Acetic Acid Consumption Research Articles

Exploring the effect of lipid loading on acidogenic fermentation of food waste: Insights from microbiome, quorum sensing and carbon metabolic pathway

The high lipid loading in food waste (FW) is widely regarded as one of the main bottlenecks in the traditional anaerobic digestion, but the effect of lipid on FW acidogenic fermentation has been historically ignored. This study attempted to reveal the influence of lipid loading on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and the corresponding synthesis mechanisms during FW acidogenic fermentation. The VFAs production reached 27.10 ± 1.00 g COD/L when the lipid loading comprised 25 % of the FW dry weight, increasing by 36.88 % compared to the CK group. Lactobacillus, with a relative abundance of 59.43 %, was the predominant genus under lipid loading. In quorum sensing (QS) system, the relative abundance of luxS that is involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) signal molecule increased from 0.066 % to 0.10 % in the presence of lipid. The relative abundance of Genetic Information Processing increased from 16.36 % to 24.25 % under lipid loading, with up-regulation of Translation and Replication and repair. Lipid loading not only promoted the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetic acid, as evidenced by a 1.36-fold increase in pta gene abundance, but also concurrently suppressed the consumption of acetic acid, reflected in the 96.83 % and 77.16 % decreases in ALDH and aldB abundance, thus accumulating acetic acid. Carbon emission was also constrained under lipid loading, in which the conversion from formate to CO2 and passing Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were restricted over 60 %. Together, lipid loading in FW represents a potential strategy for enhancing VFAs production in FW acidogenic fermentation.

(Invited) Integrated Chemocatalytic Conversion of Cellulosic Biomass to Gasoline Blended Fuel Using a Multifunctional Nano-Catalysts

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in India has initiated several programs to promote effective ways of utilizing biomass energy to boost the country's economy. In order to improve the effective use of biomass resources, the initiative for biomass power and cogeneration has adopted the use of bagasse-based cogeneration and biomass power generation in sugar mills. Because of its remarkable characteristics, including its high-octane number, low cetane number, and significant heat of vaporization, bioethanol is considered as a desirable biofuel. In addition, the increased biofuel production, in particular bioethanol, satisfies the criteria of the energy demand. These criteria include the fuel's ability to be blended with gasoline and diesel, as well as standards for low-carbon fuels.Chemocatalytic conversion using nanowire catalysts reduce side reactions caused on by an intermediate product while facilitating cascade reactions that lead to a desired product. In this work, metal oxide nanowires (TiO2 and WO3) were synthesised using a plasma-assisted method and metal nanoparticles (Pt and Ru) were impregnated on the as-synthesised NWs. In a high-pressure slurry batch reactor, reactions were carried out to obtain the optimal conditions for the desired product. The catalysts were characterised to reveal the catalysts-activity relationship. Various analytical techniques were used to quantify the liquid and gaseous products collected after the reactions.The direct conversion of cellulose to C2-C3 alcohols using tungsten-based co-catalysts was enhanced even at low temperatures. X-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman analysis show the oxygen vacancy (Ov) enrichment on the surface of Pt/TiO2 in presence of tungsten co-catalysts which improved their catalytic activity. The role of metallic platinum (Pto) was also investigated and found to have a linear relationship with the activity as follows: H2WO4 > (NH4)6H2W12O40.xH2O > H3PW12O40 . Maximum yields of 32.33% and 51.52% of ethanol and propane-2-ol at optimum temperatures of 220℃ and 250℃, respectively, were obtained with H2WO4. Catalytic reaction performed using tandem catalytic system gives a high ethanol yield of 25.56%, which is low as compared to an integrated catalytic system. Based on the experimental results, the reaction pathway is proposed which elaborates the activation and cleavage of specific C-C and C-O bonds.Moreover, the dual functionality of tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorods as support and co-catalyst was also studied, enhances the catalytic behaviour, and the promotional study of W was studied for delivering a high yield of ethanol to 43.98% under optimum reaction conditions. The cellulose conversion was calculated to be 98.5%. The XPS study reveals the oxidation state of WO3 employing the change in catalytic activity before and after the addition of co-catalysts. The electron-deficient state of the metallic component (Ruo) is favourable for H2 adsorption on the surface, producing more active hydrogen species and thus promoting hydrogenation. As a result of these electronic understandings of Ruo and W, the reason for the higher activity of these nano synthesised Ru/WO3 compared to WO3 was concluded. Furthermore, a series of characterizations were performed to reveal the catalysts-activity relationship. Our characterization and activity test suggested that the synergistic effect of W6+ and Ruo facilitate the formation of ethanol whereas, Bronsted acid sites from W-based catalysts and Bronsted base from hot compressed water (HCW) collectively participate in the hydrolysis of cellulose and C-C cleavage of glucose to ethanol via selective hydrogenolysis of C-OH. The bond functionality was also investigated by performing reactions with various reactants under the same reaction conditions. This presentation will provide our understanding of the mechanism and kinetic correlation of the integrated cellulose-to-ethanol synthesis important for sustainable ethanol production.Correspondence should be addressed to: sreedevi@chemical.iitd.ac.in. Acknowledgments The authors thankfully acknowledge funding support from TUD-IITD MFIRP project. References Governement of India of India, BioEnergy, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. https://mnre.gov.in/bio-energy/current-status (accessed Dec. 27, 2023).S. Achinas and G. J. W. Euverink, Consolidated briefing of biochemical ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, Electron. J. Biotechnol., 2016, 23: 44–53Beena Patel and Bharat Gami, Biomass Characterization and its Use as Solid Fuel for Combustion, Iran. J. Energy Environ., Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 2012; 3 (2):123-128N. Wei, J. Quarterman, S. R. Kim, J. H. D. Cate, and Y. S. Jin, Enhanced biofuel production through coupled acetic acid and xylose consumption by engineered yeast, Nat. Commun., 2013; 4:1–8 Figure 1

