Acetate Supplementation Research Articles

The fate of anaerobic syntrophy in anaerobic digestion facing propionate and acetate accumulation

How the acetate and propionate accumulation impact anaerobic syntrophy during methane formation is not well understood. To investigate such effect, continuous acetate (35 g/L), propionate (11.25 g/L) and bicarbonate (30 g/L) supplementation were used during mesophilic anaerobic digestion. The high throughput sequencing (16S rRNA and mcrA), Real-Time quantitative PCR, and stable carbon isotope fingerprinting were applied to investigate the structure and activity of microbial community members. The results demonstrated that the abundance of syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacteria exhibited a gradual decrease coupled with heavier stable carbon isotopic signature of methane (δ 13CH4) in the three reagents impacted reactors. The increased acetate and propionate concentrations exerted negative influence on biogas production but the relatively stable hydrogenotrophic methanogens together with syntrophic acetate/propionate oxidizing bacteria kept the stable methane formation facing acetate and propionate accumulation. The functional genes copy number of the hydrogenotrophic Methanocellaceae and Methanomicrobiaceae correlated significantly with δ 13CH4 (R2 > 0.74), but only the abundance of Methanocellaceae fitted well with δ 13CH4 (p < 0.05). The δ 13CH4 signatures can predict methanogenesis, as it directly reflects the main methanogenic pathway; yet, further investigation of isotope fractionation in acetate/propionate coupled with δ 13CH4 is needed. Collectively, these results provide deep insight into anaerobic syntrophy and reveal changes of synergistic relationships, both of which may contribute to the stability of biogas reactors.

Sodium acetate, propionate, and butyrate reduce fat accumulation in mice via modulating appetite and relevant genes

ObjectivesAcetate, propionate, and butyrate, three of the most common short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), can be produced when some non-digestible carbohydrates enter the large intestine and undergo bacterial fermentation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these three SCFAs on appetite regulation and lipid metabolism and to determine the extent that appetite contributes to the beneficial influences of SCFAs. MethodsIn a 35-d study, 48 C57BL/6J male mice were randomly allocated to six groups: control; 5% sodium acetate; 5% sodium propionate; 5% sodium butyrate; pair fed 1; and pair fed 2. ResultsThe study showed that dietary supplementation of sodium acetate reduced serum triacylglycerol, free fatty acids, glucose, and interleukin (IL)-6 levels (P < 0.05), increased serum glucagon-like peptide 1, and leptin levels (P < 0.05), downregulated the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, and lipoprotein lipase (P < 0.05), and upregulated the mRNA expressions of fasting-induced adipose factor, nuclear respiratory factor 1, mitochondrial transcription factor A, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9, cytochrome-C oxidase IV and free fatty acid receptor 2 (P < 0.05). Sodium propionate also reduced serum IL-1β level (P < 0.05), increased serum peptide YY level (P < 0.05), downregulated the mRNA expressions of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (P < 0.05), and upregulated the mRNA expression of transmembrane protein 26 (P < 0.05). Additionally, sodium butyrate decreased average daily feed intake (P < 0.05) downregulated the mRNA expression of myosin heavy-chain (MyHc) Ⅱb (P < 0.05), and upregulated the mRNA expressions of lipase hormone-sensitive, MyHC Ⅱa and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1α (P < 0.05). Moreover, the metabolic benefits of SCFAs were partly attributed to the reduction of feed intake. ConclusionTaken together, SCFAs could reduce appetite and fat accumulation via modulating relevant genes and hormones, which might further illustrate the potential mechanisms that underlay the effects of SCFAs on lipid homeostasis and control of body weight.

