Acetate Groups Research Articles

Research on Utilizable Calcium from Calcium Carbide Slag with Different Extractors and Its Effect on CO2 Mineralization.

With the increasing accumulation of alkaline industrial solid waste, the mineralization of CO2 using alkaline industrial solid waste has broad application prospects. Carbide slag is highly alkaline and contains a large amount of calcium elements, making it an excellent material for CO2 mineralization. Our idea was to acquire qualified products and fast kinetics by integrating carbide slag utilization and carbon reduction. The reaction route was divided into two steps: calcium extraction and carbonization. In order to achieve efficient extraction of utilizable calcium, we selected NH4Ac as the extraction agent, which has the advantage of buffer protection and environmental friendliness due to being an acetate radical. The extraction efficiency of utilizable calcium exceeded 90% under the conditions of L/S 20:1 and NH4+/Ca2+ 2:1. In the carbonization process, the crystal forms of CaCO3 synthesized by direct carbonation, acid extraction, and ammonium salt were characterized. The formation mechanism of vaterite in ammonium solution and the influence of impurities (Al3+, Mg2+) on the crystal transformation were revealed. This study provides technical support for using alkaline industrial waste to prepare high-purity vaterite. Therefore, alkaline industrial waste can be efficiently and sustainably utilized through CO2 mineralization.

Evaluation and assessment of the wettabilty and water contact angle of modified poly methyl methacrylate denture base materials against PEEK in cast partial denture framework: an in vitro study

IntroductionThe prevalence of adults with partially dental arches is expected to be more than imagined and patients requiring replacement of missing teeth are slowly increasing in number too. Removable partial dentures are known to provide for substantial replacement for the missing teeth with also added advantages when compared to fixed or implant prosthesis, mainly in elderly patients. Denture base material performance and durability are greatly influenced by wettability and water contact angle. In the case of dentures; adequate moisture distribution is necessary to ensure excellent wettability which has an influence on comfort and oral health. The purpose of conducting this study was to find out whether the advancements made using PEEK (Polyether ether ketone) would prove to be more beneficial than the current upgrades in the current material spectrum.Materials and methodsThis study was performed under in vitro conditions. All the fabrication and processing was done only by one operator. The materials used were divided into three groups each comprising 20 samples. Group A was modified polymethylmethacrylate (Bredent Polyan), Group B was polyoxymethylene acetal resin (Biodentaplast) and Group C was PEEK. An Ossila Goniometer was used to measure the contact angle. The three types of liquids used for the testing included distilled water, natural saliva and mouth wetting solution (Wet Mouth Liquid, ICPA India). Human saliva was collected from an individual with no medical conditions and normal salivary secretion.ResultsThe data was analyzed using One-way ANOVA test and a pairwise comparison using the Post Hoc Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference. Table 1 consists of the mean water contact angles of the denture base materials and mean contact angles of various denture base materials. In saliva, mouth wetting solution and distilled water, the highest mean and least mean contact angle was seen in Polyan and Biodentaplast respectively. A signicant difference was seen between PEEK and Polyan and Biodentaplast and Polyan on further comparison.ConclusionFrom the resources and the materials at our disposal, it could be concluded that Polyan, Biodentaplast and PEEK and could be used as viable options in cast partial denture framework.

Characterization of CYP3A5 Selective Inhibitors for Reaction Phenotyping of Drug Candidates.