Preovulatory follicular fluid secretome added to in vitro maturation medium influences the metabolism of equine cumulus-oocyte complexes

BackgroundIn vitro embryo production is a highly demanded reproductive technology in horses, which requires the recovery (in vivo or post-mortem) and in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes. Oocytes subjected to IVM exhibit poor developmental competence compared to their in vivo counterparts, being this related to a suboptimal composition of commercial maturation media. The objective of this work was to study the effect of different concentrations of secretome obtained from equine preovulatory follicular fluid (FF) on cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) during IVM. COCs retrieved in vivo by ovum pick up (OPU) or post-mortem from a slaughterhouse (SLA) were subjected to IVM in the presence or absence of secretome (Control: 0 µg/ml, S20: 20 µg/ml or S40: 40 µg/ml). After IVM, the metabolome of the medium used for oocyte maturation prior (Pre-IVM) and after IVM (Post-IVM), COCs mRNA expression, and oocyte meiotic competence were analysed.ResultsIVM leads to lactic acid production and an acetic acid consumption in COCs obtained from OPU and SLA. However, glucose consumption after IVM was higher in COCs from OPU when S40 was added (Control Pre-IVM vs. S40 Post-IVM: 117.24 ± 7.72 vs. 82.69 ± 4.24; Mean µM ± SEM; p < 0.05), while this was not observed in COCs from SLA. Likewise, secretome enhanced uptake of threonine (Control Pre-IVM vs. S20 Post-IVM vs. S40 Post-IVM: 4.93 ± 0.33 vs. 3.04 ± 0.25 vs. 2.84 ± 0.27; Mean µM ± SEM; p < 0.05) in COCs recovered by OPU. Regarding the relative mRNA expression of candidate genes related to metabolism, Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) expression was significantly downregulated when secretome was added during IVM at 20–40 µg/ml in OPU-derived COCs (Control vs. S20 vs. S40: 1.77 ± 0.14 vs. 1 ± 0.25 vs. 1.23 ± 0.14; fold change ± SEM; p < 0.05), but not in SLA COCs.ConclusionsThe addition of secretome during in vitro maturation (IVM) affects the gene expression of LDHA, glucose metabolism, and amino acid turnover in equine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), with diverging outcomes observed between COCs retrieved using ovum pick up (OPU) and slaughterhouse-derived COCs (SLA).