Evaluation of curcumin and copper acetate against Salmonella Typhimurium infection, intestinal permeability, and cecal microbiota composition in broiler chickens

BackgroundInterest in the use of natural feed additives as an alternative to antimicrobials in the poultry industry has increased in recent years because of the risk of bacterial resistance. One of the most studied groups are polyphenolic compounds, given their advantages over other types of additives and their easy potentiation of effects when complexes are formed with metal ions. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation of copper acetate (CA), curcumin (CR), and their combination (CA-CR) against Salmonella Typhimurium colonization, intestinal permeability, and cecal microbiota composition in broiler chickens through a laboratory Salmonella infection model. S. Typhimurium recovery was determined on day 10 post-challenge by isolating Salmonella in homogenates of the right cecal tonsil (12 chickens per group) on Xylose Lysine Tergitol-4 (XLT-4) with novobiocin and nalidixic acid. Intestinal integrity was indirectly determined by the fluorometric measurement of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) in serum samples from blood obtained on d 10 post-S. Typhimurium challenge. Finally, microbiota analysis was performed using the content of the left caecal tonsil of 5 chickens per group by sequencing V4 region of 16S rRNA gene.ResultsThe results showed that in two independent studies, all experimental treatments were able to significantly reduce the S. Typhimurium colonization in cecal tonsils (CT, P < 0.0001) compared to the positive control (PC) group. However, only CA-CR was the most effective treatment in reducing S. Typhimurium counts in both independent studies. Furthermore, the serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) concentration in chickens treated with CR was significantly lower when compared to PC (P = 0.0084), which is related to a decrease in intestinal permeability and therefore intestinal integrity. The effect of dietary treatments in reducing Salmonella was further supported by the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences using Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) since Salmonella was significantly enriched in PC group (LDA score > 2.0 and P < 0.05) compared to other groups. In addition, Coprobacillus, Eubacterium, and Clostridium were significantly higher in the PC group compared to other treatment groups. On the contrary, Fecalibacterium and Enterococcus in CR, unknown genus of Erysipelotrichaceae at CA-CR, and unknown genus of Lachnospiraceae at CA were significantly more abundant respectively.ConclusionsCR treatment was the most effective treatment to reduce S. Typhimurium intestinal colonization and maintain better intestinal homeostasis which might be achieved through modulation of cecal microbiota.

Enhancements of lipid productivity and phosphorus utilization efficiency of Chlorella pyrenoidosa by iron and acetate supplements in actual municipal wastewater

Wastewater with rich nutrients has been considered as a promising resource to replace artificial culture media in the production of low-cost microalgae biofuels. However, to compete with the traditional fossil energy, the corresponding algal lipid productivity needs to be improved. In this study, iron and acetate supplements were used to improve the lipid productivity of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in actual municipal wastewater (MW). The results showed that, simultaneously adding proper amounts of iron and acetate remarkably increased the microalga dry cell weight (DCW), lipid content and lipid productivity, respectively by 185%, 248% and 671%. Moreover, the addition of acetate increased the saturation degree of the alga based fatty acid methyl esters (P < 0.05), thus improved the quality of the algal lipid with better oxidative stability. Besides, the algal phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUE) was also greatly enhanced by the acetate supplement (P < 0.05), with the conversion efficiencies of phosphorus to algal DCW and lipid in mixotrophic cultures being more than twice of those in the corresponding phototrophic cultures. Finally, a bio-formation of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) by the microalga was reported, indicating potential phosphorus recovery by microalgae-driven bio-production of phosphorus-containing products combined with phosphorus removal in wastewaters.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence Factor α-Hemolysin Reduces Histone Acetylation to Inhibit Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokine Genes.

Urinary tract infections are common and costly diseases affecting millions of people. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a primary cause of these infections and has developed multiple strategies to avoid the host immune response. Here, we dissected the molecular mechanisms underpinning UPEC inhibition of inflammatory cytokine in vitro and in vivo. We found that UPEC infection simulates nuclear factor-κB activation but does not result in transcription of cytokine genes. Instead, UPEC-mediated suppression of the metabolic enzyme ATP citrate lyase results in decreased acetyl-CoA levels, leading to reduced H3K9 histone acetylation in the promotor region of CXCL8. These effects were dependent on the UPEC virulence factor α-hemolysin and were reversed by exogenous acetate. In a murine cystitis model, prior acetate supplementation rapidly resolved UPEC-elicited immune responses and improved tissue recovery. Thus, upon infection, UPEC rearranges host cell metabolism to induce chromatin remodeling processes that subvert expression of host innate immune response genes.