CYP3A is one of the most important classes of enzymes and is involved in the metabolism of over 70% drugs. While several selective CYP3A4 inhibitors have been identified, the search for a selective CYP3A5 inhibitor has turned out to be rather challenging. Recently, several selective CYP3A5 inhibitors have been identified through high-throughput screening of ~ 11,000 compounds and hit expansion using human recombinant enzymes. We set forth to characterize the three most selective CYP3A5 inhibitors in a more physiologically relevant system of human liver microsomes to understand if these inhibitors can be used for reaction phenotyping studies in drug discovery settings. Gomisin A and T-5 were used as selective substrate reactions for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 to determine IC50 values of the two enzymes. The results showed that clobetasol propionate and loteprednol etabonate were potent and selective CYP3A5 reversible inhibitors with selectivity of 24-fold against CYP3A4 and 39-fold or more against the other major CYPs. The selectivity of difluprednate in HLM is much weaker than that in the recombinant enzymes due to hydrolysis of the acetate group in HLM. Based on the selectivity data, loteprednol etabonate can be utilized as an orthogonal approach, when experimental fraction metabolized of CYP3A5 is greater than 0.5, to understand CYP3A5 contribution to drug metabolism and its clinical significance. Future endeavors to identify even more selective CYP3A5 inhibitors are warranted to enable accurate determination of CYP3A5 contribution to metabolism versus CYP3A4.

Structure and dynamics heterogeneity in poly(vinyl acetal)s: The effect of side group length

Understanding on the structure and dynamics of poly(vinyl acetal)s is insufficient due to the complicated chemical structure and amorphous nature of this type of polymers. In this work, we investigate the effect of side group length on structure and dynamics heterogeneity at different length scales spanning from side group, segment, and polymer network by combing dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS), solid-state NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC). By increasing the length of acetal side group, its intrinsic dynamics slows down. Taking into account the scale of segment and networks, with the increase of acetal group length, the formation of cross-linking sites formed by the hydroxyl-rich domain is suppressed, the relaxation distribution of the segment widens, and the volume fraction of rigid component decreases. The effect of side group length on the structure and dynamics heterogeneity of poly(vinyl acetal)s at different scales results in significant changes in material properties such as the non-monotonic change in loss factor value (tan δ) and a monotonous reduction in glass transition temperature (Tg).

Alleviating effect of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and its major components on postherpetic pain: a randomized blinded controlled trial

BackgroundPostherpetic neuralgia (PHN) causes severe pain which can lead to decreased quality-of-life. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inhalation of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil and its major components (linalool and linalyl acetate) on the pain in patients with PHN.MethodsThis study was performed at an outpatient clinic. Sixty-four patients with postherpetic neuralgia were randomly allocated to a control group (almond oil) or one of three experimental groups (lavender oil, linalool, or linalyl acetate diluted in almond oil at concentration of 1% v/v), and the participants inhaled the aroma by natural breathing. Quality, severity, and intensity of pain were measured before and after the intervention.ResultsSix patients discontinued the intervention for personal reasons; hence, data from 58 patients were analyzed (control group, n = 14; 1% lavender oil group, n = 15; 1% linalool, n = 15; 1% linalyl acetate, n = 14). Reduction in sensory pain was greater in the 1% lavender oil group, 1% linalool group, and 1% linalyl acetate group than in the control group (all P < 0.001). Reduction in affective pain was greater in the 1% lavender group (P < 0.001) and the 1% linalool group (P = 0.007) than in the control group. Decreases in pain severity and intensity were significantly greater in all three intervention groups than in the control group.ConclusionsInhalation of lavender oil and its major volatile components effectively reduced the quality, severity, and intensity of postherpetic pain, suggesting that lavender oil, linalool, and linalyl acetate may each be an effective intervention for reducing pain in patients with postherpetic neuralgia.Trial registrationThis study was retrospectively registered on the Clinical Research Information Service. Registration number: KCT0007772, first registration 06/10/2022.

Design, Synthesis, Pharmacology, and In Silico Studies of (1S,2S,3S)-2-((S)-Amino(carboxy)methyl)-3-(carboxymethyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid (LBG30300): A Picomolar Potency Subtype-Selective mGlu2 Receptor Agonist.

