Acetone Water Research Articles

Utilization of Carob Fruit as Sources of Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Potential: Extraction Optimization and Application in Food Models.

The goal of this study was to explore the potential of carob extracts to act as lipid inhibitors in model food systems. First, the extraction efficacy of fourteen solvents on the phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as on the antioxidant activity was assessed. Results showed that the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of the extracts were strongly affected by solvents. Subsequently, the antioxidant potential of the most promising extracts (water, methanol, acidic acetone, and acetone–water) against four model food systems were evaluated. The acidic acetone extract had the highest antioxidant activity (70.3 ± 5.3%) in the β-carotene-linoleic acid system, followed by the acetone–water extract (62.1 ± 4.9%). Both extracts significantly prevented the lipid oxidation in sunflower oil and cooked comminuted pork; the inhibition activity at the end of storage period was 36.7–50.5% and 17.4–24.8%, respectively. A reduction of 49.5–54.8% in the formation of dienes in the oil-in-water emulsion was also found. The inhibitory effect of methanolic and aqueous extracts was significantly lower. Qualitative and quantitative variations in extracts are responsible for this antioxidant behavior in food systems. Gallic acid, myrecetin, rutin, and catechin are the main components of the extracts while myricetin and quercetin play an essential role in the antioxidant activity, according to the biochromatograms.

Determination of antioxidant activities and chemical composition of sequential fractions of five edible mushrooms from Turkey.

Tricholoma scalpturatum, Tricholoma populinum, Neolentinus cyathiformis, Chlorophyllum agaricoides, and Lycoperdon utriforme have been traditionally utilized as food in Turkey for a long time. The present study focused on determining antioxidant activities, total phenolic groups contents (flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins), phenolic compounds and fatty acids of sequential extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, and pure water) obtained from five wild edible macrofungi species. Ethanol and acetone (or ethyl acetate) were found as the most efficient solvents in terms of antioxidant activities and extraction efficiency. Antioxidant studies showed that L. utriforme, C. agaricoides, and T. populinum exhibited the highest radical scavenging and reducing activities and contained the highest phenolic contents. Chromatographic studies revealed that phenolic acids (protocatechuic, gallic, and chlorogenic acids) and fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids) were the major contributors of the antioxidant activities of the extracts. The results obtained suggest the utilization of these macrofungi species as significant sources of natural antioxidants.

Chemical constituents of the extracts of the knotwood of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. and their antioxidant activity

Chemical composition of the extract from the Pinus roxburghii Sarg. knotwood was studied for the first time. The extracts were obtained by ultrasound assisted sequential extraction of knotwood with hexane, acetone—water (95 : 5, v/v), and water. According to GC-MS analysis, hexane extract was dominated by monoterpenoids amounting to 53.57% and sesquiterpenoids (41.05%). Components of the acetone—water (95 : 5, v/v) extract were isolated, purified by HPLC, and identified by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as 2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)butan-1,4-diol, 3-hydroxy-3,4-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one and 3,4-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. These compounds demonstrated notable antioxidant capacity determined using the amperometric method.

Allelopathic effect of Ocimum basilicum L. extracts on weeds and some crops and its possible use as new crude bio-herbicide

Experiments during 2018 and 2019 seasons, were carried out to investigate the allelopathic potentiality of Ocimum basilicum extract as a biodegradable herbicide against broad-leaved and grassy weeds. Leaves and flowers of Ocimum into flower were used to prepare extracts by three solvents (methanol, acetone and distilled water) to assay their effects on maize and soybean seedlings and dominant weeds in pots at Giza and fields Sids Stations. The inhibitor of 50% reduction (ID50) values on germination percentage for Amaranthus was about 0.2 to 0.9 mg, whereas for maize and soybean were 10 to 30 and 17 to 23 mg fresh weight of Ocimum equivalent extracts ml−1 respectively. Pots experiments showed that Amaranthus and Portulaca weeds were affected by extracts when applied post emergence which gave 33-68% reduction in fresh weight of Amaranthus/Portulaca mixture by the three studied extracts. Field experiment at Sids Station showed that the effect of different formulations, crude extract by acetone alone and extract plus camphor oil were more effective against broadleaved and grassy weeds than using its formulation with adjuvant where about 40.48 kg fresh weight of Ocimum equivalent extracts ml−1/ha when applied post emergence gave 97 to 99% control of weed biomass, which equal the recommended herbicide (glufosinate ammonium) effect. The chemical compositions of extracts were analyzed by GC–MS to determine chemical compositions of the developing new bio-herbicide. Thus, the present results suggest clearly that farmers can use easily extract 40.48 kg/ha of Ocimum to control weeds in horticulture orchard fields during summer season.