Intestinal Cetobacterium and acetate modify glucose homeostasis via parasympathetic activation in zebrafish

ABSTRACT The capability of carbohydrate utilization in fish is limited compared to mammals. It has scientific and practical significance to improve the ability of fish to use carbohydrates. The efficiency of dietary carbohydrate utilization varies among fish with different feeding habits, which are associated with differential intestinal microbiota. In this study, we found that zebrafish fed with omnivorous diet (OD) and herbivorous diet (HD) showed better glucose homeostasis compared with carnivorous diet (CD) fed counterpart and the differential glucose utilization efficiency was attributable to the intestinal microbiota. The commensal bacterium Cetobacterium somerae, an acetate producer, was enriched in OD and HD groups, and administration of C. somerae in both adult zebrafish and gnotobiotic larval zebrafish models resulted in improved glucose homeostasis and increased insulin expression, supporting a causative role of C. somerae enrichment in glucose homeostasis in fish. The enrichment of C. somerae was constantly associated with higher acetate levels, and dietary supplementation of acetate promotes glucose utilization in zebrafish, suggesting a contribution of acetate in the function of C. somerae. Furthermore, we found that the beneficial effect of both acetate and C. somerae on glucose homeostasis was mediated through parasympathetic activation. Overall, this work highlights the existence of a C. somerae-brain axis in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in fish and suggests a role of acetate in mediating the axis function. Our results suggest potential strategies for improvement of fish carbohydrate utilization.

Engineering precursor pools for increasing production of odd-chain fatty acids in Yarrowia lipolytica

Microbial production of lipids is one of the promising alternatives to fossil resources with increasing environmental and energy concern. Odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA), a type of unusual lipids, are recently gaining a lot of interest as target compounds in microbial production due to their diverse applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. In this study, we aimed to enhance the pool of precursors with three-carbon chain (propionyl-CoA) and five-carbon chain (β-ketovaleryl-CoA) for the production of OCFAs in Yarrowia lipolytica. We evaluated different propionate-activating enzymes and the overexpression of propionyl-CoA transferase gene from Ralstonia eutropha increased the accumulation of OCFAs by 3.8 times over control strain, indicating propionate activation is the limiting step of OCFAs synthesis. It was shown that acetate supplement was necessary to restore growth and to produce a higher OCFA contents in total lipids, suggesting the balance of the precursors between acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA is crucial for OCFA accumulation. To improve β-ketovaleryl-CoA pools for further increase of OCFA production, we co-expressed the bktB encoding β-ketothiolase in the producing strain, and the OCFA production was increased by 33% compared to control. Combining strain engineering and the optimization of the C/N ratio promoted the OCFA production up to 1.87 ​g/L representing 62% of total lipids, the highest recombinant OCFAs titer reported in yeast, up to date. This study provides a strong basis for the microbial production of OCFAs and its derivatives having high potentials in a wide range of applications.

Acetate supplementation produces antidepressant-like effect via enhanced histone acetylation

Background: Abnormal energy metabolism is often documented in the brain of patients and rodents with depression. In metabolic stress, acetate serves as an important source of acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA). However, its exact role and underlying mechanism remain to be investigated.Method: We used chronic social failure stress (CSDS) to induce depression-like phenotype of C57BL/6J mice. The drugs were administered by gavage. We evaluated the depressive symptoms by sucrose preference test, social interaction, tail suspension test and forced swimming test. The dendritic branches and spine density were detected by Golgi staining, mRNA level was analyzed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, protein expression level was detected by western blot, and the content of Ac-CoA was detected by ELISA kit.Result: The present study found that acetate supplementation significantly improved the depression-like behaviors of mice either in acute forced swimming test (FST) or in CSDS model and that acetate administration enhanced the dendritic branches and spine density of the CA1 pyramidal neurons. Moreover, the down-regulated levels of BDNF and TrkB were rescued in the acetate-treated mice. Of note, chronic acetate treatment obviously lowered the transcription level of HDAC2, HDAC5, HDAC7, HDAC8, increased the transcription level of HAT and P300, and boosted the content of Ac-CoA in the nucleus, which facilitated the acetylation levels of histone H3 and H4.Limitations: The effect of acetate supplementation on other brain regions is not further elucidated.Conclusion: These findings indicate that acetate supplementation can produce antidepressant-like effects by increasing histone acetylation and improving synaptic plasticity in hippocampus.