Unlocking the potential of one-carbon gases (CO2, CO) for concomitant bioproduction of β-carotene and lipids

This study investigates the use of a Yarrowia lipolytica strain for the bioconversion of syngas-derived acetic acid into β-carotene and lipids. A two-stage process was employed, starting with the acetogenic fermentation of syngas by Clostridium aceticum, metabolising CO, CO2, H2, to produce acetic acid, which is then utilized by Y. lipolytica for simultaneous lipid and β-carotene synthesis. The research demonstrates that acetic acid concentration plays a pivotal role in modulating lipid profiles and enhancing β-carotene production, with increased acetic acid consumption leading to higher yields of these compounds. This approach showcases the potential of using one-carbon gases as substrates in bioprocesses for generating valuable bioproducts, providing a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to more conventional feedstocks and substrates, such as sugars.

A crosslinked waterborne poly(vinyl acetate) for greenhouse gas fixation with improved elastomeric properties, shape-memory ability, and recyclability

The development of raw materials from methane and carbon dioxide holds significant potential to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduce the global carbon footprint. As an important monomer, vinyl acetate (VAc) can be produced by the consumption of acetic acid, which will potentially contribute to the reduction of GHGs emission. However, polymers based on VAc are usually prepared from emulsion polymerization in water which brings about the challenges of using modification processes to improve their properties. Here, a newly developed crosslink was able to establish covalently adaptable networks directly in water, enabling the formation of a poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) composite. As a result, PVAc emulsions using a monomer of 100% VAc could be transformed from a soft and weak adhesive polymer into an elastomeric polymer composite network with an elongation (775%) at break and flexibility. With the enhanced rubbery modulus, the polymer possesses characteristics for shape-memory material applications with 93% shape fixity and 99% shape recovery after repeated deformation and shape fixity for three times. The recyclability of the PVAc thermosets was demonstrated after granulating and remolding three times, representing an opportunity for designing a greenhouse gas fixing material.

Strategy to reduce acetic acid in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate concomitantly with xylitol production by the promising yeast Cyberlindnera xylosilytica in a bioreactor.

The yeast Cyberlindnera xylosilytica UFMG-CM-Y309 has been identified as a promising new xylitol producer from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SCHH). However, SCHH pretreatment process generates byproducts, which are toxic to cell metabolism, including furans, phenolic compounds, and carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, typically released at high concentrations. This research aims to reduce acetic acid in sugarcane hemicellulose hydrolysate concomitantly with xylitol production by yeast strain Cy. xylosilytica UFMG-CM-Y309 in a bioreactor by strategically evaluating the influence of volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) (21 and 35h-1). Experiments were conducted on a bench bioreactor (2L volumetric capacity) at different initial kLa values (21 and 35h-1). SCHH medium was supplemented with rice bran extract (10gL-1) and yeast extract (1gL-1). Cy. xylosilytica showed high xylitol production performance (19.56gL-1), xylitol yield (0.56gg-1) and, maximum xylitol-specific production rate (μpmáx 0.20 gxylitol·g-1h-1) at kLa value of 21h-1, concomitantly slowing the rate of acetic acid consumption. A faster acetic acid consumption (100%) by Cy. xylosilytica was observed at kLa of 35h-1, concomitantly with an increase in maximum cellular growth (14.60gL-1) and reduction in maximum xylitol production (14.56gL-1 and Yp/s 0.34gg-1). This study contributes to pioneering research regarding this yeast performance in bioreactors, emphasizing culture medium detoxification and xylitol production.

