis of A. blanchetii, which may suggest that it has therapeutic potential. The chloroform, acetone, and methanol leaf extract has been demonstrated to contain flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. We also research A. blanchetii biological makeup. Three different chlorophyll concentrations are shown: total chlorophyll (4.90 mg/g tissue), chlorophyll a (2.78 mg/g tissue), and chlorophyll b (2.71 mg/g tissue). carbs (35.30%), protein (23.5%), and fat (3.5%). While using thin layer chromatography (TLC) to detect different chemical compositions, the results revealed that the Rf value was 0.56 and that the colour band was yellowish. by adopting the AOAC standard technique, it is possible to study the pharmacological potential using variables such as moisture content, ash value, and extractive value in alcohol and water. The results show that there is 78.96% moisture content, 21.03% ash value, 30.40% extractive value in water, and 40.30% alcohol. The study’s findings indicate that A. blanchetii has therapeutic qualities and is useful for human society.

Abroma augusta (L.) L. f.: An ethno pharmacological review of its traditional uses and modern applications

Abroma augusta (L.) L. f. has been used as traditional medicine by tribal women in India, Bangladesh forms ancient times. Ayurvedic medicine, derived from herbal plants is used to reduce the gamble effects of the synthetic drugs. In homeopathy, it has been using successfully for a long period. Major Phytochemicals such as, Taraxerol, Friedelin, β-Sitosterol, α-Amyrin, Lupeol, Octacosanol, have potentialities to control diabetes, anti-inflammation, gynecological disorders etc. Root extract has given fruitful effect in menstrual disorder. It has anti-fertility activity, and it is a prominent uterine tonic. In gonorrhea treatment, leaf and stem extract in cold water is very effective. Acetone extract of leaf showed high anti-microbial effect against Gram-positive bacteria. Simultaneously, acetone leaf extracts shown anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans, Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus fumiguts. According to various reports regarding its phytochemical profiling and medicinal properties, it can be said that Abroma augusta should be used broadly for future drug development programmed.

Efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Salix safsafs on the mortality and development of two vector-borne mosquito species, Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti, in the laboratory and field

Mosquitoes are one of the most lethal animals in the world and transmit many dangerous human pathogens, causing millions of deaths each year. The search for modern and better mosquito control is an endless effort almost all over the world. Phytochemicals are promising biological agents for getting rid of pests that are harmful to human and animal health and crops, they are inexpensive, biodegradable, and have diverse modes of action. The efficacy of acetone and hexane leaf extracts of Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Salix safsafs was investigated against the 2nd and 4th larvae and pupae of two vectors, Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti. The results showed the obvious effect of A. nilotica extract on the mortality of mosquito larvae, the reduction of female eggs, and a higher mortality rate in sunlight than in shadow (fluorescein). Data from field trials revealed that A. nilotica extracts had the greatest effect on larval reduction, reaching 89.8% in 24 h and having a 12-day stability. Polyethylene glycol, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids were the most common compounds found in A. nilotica, E. camaldulensis, and S. safsafs, respectively. The acacia plant had promising larvicidal activity, safe and effective alternative to chemical insecticides.