Acetylation-mediated remodeling of the nucleolus regulates cellular acetyl-CoA responses.

The metabolite acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) serves as an essential element for a wide range of cellular functions including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, lipid synthesis, and protein acetylation. Intracellular acetyl-CoA concentrations are associated with nutrient availability, but the mechanisms by which a cell responds to fluctuations in acetyl-CoA levels remain elusive. Here, we generate a cell system to selectively manipulate the nucleo-cytoplasmic levels of acetyl-CoA using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-mediated gene editing and acetate supplementation of the culture media. Using this system and quantitative omics analyses, we demonstrate that acetyl-CoA depletion alters the integrity of the nucleolus, impairing ribosomal RNA synthesis and evoking the ribosomal protein-dependent activation of p53. This nucleolar remodeling appears to be mediated through the class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs). Our findings highlight acetylation-mediated control of the nucleolus as an important hub linking acetyl-CoA fluctuations to cellular stress responses.

Acetate: Friend or foe against breast tumour growth in the context of obesity?

Acetate is reported as a regulator of fat mass but also as lipogenic source for cancer cells. Breast cancer is surrounded by adipose tissue and has been associated with obesity. However, whether acetate contributes to cancer cell metabolism as lipogenic substrate and/or by changing fat storage and eventually obesity‐induced breast cancer progression remains unknown. Therefore, we studied the contribution of acetate to breast cancer metabolism and progression. In vitro, we found that acetate is not a bioenergetic substrate under normoxia and did not result in a significant change of growth. However, by using lipidomic approaches, we discovered that acetate changes the lipid profiles of the cells under hypoxia. Moreover, while mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) developed bigger tumours than their lean counterparts, exogenous acetate supplementation leads to a complete abolishment of fat mass gain without reverting the HFD‐induced obesity‐driven tumour progression. In conclusion, although acetate protects against diet‐induced obesity, our data suggest that it is not affecting HFD‐driven tumour progression.

Reproductive efficiency Nellore and crossbred cows submitted to administration of melengestrol acetate (MGA) after FTAI protocols

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MGA) supplementation between the 13th and 20th day after Fixed-Time-Artificial Insemination (FTAI), on the conception and gestation rates of Nellore and crossbred cows (Nellore x Angus), pluriparous and lactating. For the study, 349 Nellore cows and 270 crossbred cows were selected, distributed into 1) group G1 (n=176): Nellore cows submitted to the FTAI protocol, without MGA supplementation; 2) group G2 (n=173): Nellore cows submitted to the FTAI protocol, with supplementation for 7 days of MGA® (0.28g/AU/day) from the 13th post-FTAI; 3) group G3 (n=119): crossbred cows: FTAI protocol, without MGA supplementation; 4) group G4 (n=151): crossbred cows: FTAI protocol followed by MGA supplementation for 7 days (0.28g/AU/day), from the 13th to the 20th day after FTAI. For statistical analysis, the procedures MIXED and GLIMMIX from SAS were used. G3 had higher rates of conception (CR=85.7%) and pregnancy (PR=95.8%) at the end of the breeding season (P&lt;0.05), without the interference of supplementation with MGA (P&gt;0.05). G1 females had a lower conception rate (TC=76.7%) (P&lt;0.05), with the use of MGA® (CR-MGA=59.5%), but similar rates of pregnancy (PR=90.3%; PR-MGA=92.5%) to the G2, at the end of the breeding season (P&gt;0.05). When G2 and G4 were compared, we found that crossbred females supplemented had higher rates of conception and pregnancy. In conclusion, crossbred animals have higher conception and pregnancy rates at the end of the breeding season. Besides, we found that Nellore females had a lower conception rate, with the use of MGA® Premix.