Effect of corn stover hydrochar on anaerobic digestion performance of its associated wastewater

Hydrothermal carbonation (HTC) is an effective method to enhance the fuel quality of biomass in a subcritical water environment, but generates large amounts of wastewater (HTCWW), which was converted through anaerobic digestion (AD) into methane in this study. However, the toxic and refractory substances contained in HTCWW tended to cause operation instability of the AD system. The solid product in HTC of corn stover (CS), named CS hydrochar, was modified with KOH immersion and then added to the AD reactor to improve the methanogenic performance. The results showed that the optimum dosage of modified hydrochar (MCH) was 15 g/L, and the COD removal rate was increased by 19.3% and methane yield was increased by 42.3%–301 mL/g-COD, as the pore and the oxygen-containing functional groups of MCH provided colonization points for microorganisms, and also enhanced the electron transfer efficiency among methanogenic archaea. In addition, the increased alkalinity of MCH due to alkaline modification increased the pH buffering capability, and accelerated the consumption of acetic acid and butyric acid in the early AD stage (0–8 days) and propionic acid in the late AD stage (12–18 days), which then alleviated the organic acid accumulation and reduced the lag period by 2 days. The adverse effects of toxic and refractory substances of HTCWW on the AD performance were also decreased due to the adsorption of MCH at the beginning of the AD process, and latterly the adsorbed substances could be degraded by the microorganisms colonized on the MCH surface. The finding of this study showed AD is a feasible method to recover organic energy contained in HTCWW, and the associated hydrochar can be used as an effective promoter for the AD of HTCWW.

Effect of Fe0 particle size on buffering characteristics and biohydrogen production in high-load photo fermentation system of corn stover

The aim of this work was to study the effects of Fe0 particle sizes (700 nm, 100 nm and 50 nm) addition on biohydrogen production, liquid culture characteristics and photosynthetic bacterial respond in the high-load photo fermentation system of corn stover within the concentration range of 200–1500 mg/L. Results showed that Fe0 with particle size of 700 nm had a better promotion effect on hydrogen production than 100 nm and 50 nm. The highest hydrogen yield of 74.32 ± 3.48 mL/g TS and hydrogen production rate of 3.31 ± 0.11 mL/g·h TS corn stover were obtained at 1000 and 1500 mg/L Fe0-700 nm, which were significantly increased by 92.88 % and 133.88 % compared with the control group. Further analysis indicated that Fe0 addition effectively alleviated pH drop, enhanced nitrogenase activity, promoted cell growth, and accelerated the consumption of acetic acid and butyric acid.

Effects of Vinegar/Acetic Acid Intake on Appetite Measures and Energy Consumption: Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Context Research suggests that the active ingredient in vinegar, acetic acid, may reduce appetite, thereby reducing energy consumption. Objective This article aims to assess the effect of vinegar or acetic acid on appetite measures and subsequent food intake in humans. Design This was conducted as a systematic literature review adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Eligibility Criteria All participants were considered, regardless of age or health status. Study Selection A search using MedLine (Ovid), PubMed, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library between January and April 2021 resulted in 12 studies. Main Outcome Measures Outcomes included appetite, measured using an appetite rating scale or visual analog scale; satiation, measured as food intake of intervention meal; and satiety, measured as the amount of food intake after vinegar or acetic acid consumption. Results Some short-term interventions indicate that vinegar containing at least 24.6 mmol acetic acid, when consumed alongside a meal containing solid foods, acutely suppresses appetite up to 120 min postprandially as well as ad libitum food intake 3 and 24 h after vinegar consumption. However, longer exposure vinegar interventions suggest that vinegar does not affect overall energy intake. Conclusions Further research is needed to determine whether oral vinegar consumption may lead to long-term appetite reduction, decrease energy intake, and aid in weight loss.