Addition of a surfactant to water increases the acaricidal activity of extracts of some plant species used to control ticks by Zimbabwean smallholder farmers

BackgroundMany studies have revealed that bioactive compounds for different indications are not extracted from plants with water, the only extractant practically available to rural communities. We compared the acaricidal activity of acetone extracts of 13 species used traditionally to protect cattle against ticks. We also investigated if the extraction of biologically active compounds against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus ticks could be enhanced by adding a liquid soap that is locally available to smallholder farmers.MethodsA total of 13 plant species selected based on reported traditional use in Zimbabwe, were dried and finely ground before extraction with water, or water plus a surfactant, or acetone. The adapted Shaw Larval Immersion Test (SLIT) method was used to determine the activity of acetone and crude water extracts with or without liquid soap against the tick larvae. The activity of four fractions of crude acetone extracts (extracted using solvents of different polarity), of the most active plant species, Maerua edulis (tuber and leaf) was also compared to identify the most active fraction.ResultsAqueous plant extracts were not toxic to ticks, but the addition of 1% liquid soap as a surfactant increased mortality of the R. (B) decoloratus larvae significantly. With the Maerua edulis tuber extract, the efficacy of the 1% liquid soap was comparable to that of the amitraz based commercial synthetic acaricide. The use of acetone as an extractant, also increased the mortality of the tick larvae in all the plant species. With M. edulis (tuber and leaf), Monadenium lugardae and Kleinia sp. acetone extracts, the activity was comparable to that of the positive control (a commercially available amitraz-based synthetic acaricide). The non-polar fractions of the acetone extract of leaf and tuber of M. edulis caused up to 100% mortality. This indicates that non-polar to intermediate polarity compounds are responsible for the acaricidal activity.ConclusionOrganic solvents such as acetone extracted active compounds but water did not. By adding commonly available dishwashing soap to water active compounds were extracted leading to a high acaricidal activity of the plant extracts. In some cases, it was as active as non-polar extracts and a synthetic commercial acaricide (positive control). This approach makes it possible for the smallholder farmers and traditional healers to extract biologically active compounds from plants by using water.

Ternary phase diagrams and metastable zone width of azithromycin in water–acetone solvent mixtures

The transition water activity of azithromycin in water–acetone solvent mixtures at temperatures 293.15 K, 298.15 K, 303.15 K and 308.15 K was determined under atmospheric pressure, and the ternary phase diagrams for the system of water–azithromycin–acetone at varying temperature were described. Results showed that azithromycin monohydrate can be obtained by lowering the water activity and the transition water activity in acetone–water solvent mixtures at temperatures (293.15 K, 298.15 K, 303.15 K and 308.15 K) was 0.17, 0.21, 0.242 and 0.287, which increased with temperature. Besides, the metastable zone width (MSZW) of azithromycin dihydrate in water–acetone solvent mixtures was measured by laser method. The effect of initial temperature and cooling rate on MSZW of azithromycin dihydrate was studied. It was observed that the MSZW decreases with the increase in initial temperature. Nevertheless, the MSZW becomes wider by enhancing the cooling rate. All the results are of great importance to develop a crystallization process for manufacturing azithromycin hydrate and could be helpful to other solvate transformation research.

Transformation of graphene oxide in supercritical media

Graphene oxide (GO) synthesized according to the modified Hummers method was reduced by supercritical isopropyl alcohol (SCI), supercritical acetone (SCA), and supercritical water (SCW). Methods free of toxic reducing agents were developed for the graphene production. The composition, morphology, and structure of synthesized graphene were determined using CHN analysis, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The best results were acquired in the case of GO reduction in SCA and SCI at high parameters.

Using poly(vinyldodecylimidazolium bromide) for the in-situ product recovery of n-butanol.