Metabotropic glutamate (Glu) receptors (mGlu receptors) play a key role in modulating excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we report the structure-based design and pharmacological evaluation of densely functionalized, conformationally restricted glutamate analogue (1S,2S,3S)-2-((S)-amino(carboxy)methyl)-3-(carboxymethyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (LBG30300). LBG30300 was synthesized in a stereocontrolled fashion in nine steps from a commercially available optically active epoxide. Functional characterization of all eight mGlu receptor subtypes showed that LBG30300 is a picomolar agonist at mGlu2 with excellent selectivity over mGlu3 and the other six mGlu receptor subtypes. Bioavailability studies on mice (IV administration) confirm CNS exposure, and an in silico study predicts a binding mode of LBG30300 which induces a flipping of Tyr144 to allow for a salt bridge interaction of the acetate group with Arg271. The Tyr144 residue now prevents Arg271 from interacting with Asp146, which is a residue of differentiation between mGlu2 and mGlu3 and thus could explain the observed subtype selectivity.

The thickening mechanism of CO2 thickener poly (vinyl acetate -vinyl ether) (PVAEE): A molecular dynamics study

This paper performed molecular dynamics simulation to calculate the effect of poly (vinyl acetate-vinyl ether) (PVAEE) on the viscosity of CO2 and its thickening mechanism. The main conclusions are as follows: i) With the increasing of PVAEE, the viscosity of CO2 also increases, indicating that the addition of PVAEE can improve the thickening efficiency. VDW potential interaction energy is the main driving force. ii) PVAEE will gradually curl and aggregate under the effect of electrostatic potential energy, forming a certain network structure. The curled PVAEE chains can increase the rigidity and viscosity of the system. iii) Through studying the properties of the Vinyl Acetate (VAc) and Vinyl Ether (VEE) groups under salt ions environment, we found that VAc groups on PVAEE can bind more CO2 and increase viscosity significantly than VEE groups. iiii) Moreover, we also found that CO2 molecules tend to be circularly distributed around the methyl (CH3) groups on the VAc and VEE groups. While Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions tend to be distributed around O atoms of them. Based on the conclusions above, this paper can provide selection and assistance for the synthesis of better CO2 thickeners.

Synthesis of biobased polyacetals: A review

The molecular structure of a polymer is a key determinant of the properties and thus potential applications of the bulk material. The presence of acetal functional groups in a polymer...

Bacterial composition and physicochemical characteristics of sorghum based on environmental factors in different regions of China.

The fermentation process for Jiang-flavored baijiu using sorghum as the raw material involves a variety of microorganisms. However, the specific physicochemical characteristics of sorghum and microbial composition on its surface have not been fully elucidated. We aimed to perform a comprehensive comparative analysis of the variations in physicochemical properties and surface microflora in waxy sorghum samples from three prominent production regions in China (Renhuai, Jinsha, and Duyun). Multivariate statistical assessments were conducted that incorporated local soil and climate variables. The results showed that Cyanobacteria, unclassified bacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota were the dominant bacteria in these regions. These bacteria were associated with ethyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl lactate, and butyl groups, which synergistically produce flavorful compounds. The surface bacterial communities were affected by soil total phosphorus, altitude, diurnal temperature range, monthly mean temperature, precipitation, and effective accumulated temperature. The findings of this study provide a new perspective on microorganisms related to Jiang-flavored baijiu and can help establish a reference for the stability of liquor quality.

Transforming Wood into a High-Performance Engineering Material via Cellulose Nanocrystal Impregnation

Abstract The demand for wood in construction has led to shortages of strong wood types, causing a shift to costlier alternatives like concrete and nonbiodegradable materials, prompting the investigation of modifying softwoods for better engineering properties. This study investigates the optimization of a multistep impregnation process utilizing functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (f-CNCs) to enhance softwood properties. The process involves alkali delignification, ultrasonication, and vacuum pressure treatment to improve wood porosity and in turn improve CNC impregnation with uniform dispersion. Microstructural analyses through field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) offer detailed insights into cell wall morphology and surface topography, whereas Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy highlights compositional shifts resulting from f-CNC impregnation. Mechanical testing demonstrates significant improvements for treated woods, particularly a 67 percent increase in modulus of elasticity for the 2 percent CNC-treated group compared with the control group; a 71 percent increase in modulus of rupture was observed for 2 percent CNC-, 3 percent NaOH-, and 2 percent acetic acid-treated group compared with the control sample. The sample delignified with 3 percent NaOH and impregnated by 2 percent f-CNC emerged as particularly effective. This research sets the stage for potential advancements in strengthening softwood using CNC, including a novel AFM method and alternative impregnation techniques like the Lowry method, inviting further exploration.