The Effects of Vinegar/Acetic Acid Intake on Appetite Measures and Energy Consumption: A Systematic Literature Review

ObjectivesResearch suggests the active ingredient in vinegar, acetic acid, may reduce appetite, thereby reducing energy consumption. This systematic review aimed to assess the effect of vinegar or acetic acid on appetite and subsequent food intake in humans in the published literature. MethodsAll human subject studies, regardless of age or health status. A search using MedLine (Ovid), PubMed, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library between January to April 2021 resulted in 12 papers. One of the publications by Darzi et al. combined the findings of two independent studies and was therefore treated as two separate studies in this review (study 1” and “Darzi study 2). Outcomes included appetite, measured using an appetite rating scale or visual analog scale, satiation, measured as food intake of intervention meal, and satiety, measured as the amount of food intake following vinegar or acetic acid consumption. ResultsSeven short-term studies were crossover randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigating the effect of a single vinegar exposure with satiety or appetite as the primary outcome. Six long-term studies were parallel-group RCTs with repeated vinegar exposure, ranging from 4 to 12 weeks. These studies compared energy intake before and after the vinegar/acetic acid intervention. The short-term interventions indicated that vinegar containing at least 24.6 mmol acetic acid when consumed alongside a meal containing solid foods, acutely suppressed appetite up to 120 minutes postprandially, and ad libitum food intake three- and 24-hours after vinegar consumption. However, results from the long-term studies found no effect on appetite suppression. ConclusionsOverall, four of the six short-term studies reported that vinegar suppressed appetite, while none of the long-term studies were able to reproduce these results. Further research is needed to determine whether oral vinegar consumption may result in long-term appetite reduction, decrease energy intake, and potentially aid in weight loss. Funding SourcesNot applicable.

Stimulating Anaerobic Degradation of Butyrate via Syntrophomonas wolfei and Geobacter sulfurreducens: Characteristics and Mechanism.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely applied for the degradation of organic wastewater due to its advantages of high-load operation and energy recovery. However, some challenges, such as low treatment capacity and instability caused by the accumulation of volatile fatty acids, limit its further application. Here, S. wolfei and G. sulfurreducens were initially co-cultured in the anaerobic anode of bio-electrochemical system for degrading butyric acid. Butyrate degradation characteristics in different conditions were quantitatively described. Moreover, G. sulfurreducens simultaneously strengthened the consumption of H2 and acetic acid via direct interspecies electron transfer, thereby strengthening the degradation of butyric acid via a co-metabolic process. During butyrate degradation, the co-culture of S. wolfei and G. sulfurreducens showed more advantages than that of S. wolfei and methanogens. This present study provides a new perspective of butyrate metabolism, which was independent of methanogens in an AD process.

Chitosan production by Penicillium citrinum using paper mill wastewater and rice straw hydrolysate as low-cost substrates in a continuous stirred tank reactor

ABSTRACT In this study, paper mill wastewater and hemicellulose hydrolysate were evaluated as low-cost substrates for fungal chitosan production using Penicillium citrinum. Submerged fermentation was first studied using a bioreactor operated under batch, fed-batch and continuous modes with paper mill wastewater as the substrate. Very high removal (91%) of organics as chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the wastewater with 160 mg L-1 chitosan production by P. citrinum was obtained using the bioreactor operated under fed-batch mode for 72 h. Moreover, 86% reduction of phenolics in the wastewater with 89% decolourization efficiency was achieved in the fed-batch experiments with the bioreactor. Under the continuous mode of operation with the bioreactor, maximum chitosan production of 170 mg L-1 was observed. The effect of acetic acid addition to the wastewater for enhancing chitosan production by the fungus was further studied in a batch system. Chitosan productivity of 2.33 mg L-1 h-1 was obtained with 50 mg/L acetic acid. Various models, viz. Monod, Haldane, Andrews, Webb and Yano, were fitted to the experimental data for understanding the kinetics involved in the process. Haldane model accurately fitted the experimental data on biomass specific growth rate, acetic acid consumption rate and chitosan production rate by P. citrinum with acetic acid addition to the wastewater. Fungal fermentation of another low-cost substrate, rice straw hydrolysate, was further studied using the batch-operated bioreactor; and a maximum chitosan titre of 911 mg L−1 was achieved using the detoxified rice straw hydrolysate. Highlights Low-cost substrates for chitosan production by Penicillium citrinum are reported Acetic acid addition to paper mill wastewater enhances chitosan production Biomass growth and chitosan production follow substrate inhibition kinetics Fed-batch -operated bioreactor resulted in 91% wastewater treatment efficiency Maximum chitosan titre of 911 mg L−1 was achieved with rice straw hydrolysate