The mitigation of end-product inhibition during the biosynthesis of n-butanol is demonstrated for an in-situ product recovery (ISPR) system employing a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) absorbent. The thermodynamic affinity of poly(vinyldodecylimidazolium bromide) [P(VC12 ImBr)] for n-butanol, acetone and ethanol versus water was measured at conditions experienced in a typical acetone-ethanol-butanol (ABE) fermentation. In addition to providing a high n-butanol partition coefficient (PC = 6.5) and selectivity (αBuOH/water = 46), P(VC12 ImBr) is shown to be biocompatible with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Clostridium acetobutylicum. Furthermore, the diffusivity of n-butanol in a hydrated PIL provides absorption rates that support ISPR applications. Using a 5 wt% PIL phase fraction relative to the aqueous phase mass, P(VC12 ImBr) improved the volumetric productivity of a batch ABE ISPR process by 31% relative to a control fermentation. The concentration of n-butanol in the P(VC12 ImBr) phase was sufficient to increase the alcohol concentration from 1.5 wt% in the fermentation medium to 25 wt% in the saturated PIL, thereby facilitating downstream n-butanol recovery.

Flavor and mouthfeel of pseudo‐cocoa liquor: Effects of polyphenols, fat content, and training method

AbstractCurrent theories of astringency propose that this sensation is a result of delubrication in the oral cavity due to precipitation of salivary proteins. Astringency, commonly described as a drying or puckering sensation, is a main driving factor for rejection of certain foods. Previous studies have shown that fat plays a role in moderating astringency in foods. To investigate the role that polyphenols and fat play in astringency perception, we used modified cocoa powders to produce pseudo‐cocoa liquor systems that were rated for taste and flavor attributes on generalized Labeled Magnitude Scales by semi‐trained consumers. Our results show significant differences among the cocoa liquors, resulting from acetone–water extraction of free polyphenols and fat content variation. No significant differences resulted from training with oil‐based vis‐à‐vis water‐based reference solutions.Practical ApplicationsAstringency is a prominent sensation commonly experienced by individuals who consume cocoa and chocolate products. It is of the utmost importance to the cocoa and chocolate industry because consumers typically reject products that are highly astringent. Therefore, study of the perception of astringency and the role that polyphenols and fat play would benefit our understanding of these fat‐based products. Training with aqueous‐based references, which was easier than oil‐based references, yielded equivalent results.

Effect of Processing Parameters on Polymerization of P3HT in Presence of CdS

To achieve better incorporation and distribution of CdS nanoparticles in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), the in situ methodology for synthesis of P3HT in presence of cadmium sulfide (CdS) was modified. P3HT/CdS composites were synthesized by in situ oxidative polymerization of 3-hexylthiophene monomer in presence of CdS using a 3-hexylthiophene (3HT)/CdS weight ratio of 1/0.21. CdS nanoparticles were added to the monomer solution instead of to the oxidant solution. The products were washed by centrifugation using different methods: (a) with methanol, hydrochloric acid, acetone, ammonium hydroxide, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and distilled water, (b) with all solvents previously mentioned, except hydrochloric acid, and (c) with methanol and acetonitrile. The results revealed a greater incorporation and better distribution of CdS nanoparticles within the P3HT matrix when the synthesis process was modified. The presence of CdS in the P3HT polymer matrix improved the energy conversion efficiency by more than twofold when employing a glass/indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS)/P3HT-CdS:[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM)/poly[(9,9-bis(3′-(N,N-dimethylamino)- propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] (PFN)/Field’s metal (FM) device architecture.

Morphology stability of polymethylmethacrylate nanospheres formed in water–acetone dispersion medium

The aim of this study is to develop a manufacturing technique of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) nanospheres to produce a more stable opal template. Water–acetone mixture was used as a dispersion medium to synthesize a PMMA opal structure. Morphology features, IR vibrational spectra and glass transition temperatures of the PMMA nanospheres formed in the water–acetone dispersion medium (nanospheres A) have been studied comparing with the same prepared in distilled water solution without acetone (nanospheres B). A dependence of a shrinkage degree of the nanoparticles on the acetone volume has been investigated. It has been revealed that under an electron beam action the shrinkage degree of the nanospheres A is in the range of 7–16% while the shrinkage of the nanospheres B is 18–25% at the same conditions. The nanospheres A are less flexible and soft as compared to the nanospheres B. Additionally, an ability of the PMMA nanoparticles fabricated in the water–acetone dispersion medium to form the ordered opal structures is demonstrated to be the similar to the nanospheres B.