Shape memory hydrogels with remodelable permanent shapes and programmable cold-induced shape recovery behavior.

Most shape memory polymers apply glass transition or crystallization of domains to fix temporary shapes and shape recovery is induced by heating, which hinders their application under heat-intolerant conditions. Moreover, the permanent shapes of polymers normally cannot be altered arbitrarily after fabrication. Herein, we present a novel shape memory hydrogel with a remodelable permanent shape and programmable cold-induced shape recovery behavior. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel is prepared in the presence of diethylenetriamine (DETA) and subsequently treated with calcium acetate (Ca(Ac)2). The charge-assisted hydrogen bonding between PAA and DETA imparts the hydrogel with remodelability, while the heat-induced hydrophobic aggregation of polymer chains and acetate groups results in shape fixation by heating and shape recovery by cooling. Afterwards, programmable deformable devices are obtained by assembling hydrogel blocks with different concentrations of Ca(Ac)2. This design strategy promotes the development of shape memory polymers with diverse potential applications.

The conjugates of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine and hydroxycinnamic acids - synthesis, anti-pancreatic cancer activity and molecular docking studies.

New amide conjugates 1-6 of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5-dFCR), the prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), were synthesized and tested in vitro against pancreatic cancer lines (PDAC). The compounds showed slightly higher efficacy against primary BxPC-3 cells (IC50 values of 14-45 μM) than against metastatic AsPC-1 (IC50 values of 37-133 μM), and similar to that of 5-FU for both PDAC lines. Compound 1, which has a para-(acetyloxy)coumaroyl substituent, was found to be the most potent (IC50 = 14 μM) with a selectivity index of approximately 7 to normal dermal fibroblasts (IC50 = 96 μM). The potential pharmacological profiles were discussed on the basis of the ADME data. Docking to the carboxylesterase CES2 showed that the synthesized compounds have the ability to bind via hydrogen bonding between a specific acetate group of the sugar moiety and Ser228, which belongs to the catalytic triad that causes hydrolysis. Docking to albumin, a major transport protein in the circulatory system, revealed a strong interaction of the conjugates at the binding site which is native to warfarin and responsible for its transport in the body.

Death Due To 2, 4-DI-Ethyl Ester Poisoning –A Rarely Documented Compound in Clinical and Forensic Practice

Poisoning with Herbicides, Pesticides and Rodenticides etc. is very common nowadays especially in the northern parts of India due to their easy availability from market. Such compounds are available in the houses of farmers, persons dealing in agriculture sectors. Most of the time the cases of poisoning which are brought to our hospitals or are brought for autopsy in the mortuaries are of Organo phosphates, Organo chloro compounds or Aluminum Phosphide poisoning. In this case, we will discuss about the poisoning with a rarely documented compound 2, 4 Di Ethyl Ester which is a compound of Phenoxy acetic group. 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a selective herbicide used to kill broad leafed plants. The signs and symptoms of this compound mimics with anti-cholinesterase compounds which might be the reason for under reporting of this compound as a potential cause of poisoning. The role of preserving blood sample during post-mortem to look for myoglobin and creatine phsphokinase levels may be of help in giving opinion regarding cause of death in case of negative FSL's reports.