Convenient preparation of arylnitromethanes by oxidation of benzaldoximes with urea hydrogen peroxide

Arylnitromethanes were prepared by oxidation of aldoximes with sodium perborate or with urea hydrogen peroxide in the presence of boric acid. The use of urea hydrogen peroxide complex provides better and more stable yields of nitro compound and allows one to halve an acetic acid consumption. Only E-aldoximes are oxidized to arylnitromethanes while Z-isomers are transformed into complex mixtures not containing arylnitromethanes.

Cultivation of edible filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae on volatile fatty acids derived from anaerobic digestion of food waste and cow manure

In a circular economy approach, edible filamentous fungi (single cell protein) can be cultivated on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) derived from anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic-rich waste streams. In this study, the effect of pH, concentration/distribution of VFAs, nutrient supplementation, and type of waste on Aspergillus oryzae cultivation on synthetic VFAs, and actual VFAs derived from AD of food waste and cow manure were investigated. The optimal pH for A. oryzae growth on VFAs were 6 and 7 with maximum acetic acid consumption rates of 0.09 g/L.h. The fungus could thrive on high concentrations of acetic (up to 9 g/L) yielding 0.29 g dry biomass/gVFAsfed. In mixed VFAs cultures, A. oryzae primarily consumed caproic and acetic acids reaching a biomass yield of 0.26 g dry biomass/gVFAsfed (containing up to 41% protein). For waste-derived VFAs at pH 6, the fungus successfully consumed 81–100% of caproic, acetic, and butyric acids.

Adaptive evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its application in co-culture with Saccharomyces kudriavzevii in the production of fermented Myrciaria jaboticaba

The objective of this work was to apply the adaptive evolution technique using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae T73 strain to increase its tolerance to ethanol and to evaluate its behavior in co-culture with Saccharomyces kudriavzevii CR85 in the production of fermented Myrciaria jaboticaba. Fermentations were carried out at 25 °C for 186 hours under agitation of 150 rpm, according to a central. The consumption of sugar, ethanol, glycerol and acetic acid formed during the fermentation process was evaluated. The results showed that there is an improvement in ethanol tolerance in S. cerevisiae T73 when submitted to the evolution process. Its use for the production of fermentation of Myrciaria jaboticaba in co-culture shows that the highest yield was observed when 0.0372 g.L-1 and 0.0648 g.L-1 of S. cerevisiae T73 PE (that underwent evolution) and CR85 respectively. These results differed statistically from the experiments using the original T73 strain. Regarding the production of ethanol in co-culture there is a significant increase when using the evolved T73 strain, showing possible changes in the primary metabolism of the ethanol production process, due to the changes promoted during the adaptive evolution of the T73 strain. The results show the potential of the new strain for the production of fermented with higher concentrations of sugars in the must.