Enhanced polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation in heterotrophically grown Arthrospira platensis under nitrogen deprivation

The non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis was investigated for the conditions under which high accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) occurred. Cells grown photoautotrophically under nitrogen-deprived conditions had high accumulation of PHB whose granules were clearly visualized using Nile-Red staining. A further increase of PHB was observed in cells grown photoheterotrophically for 3 days under nitrogen-deprived condition with 0.50%(w/v) acetate supplementation (−N +Act) showing the maximum PHB contents of 19.2 ± 0.5%(w/w DW). This was significantly higher than that in cells grown under the same condition but with either 0.1%(w/v) butyrate, or 0.75%(w/v) glucose, or 0.1%(w/v) propionate supplementation (P < 0.05). RT-PCR analysis revealed that photoheterotrophically grown cells under −N+ Act condition had a significant increase of phaB and phaC transcript levels (P < 0.05) compared with those supplemented with other organic carbons. The representative FTIR spectra of the extracted polymer from A. platensis showed prominent peaks at 1721 cm−1 and 1279 cm−1 for the carbonyl (C=O) stretching of the ester group and asymmetric C–O–C stretching vibration, respectively. This spectral pattern is comparable with that of the standard PHB spectra, thus confirming the chemical nature of the extract. The overall results demonstrated that the enhanced PHB accumulation in A. platensis was attributed to the increased expression of phaB and phaC responsible for increased PHB biosynthesis when cells were grown photoheterotrophically in nitrogen-deprived medium containing organic carbon compounds.

Abstract 5708: Deciphering Warburg effect: hypoxia inhibits tumor cell differentiation through reducing acetyl-CoA generation and chromatin accessibility

Abstract The Warburg effect is a metabolic hallmark of all cancer cells, characterized by increased glucose uptake and glycolysis for lactate generation. The generation and excretion of lactate would appear be a waste of carbon backbone and energy that is needed for proliferation. It was proposed by Warburg that the cause and consequence of the Warburg effect were the injury of respiration and cell dedifferentiation, respectively. One common factor that damages mitochondrial respiration is hypoxia, which is a metabolic stress that blocks cell differentiation and promotes cancer progression. The underlying mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood, and no effective therapeutic strategy has been developed to overcome this resistance to differentiation. Using a neuroblastoma (NB) differentiation model, we have discovered that hypoxia represses the differentiation induced by retinoic acid (RA) as demonstrated by loss of neuron differentiation markers and changes in cell morphology, associated with reduction of global histone acetylation, that are caused by the induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs). PDKs phosphorylate pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), thereby blocking pyruvate entry into the TCA cycle, reducing acetyl-CoA generation, and promoting the Warburg effect. Genetic and pharmaceutical inhibition of PDK restores histone acetylation and NB cell differentiation morphology. Acetate supplementation restores histone acetylation, along with differentiation markers expression and neuron differentiation. In addition, ATAC-Seq analysis demonstrated that hypoxia treatment significantly reduces chromatin accessibility at RAR/RXR binding sites, which can be restored by acetate supplementation. These findings suggest that (1) combining RA and acetate supplementation represents a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for neuroblastoma treatment; (2) diverting pyruvate away from acetyl-CoA generation is a key mechanism by which the Warburg effect blocks cell differentiation. Citation Format: Jiangbin Ye, Yang Li, Joshua J. Gruber, Ulrike M. Litzenburger, Yiren Zhou, Yu R. Miao, Edward L. LaGory, Albert M. Li, Zhen Hu, Lori S. Hart, John M. Maris, Howard Y. Chang, Amato J. Giaccia. Deciphering Warburg effect: hypoxia inhibits tumor cell differentiation through reducing acetyl-CoA generation and chromatin accessibility [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5708.

Enhanced Microalgae Growth for Biodiesel Production and Nutrients Removal in Raw Swine Wastewater by Carbon Sources Supplementation

In the present work, effect of two carbon sources, namely, sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate, on the growth of Spirulina platensis, raw swine wastewater (RSW) nutrients removal, and lipid production efficiency was thoroughly investigated. Experimental results showed that maximum biomass concentration and total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), and ammonium removal percentage of 1.70 g L−1, 91.24%, 87.44%, 100% were achieved, respectively, when sodium bicarbonate was supplemented to the RSW, which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the control. With regard to sodium acetate as extra carbon source, maximum biomass concentration and TN, TP, and ammonium removal percentage reached 2.18 g L−1, 85.72%, 87.02%, and 100%, respectively, which were notably enhanced compared to that of the control. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids content in the obtained biomass ranged from 68.01–69.44% to 30.56–31.99%, respectively, and hexadecanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, octadecenoic acid and linoleic acid were found to be the major fatty acid components in the algal lipids. Thus, sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate supplementation to RSW are technically feasible strategies to enhance Spirulina platensis growth for simultaneously nutrients removal and biodiesel production.