Acetate attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced cardiac injury via inhibition of NF-kB signaling and suppression of caspase 3-dependent apoptosis in Wistar rats

AimThe goal of the current study was to examine the potential therapeutic effects of sodium acetate on cardiac toxicities caused by cyclophosphamide in Wistar rats. The possible involvement of NF-kB/caspase 3 signaling was also explored. Main methodsThirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups at random. (n = 8). The control animals received 0.5 mL of distilled water orally for 14 days, the acetate-treated group received 200 mg/kg/day of sodium acetate orally for 14 consecutive days, and cyclophosphamide-treated rats received 150 mg/kg /day of cyclophosphamide i.p. on day 8, while cyclophosphamide + acetate group received sodium acetate and cyclophosphamide as earlier stated. Key findingsResults showed that cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity, which manifested as a marked drop in body and cardiac weights as well as cardiac weight/tibial length, increased levels of troponin, C-reactive protein, lactate, and creatinine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities in the plasma and cardiac tissue. Histopathological examination also revealed toxic cardiac histopathological changes. These alterations were associated with a significant increase in xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities, uric acid, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-1β, NFkB, DNA fragmentation, and caspase 3 and caspase 9 activities in addition to a marked decline in Nrf2 and GSH levels, and SOD and catalase activities in the cardiac tissue. Acetate co-administration significantly attenuated cyclophosphamide cardiotoxicity by its antioxidant effect, preventing NFkB activation and caspase 9/caspase 3 signalings. SignificanceThis study shows that acetate co-administration may have cardio-protective effects against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting NF-kB signaling and suppressing caspase-3-dependent apoptosis.

Bicarbonate ringer’s solution could improve the intraoperative acid-base equilibrium and reduce hepatocellular enzyme levels after deceased donor liver transplantation: a randomized controlled study

BackgroundBicarbonate Ringer’s (BR) solution is a direct liver and kidney metabolism-independent HCO3− buffering system. We hypothesized that BR solution would be more effective in improving acid-base equilibrium and more conducive to better liver function than Acetate Ringer’s (AR) solution in conventional orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) patients.MethodsSixty-nine adult patients underwent OLT. Patients in the bicarbonate and acetate groups received BR solution or AR solution as infused crystalloids and graft washing solution, respectively. The primary outcome was the effect on pH and base excess (BE) levels. The secondary outcome measures were the incidence and volume of intraoperative 5% sodium bicarbonate infusion and laboratory indicates of liver and kidney function.ResultsThe pH and absolute BE values changed significantly during the anhepatic phase and immediately after transplanted liver reperfusion in the bicarbonate group compared with the acetate group (all P < 0.05). The incidence and volume of 5% sodium bicarbonate infusion were lower in the bicarbonate group than in the acetate group (all P < 0.05). The aspartate transaminase (AST) level at 7 postoperative days and the creatine level at 30 postoperative days were significantly higher in the acetate group than in the bicarbonate group (all P < 0.05).ConclusionCompared with AR solution, BR solution was associated with improved intraoperative acid-base balance and potentially protected early postoperative liver graft function and reduced late-postoperative renal injury.

Photocrosslinkable Cellulose Derivatives for the Manufacturing of All-Cellulose-Based Architectures.

Replacing petroleum-based polymers with biopolymers such as polysaccharides is essential for protecting our environment by saving fossil resources. A research field that can benefit from the application of more sustainable and renewable materials is photochemistry. Therefore, cellulose-based photoresists that could be photocrosslinked via UV irradiation (λ = 254 nm and λ = 365 nm) were developed. These biogenic polymers enable the manufacturing of sustainable coatings, even with imprinted microstructures, and cellulose-based bulk materials. Thus, herein, cellulose was functionalized with organic compounds containing carbon double bonds to introduce photocrosslinkable side groups directly onto the cellulose backbone. Therefore, unsaturated anhydrides such as methacrylic acid anhydride and unsaturated and polyunsaturated carboxylic acids such as linoleic acid were utilized. Additionally, these cellulose derivatives were modified with acetate or tosylate groups to generate cellulose-based polymers, which are soluble in organic solvents, making them suitable for multiple processing methods, such as casting, printing and coating. The photocurable resist was basically composed of the UV-crosslinkable biopolymer, an appropriate solvent and, if necessary, a photoinitiator. Moreover, these bio-based photoresists were UV-crosslinkable in the liquid and solid states after the removal of the solvent. Further, the manufactured cellulose-based architectures, even the bulk structures, could be entirely regenerated into pure cellulose devices via a sodium methoxide treatment.