Effect of Dietary Acetic Acid Supplementation on Plasma Glucose, Lipid Profiles, and Body Mass Index in Human Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BackgroundAcetic acid is a short-chain fatty acid that has demonstrated biomedical potential as a dietary therapeutic agent for the management of chronic and metabolic illness comorbidities. In human beings, its consumption may improve glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity in individuals with cardiometabolic conditions and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Published clinical trial evidence evaluating its sustained supplementation effects on metabolic outcomes is inconsistent. ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis summarized available evidence on potential therapeutic effects of dietary acetic acid supplementation via consumption of acetic acid–rich beverages and food sources on metabolic and anthropometric outcomes. MethodsA systematic search was conducted in Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science from database inception until October 2020. Randomized controlled trials conducted in adults evaluating the effect of dietary acetic acid supplementation for a minimum of 1 week were included. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model on fasting blood glucose (FBG), triacylglycerol (TAG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed by calculation of Q and I2 statistics, and publication bias was assessed by calculation of Egger’s regression asymmetry and Begg’s test. ResultsSixteen studies were included, involving 910 participants who consumed between 750 and 3600 mg acetic acid daily in interventions lasting an average of 8 weeks. Dietary acetic acid supplementation resulted in significant reductions in TAG concentrations in overweight and obese but otherwise healthy individuals (mean difference [MD] = −20.51 mg/dL [95% confidence intervals = −32.98, −8.04], P = .001) and people with type 2 diabetes (MD = −7.37 mg/dL [−10.15, −4.59], P < .001). Additionally, acetic acid supplementation significantly reduced FBG levels (MD = −35.73 mg/dL [−63.79, −7.67], P = .01) in subjects with type 2 diabetes compared with placebo and low-dose comparators. No other changes were seen for other metabolic or anthropometric outcomes assessed. Five of the 16 studies did not specify the dose of acetic acid delivered, and no studies measured blood acetate concentrations. Only one study controlled for background acetic acid-rich food consumption during intervention periods. Most studies had an unclear or high risk of bias. ConclusionSupplementation with dietary acetic acid is well tolerated, has no adverse side effects, and has clinical potential to reduce plasma TAG and FBG concentrations in individuals with type 2 diabetes, and to reduce TAG levels in people who are overweight or obese. No significant effects of dietary acetic acid consumption were seen on HbA1c, HDL, or anthropometric markers. High-quality, longer-term studies in larger cohorts are required to confirm whether dietary acetic acid can act as an adjuvant therapeutic agent in metabolic comorbidities management.

Quantitative Analysis of the Acetic Acid Content in Substances Used by Athletes for the Possible Prevention and Alleviation of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps.

Marosek, SEH, Antharam, V, and Dowlatshahi, K. Quantitative analysis of the acetic acid content in substances used by athletes for the possible prevention and alleviation of exercise-associated muscle cramps. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1539-1546, 2020-Athletes regularly consume commercially available food and sports shot products, carbohydrate beverages, and water to improve their physical exertion and to possibly prevent or relieve exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs)-often experienced during practice, training, or competition. Acetic acid, a component of interest within these products, has been recognized for its potential role in cramp reduction. Acetic acid is postulated to mitigate cramping by decreasing alpha motor neuron activity through oropharyngeal stimulation and inhibitory neurotransmitter production, while aiding in the role acetylcholine plays in muscle contraction and relaxation. The purpose of this research is to analytically assess the most viable sources of acetic acid from substances that athletes ingest before or when experiencing these cramps. The range of samples investigated were based on their widespread use in the athletic world: dill and sweet pickle juices, yellow mustard, sweet relish, apple cider vinegar, Hot Shot, PJ Shot, PJ Sport, E-Lyte Sport, Powerade, Gatorade, Smartwater, and Propel (with electrolytes). As hypothesized, pH and enzymatic assay or spectroscopic analyses revealed that yellow mustard, sweet relish, all pickle juices, and the pickle juice products were composed of moderate amounts of acetic acid. Based on established studies resulting in EAMC relief, acetic acid consumption, and the appropriate serving size, the yellow mustard, PJ Shot, and all pickle juices would be the most practical and palatable sources of acetic acid for strength and conditioning professionals to recommend that athletes consume for the possible prevention or alleviation of muscle cramps.