Fatty acid β-oxidation is required for the differentiation of larval hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila.

Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic signals regulate the state and fate of stem and progenitor cells. Recent advances in metabolomics illustrate that various metabolic pathways are also important in regulating stem cell fate. However, our understanding of the metabolic control of the state and fate of progenitor cells is in its infancy. Using Drosophila hematopoietic organ: lymph gland, we demonstrate that Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) is essential for the differentiation of blood cell progenitors. In the absence of FAO, the progenitors are unable to differentiate and exhibit altered histone acetylation. Interestingly, acetate supplementation rescues both histone acetylation and the differentiation defects. We further show that the CPT1/whd (withered), the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, is transcriptionally regulated by Jun-Kinase (JNK), which has been previously implicated in progenitor differentiation. Our study thus reveals how the cellular signaling machinery integrates with the metabolic cue to facilitate the differentiation program.

Effect of dietary gossypol supplement on fermentation characteristics and bacterial diversity in the rumen of sheep.

The tolerance of ruminants to gossypol, a natural phenolic compound derived from the cotton plant, is greater than that of monogastric animals, partially because of the gossypol-degrading bacteria in the rumen of the ruminants. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of gossypol supplementation on fermentation characteristics, bacterial α-diversity and community structure in the rumen fluid of sheep to analyse the change of bacterial in response to gossypol. 8 sheep with permanent fistula were randomly divided into 2 groups, a control and gossypol acetate supplementation groups. Sheep in the latter group were supplemented with gossypol acetate at the levels of 600 mg and 1,200 mg/animal per day during the first (S1, days 1 to 27) and subsequent (S2, days 28 to 47) stages. Gossypol supplementation significantly increased the molar proportion of acetate, and decreased the molar proportion of isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid in the rumen fluid. Gossypol supplementation have no significant effect on bacterial diversity in the rumen fluid. At the phylum level, gossypol had no effect on bacterial community. At the genus level, gossypol supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of Treponema_2. However, there were no significant differences in the relative abundance of dominant bacterial genera. In conclusion, gossypol supplementation had an effect on molar proportion of acetate, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid, but had no significant effect on the bacterial diversity and relative abundance of dominant bacteria in rumen fluid of sheep.

The influence of vitamin E and C feeding on protein content and ratios of its fractions in broiler chickens serum

Protein content and the ratio of its fractions were investigated in the serum of broiler chickens during the growing period with the addition of vitamins E and C to their ration. The investigations were performed in one of the farms in Lviv region on four groups of 100 broiler chickens in each, starting from 1- to 41-day-olds. Chickens in the control group received a standard ration, the first experimental diet with tocopherol acetate, the second experimental – ascorbic acid, and the third – a complex of these vitamins. Poultry research were conducted at different ages: 27-, 34-, and 41-day-olds. The content of common protein was determined in blood serum – biuret method and the range of soluble proteins – by vertical electrophoresis in plates of 7.5 % polyacrylamide gel. Conducted research have shown that the use of tocopherol acetate and ascorbic acid supplements to compound feed of broiler chickens caused a rise in serum total protein content. However, these changes were more pronounced in chickens with the combined use of vitamins E and C in all search periods (P &lt; 0.05–0.01), and also in 11-day-old broilers (P &lt; 0.05), who used ascorbic acid supplement. In the search of the ratio of protein fractions was ascertained an increase in the content of γ-globulin fraction in chickens from the search groups regarding controls at 11 and 27 days of age. Herewith the differences were likely to be in broiler chickens, who used the tocopherol acetate supplement. Instead, 11-day-old chicks in this group had a lower b-globulin fraction (P &lt; 0.05). However, in the serum of chickens from the experimental groups regarding control at 41 days of age a significantly higher content of the α-globulin fraction was registered. In general, the results of the searches showed that additional introduction of tocopherol acetate and ascorbic acid to chickens ration has a stimulating influence on the processes of protein biosynthesis and immune function in the organism of chickens in the process of their growth. This influence was more expressed in chickens with the combined use of vitamins E and C.