Antibacterial activities of Calpurnia aurea and Ocimum lamiifolium extracts against selected gram positive and gram-negative bacteria

Indigenous knowledge, literature reports and ethnobotanical records suggest that plants are the basis for medicines. This study was designed to examine in-vitro antibacterial activity of Calpurnia aurea (leaf, bark) and Ocimum lamiifolium (leaf, flower) collected from Wonsho and Shebedino districts of Sidama Zone, southern Ethiopia, with different solvents against three Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria in 2018. The leaf and bark of Calpurnia aurea and leaf and flower of Ocimum lamiifolium were dried, powdered and extracted with 80% acetone, ethanol, methanol and distilled water. Disc diffusion method was used for the antibacterial assay and measuring the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined by broth macrodilution method. The highest percentage yield of crude bioactive agents, i.e., 36.9% was obtained from Ocimum lamiifolium leaf with methanol as a solvent, while the lowest yield 12.6% was obtained from Calpurnia aurea bark with acetone extract. All crude extracts from the different plant parts showed antibacterial activity. Accordingly, Calpurnia aurea bark with methanol extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity 22.64±0.95 (mm) against S. aureus which was comparable to standard antibiotic disc Ciprofloxacin with inhibition zone of 24.00 ±0.19 (mm), while the lowest inhibition of 6.12±0.41 (mm) was recorded from Ocimum lamiifolium flower with water crude extract against P. aeruginosa. The MIC of 3.13mg/ml was observed from methanol crude extract of bark of Calpurina aurea on S. aurea. Crude bark extract of Methanol showed the highest antibacterial activity. The studies revealed that antibacterial activity of the crude extracts from the different parts of the plant were variable when extracted by different solvents, however, possesses good antimicrobial activity which support the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of bacterial infections under study. Finally, to support the traditional users, scientific verification on phytochemical analysis and toxicity test should be carried out to confirm users’ safety.

Phytochemical Analysis of Algal Species Found in Sutrapada Coastal Region of Gujarat

The aim of the present study is to assess the phytochemicals of nine marine algae species which is further divided in to three classes. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was done on nine different algae species of Saurashtra coastal belt in Gujarat. For the qualitative phytochemical analysis total 16 different parameters were analyzed on algae species. Extracts prepared in two solvents viz., chloroform extract (CE) and acetone-water extract (AWE). Amongst the two different extracts, acetone water extract showed the presence of maximum number of phytochemical compounds. Next to that, acetone, water extract showed steroid, glycosides, tannin, protein and flavonoids compounds were present in all algae species. The presence of tannins, steroid, glycosides, reducing sugar, protein and flavonoids were observed in two extracts of three algal classes.

Separation of Cenospheres from Lignite Fly Ash Using Acetone–Water Mixture

This work reports on the separation of cenospheres from lignite fly ash through a wet separation process-the sink-float method. A better quality of cenospheres could be achieved through a physical–chemical approach using an acetone–water mixture as a medium. This work aimed to elucidate the correlation between the structure, morphology, and composition and medium fraction variables, with data for the freshly prepared and the reused mixtures presented for comparison. The work covers a study of the macrocomponent composition of an Fe2O3–SiO2–Al2O3 system, highlighting the pair dependences of SiO2–Al2O3, Al2O3–Fe2O3, and SiO2/Al2O3–Al2O3 and revealing an interesting result in terms of geochemical characteristics categorizing the collected cenosphere fractions separated from high-calcium class C fly ash produced from a lignite coal power plant in Thailand (as magnetic cenospheres). The CaO and SO3 contents increased monotonically with increased water content, particularly for the CaO composition profile, which was found to be similar to the increased carbonate concentration measured from the mixtures after use. The physicochemical properties in terms of the self-association ability of the acetone–water mixing phase is believed to have played an important role in determining the intermolecular interactions and reactivity of ions in the liquid phase, consequently affecting the separation efficiency, recovery yield, and quality of cenospheres.

Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Compositions and Global Phase Behavior for Lignin–Acetone–Water Ternary at 25, 45, and 65 °C

Liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) phase compositions and tie lines were measured for the lignin–acetone–water system in the region of LLE where the aqueous lignin purification with hot agents (ALPHA)...