Surveying Denitrification Efficacy in Up-Flow Packed Bed Bioreactor Operated under Heterotrophic Condition Using Autotrophic Bacteria

Introduction: The biological denitrification process is an interesting cost-effective technique to remove nitrate from water supplies. Acetic acid can be used as a carbon source in this process, but its consumption rate is a critical issue and, in some cases, it is quite different from stoichiometric constants. The current study aimed to investigate the nitrate removal in an up-flow packed bed bioreactor. Furthermore, various parameters affecting this process were investigated and optimized. In this study, the autotrophic bacteria were used for the heterotrophic process. Materials and Methods: Initially, the autotrophic bacteria were cultured and used for the following heterotrophic conditions in distinct reactors. A pilot-scale anoxic up flow bioreactor packed was constructed using the polyethylene media and applied to remove nitrate from the aqueous environment. Consequently, the effects of hydraulic retention times (HRT) and different acetic acid concentrations as carbon source were evaluated. During the study, the amounts of alkalinity, pH, temperature, and nitrate were checked. Results: The designed bioreactor removed an average of over 88% of nitrate, while the acetic acid consumption was 2 mg/mg NO3-N, which was lower than the stoichiometric constant for heterotrophic process. Moreover, in the three studied HRTs (1.5, 3, and 5 h), the Alkalinity increased from 14.2 to 19.8 %. Conclusion: The results of this study showed high efficiency in nitrate removal via heterotrophic denitrification using acetic acid as carbon source for autotrophic bacteria.

Pretreatment Of Nano Chitosan And Nano Calcium (X. gideon) In The Application Of Acetic Acid To Enamel Hardness

Background:Chitosan and Calcium are one of the natural polymeric materials obtained from the exoskeleton of Xylotrupes gideon through demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation processes. Nano chitosan and calcium can inhibit the demineralization process, which is caused by the consumption of acetic acid. This study aims to determine the effect of nano chitosan pretreatment and nano calcium X. gideon on the application of acetic acid toward tooth enamel hardness.Methods:The study used 36 upper teeth premolars divided into 4 groups; the first group was artificial saliva control, the second group was acetic acid application without pretreatment with nano chitosan and nano calcium, the third group was given pretreatment with nano chitosan and the fourth group was given pretreatment with nano chitosan and nano calcium (5:1).Results:The results showed that there were significant differences in all groups both without or with nano chitosan pretreatment and combination nano chitosan and nano calcium X.gideon on the application of acetic acid to hardness of tooth enamel (p

IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCING CELLULOSE OXIDATION-ORGANOSOLVENT WAY OF NON-WOOD PLANT MATERIALS

An improved process flow diagram for the production of cellulose by oxidation-organosolvent method from non-wood vegetable raw materials with pre-alkaline treatment and recovery of the spent cooking solution has been developed. It is shown that it is possible to obtain technical cellulose with the desired properties with repeated use of the spent cooking solution, which allows to reduce the consumption of acetic acid and fresh water by two and 1.7 times, respectively. The scheme includes the following stages: preparation of raw materials; preparation of the cooking composition and alkaline solution, alkaline treatment, cooking and washing of cellulose, recovery of the spent cooking solution, neutralization of the spent alkaline solution and the use of contaminated water. When implementing the flowcharts are formed by the following types of contaminated water: water for rinsing plant material circulates through the first and second steps of adding water with catalyst; circulating the water from flushing technical pulp in three stages – the washing water from the first washing stage is directed to the Converter; the washing water from the second stage washing sent to the first stage of the wash technical cellulose; the third step of the rinsing water is fed from the drum filter with the addition of fresh water; the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the spent alkaline solution is 1.75 %. In the neutralizer, weakly acidic water with a concentration of acetic acid of 0.83% and sodium acetate with a concentration of 2.5% is formed; weakly acidic water from the neutralizer is fed to the first stage of washing plant raw materials. Fresh water is used for the preparation of balanced peracetic acid, alkaline solution and the third stage of technical cellulose washing. Solid waste is formed in the hydraulic separator during washing of vegetable raw materials; in the tank of the spent cooking solution in the form of a precipitate from zero fiber; in the neutralizer, the washed precipitate can be used as an anti-frost additive for concrete. It is proposed to use reactor and neutralizer as the main technological equipment.