Insights into the effects of acetate on the community structure of Candidatus Accumulibacter in biological phosphorus removal system using DNA stable-isotope probing (DNA-SIP)

Sodium acetate has been most commonly used as the external carbon source to achieve successful performance of full-scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes, but its microbial mechanism for the improvement of phosphorus removal performance was still unclear. DNA based stable-isotope probing (DNA-SIP) is able to discriminate the metabolic activity of different microbes for specific substrates, thus it was applied to explore the different effects of sodium acetate on the community structure of Candidatus Accumulibacter (hereafter called Accumulibacter) and Candidatus Competibacter (hereafter called Competibacter) in a modified University of Cape Town (MUCT) process treating the real domestic sewage. Results showed that acetate addition significantly improved the abundance of Accumulibacter and Competibacter in MUCT. Accumulibacter clade IID exhibited the highest proportion in all clades before and after acetate supplementation but the proportion decreased from 95.4 % on day 23–66.3% on day 95. Contrarily, the proportion of clade IIF increased from 0.9% to 24%. DNA-SIP incubation found that the ratio of Accumulibacter in the heavy fractions to the total quantities increased faster than that of Competibacter, which successfully revealed the acetate assimilating precedence of Accumulibacter over Competibacter. Besides, the ratios of Accumulibacter clade IIF in heavy fraction increased by 22.3 %, exhibited a higher metabolic activity than other clades. Adequate acetate accomplied with high temperature possibly promoted the preferential proliferation of clade ⅡF, which provided a way to enrich clade IIF. This is the first study that successfully applied DNA-SIP to discriminate the acetate metabolic activity of Accumulibacter and Competibacter, and Accumulibacter clades.

Acetate Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Nitric Oxide Production in Primary Rat Microglia but not in BV-2 Microglia Cells.

To show that acetate attenuates neuroinflammatory responses in activated microglia. Dietary acetate supplementation alleviates neuroglial activation in a rat model of neuroinflammation induced by intraventricular administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the precise mechanism(s) underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of acetate, is not fully understood. To determine whether acetate has inhibitory effects on LPS-induced neuroinflammatory responses in microglia. We examined LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in primary rat microglia and BV-2 cells. Protein expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was determined by western blot analysis. The intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) were also evaluated. In primary microglia, acetate decreased LPS-stimulated NO production in a dose-dependent manner, reaching significance at greater than 10 mM, and cell viability was not affected. Acetate suppressed LPS-induced expression of iNOS protein concomitantly with the decrease in NO. The LPS-induced increase in intracellular ROS production was attenuated by acetate. In addition, acetate prevented LPS-induced reduction of GSH. Notably, such suppressive effects of acetate on NO and ROS production were not observed in BV-2 cells. These findings suggest that acetate may alleviate neuroinflammatory responses by attenuating NO and ROS production in primary microglia but not in BV-2 cells. Other: All animals received humane care, and the animal protocols used in this study were approved by the Ethics Committees for Animal Experimentation.

Influence of ammonium acetate and betaine supplements on the anaerobic digestion under high salinity conditions

AbstractHigh salinity frequently causes inhibition and even failure in anaerobic digestion. To explore the impact of increasing NaCl concentrations on biogas production and reveal the role of repair factors in response to high salinity stress, the present research examined the effect of ammonium acetate and betaine as exogenous repair factors on the activity of microorganisms under high‐salt conditions. High salinity wastewater with and without repair additives were compared. The cumulative methane production significantly increased and the methane concentration increased by approximately 30%. The results showed that the repair factors were efficient to relieve the effect of a high‐salt environment on the anaerobic microbial flora, thus considerably reducing the salt‐induced inhibition of anaerobic digestion.