Solubility and thermodynamics of polymorphic indomethacin in binary solvent mixtures

The significant effect of solvent mixtures on the dissolution behavior of indomethacin (IMC) was systematically studied. Experimental measurements were carried out using an in-situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer. Three thermodynamic models were used to correlate the experimental data to determine the solubilities of α- and γ-form IMC in three representative systems, including acetone–heptane, acetone–water and ethanol–water at temperatures ranging from 293 K to 318 K under atmospheric pressure. The acetone–water mixture has the largest dissolving capacity for IMC among the three studied solvent mixtures, and generates “cosolvent effect”. This effect is associated with the strong hydrogen-bond interaction between acetone and water. Notably, it is found that solvent–cosolvent mixtures with solubility parameters of 21 MPa0.5–24 MPa0.5 are suitable for solubility improvement in the design of pharmaceutical formulations of IMC. The solvent and antisolvent can be chosen in this order: δantisolvent < δsolvent < 21 MPa0.5 or δantisolvent > δsolvent > 24 MPa0.5 for the antisolvent crystallization of IMC. Our analysis strongly demonstrates that the solubility parameter can be a simple and efficient tool in preliminary solvent screening. However, the relationship between the solubility parameter and the resulting polymorphic form in antisolvent crystallization requires further study to achieve its potential applicability in polymorphic control.

Isolation of Chloride Sodium from Concentrated Wastewater in Chemical Productions

The process of separation of sodium chloride from its aqueous solutions with concentrations of more than 14.65 wt % by adding acetone to the system was studied. The solubility equation of NaCl in the water–ac-etone–NaCl system was derived at acetone concentrations of more than 84.5 wt %. It was shown that the optimal mass ratio of acetone and the initial salt solution is (8–9): 1. In this case, more than 94% NaCl precipitates. A block diagram of the wastewater treatment process for chemical plants with a high NaCl content is presented.

The formulation optimization and properties of novel oleuropein-loaded nanocarriers.

The present study sought to encapsulate oleuropein as a nutraceutical compound in order to investigate its physical properties and stability. We extracted the phenolic compounds of virgin olive leaf by ethanol-water and acetone-water solvents. The purity of this extract was confirmed by analytical high-performance liquid chromatography using oleuropein standard. Oleuropein was encapsulated with different components (lecithin, linoleic acid, glycerol monostearate, soybean oil, and Tween 80), and the effect of their contents on oleuropein-nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) characteristics was checked by dynamic light scattering test. Moreover, several features of the optimal nanocarrier, including zeta potential, structural, morphology, stability, as well as thermal behavior were studied. The results of optimal NLC exhibited a high zeta potential as well as supreme stability versus aggregation. Thermal study indicated that oleuropein was well embedded into NLCs. The scanning electron microscope images showed that NLC samples had many spherical particles in the form of chain structure. The stable nanocarriers did not exhibit any oleuropein leakage following their analyses for 90days at - 18, 6, and 25°C in aqueous suspension.

TLC-based enantiomeric separation of amino acids onto β-CD-incorporated glutaraldehyde-crosslinked PVA electrospun fiber stationary phase

Simple and economical methods for chiral separations are always needed in synthesis and drug development and as biomarkers, besides many other useful applications. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are chiral host molecules and have been used to separate a number of chiral analytes. In this study, we have successfully prepared electrospun films of β-CD incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking. These films of β-CD-PVA-GA electrospun fibers are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which were subsequently used for thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-based enantiomeric separation of histidine and serine pairs. Amino acids were detected by spraying the chromatograms with the ninhydrin solution. Among various solvent systems employed, it was found that the separation of serine enantiomers with a resolution of 1.6 was possible with the mobile phase ethanol–butanol–ethyl acetate–water–acetone (4:5:5:0.5:1.5,v/v), and histidine enantiomers with a resolution of 1.4 were possible with the mobile phase ethanol–butanol–ethyl acetate–water–acetone (4:5:4.5:0.5:1.5,v/v). This proves that the prepared stationary phase is efficient in enatioresolution of selected amino acid pairs and can be further examined for physiological samples.

Determination of Factors Affecting Extraction of Rebaudioside A &amp; Stevioside from Stevia Leaves

Solid-liquid extraction is a recovery process in which the extracting solvent will recover certain components from a solid material. In this study, three extracting solvents were used which are absolute ethanol, acetone and distilled water. These solvents extracted two sweet components, Rebaudioside A and stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana. These two components can be converted into natural sweetener with zero calorie which does not affect blood glucose level. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum value of parameters to extract the highest amount of steviol glycosides. The extraction was done in 3 phases. First phase was to determine the best ratio between stevia and extracting solvent, second phase determined the best extracting time and third phase was to obtain the optimum temperature. From this study, ethanol proved to be the best extracting solvent. Ethanol extraction of Rebaudioside A and stevioside in the most suitable condition (ratio 1:25, 1 hour and 40℃) produced 12.48% of stevioside and 0.57% of Rebaudioside A.