Electroreductive Carboxylation of Propargylic Acetates with CO2: Access to Tetrasubstituted 2,3-Allenoates.

An electroreductive carboxylation of propargylic alcohols with CO2 and then workup with TMSCHN2 to construct tetrasubstituted 2,3-allenoates is developed. This method allows the incorporation of an external ester group into the resulting allene system through electroreduction, carboxylation, and deacetoxylation cascades. Mechanistically, electricity on/off experiments and cyclic voltammetry analysis support the preferential generation of the CO2 radical anion or the 3-aryl propargylic acetate radical anion based on the electron nature of the aryl rings.

Comparison of the efficacy of 5% versus 8% acetic acid concentrations for detecting premalignant and malignant lesions in colposcopy.

Although preventable; cervical cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries; thus, early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent its development into invasive cancer. Based on the screening results, diagnostic colposcopy was performed to evaluate women with abnormal Papinocalaou test results, high-risk human papillomavirus DNA positivity, or suspected cervical cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimal acetic acid concentration (5% or 8%) for detecting cervical precancerous/cancerous lesions during colposcopy evaluation. This study included 607 patients admitted to our obstetrics and gynecology clinic. The medical records of the patients were obtained from the colposcopy registry in the hospital information system and retrospectively analyzed. The cases were divided into 2 groups according to the acetic acid concentrations (5% and 8%) used during colposcopy and examined. The duration of acetic acid application was 2 to 4 minutes. The probability of developing ≥ CIN2 was low in patients with negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy smear results in both groups, but increased in the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions/atypical squamous cells group with the 8% acetic acid concentration (P < .0001; P = .012). The probabilities of pathological detection of ≥ CIN2 in the 5% and 8% acetic acid groups were 17.3% and 46.6%, respectively (P < .0001). The enhancement of the efficiency of colposcopy should focus on improving the detectability of precancerous lesions. Given that this study compared the effectiveness of acetic acid concentration in colposcopy diagnostics, it can be considered a leading study in this field.

Analysis of hippocampus in rats with acute brain ischemia-reperfusion injury treated with leuprolide acetate, an agonist of GnRH.

The hippocampus is highly vulnerable to damage in the brain ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Leuprolide acetate has been shown to promote neurological recovery after injury in various regions of the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to assess the histology of the hippocampus and the expression of neuronal recovery markers, specifically the 200 kDa neurofilaments and the myelin basic protein, in rats with brain ischemia-reperfusion injury treated with leuprolide acetate. The rats were divided into three groups: Sham, ischemia-reperfusion with saline solution, and ischemia-reperfusion treated with leuprolide acetate. Coronal brain slices were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The histological analysis involved quantifying the number of neurons in the hippocampal regions CA1, CA3 and DG. The myelin basic protein and neurofilaments were quantified using western blot. The number of neurons in CA1 and DG was significantly higher in the leuprolide acetate group compared to the untreated group. Additionally, the expression of neurofilament and myelin basic protein markers was significantly increased in rats treated with leuprolide acetate compared to the untreated rats. Leuprolide acetate promotes the recovery of hippocampal neurons in an acute brain ischemia-reperfusion injury model. These findings suggest that leuprolide acetate could be a potential therapeutic intervention for reversing damage in hippocampal ischemic lesions.

Monitoring of ionized magnesium in hemodialysis patients: A useful tool to allow a personalized prescription of dialysate composition

Background and aimsThe dialysate magnesium (Mg) concentration is a major determinant of Mg balance in hemodialysis. This study aimed to assess the systemic variations of total (tMg) and ionized Mg (iMg) during a dialysis session using acetate or citrate fluids and 0.5 or 0.75 mM Mg. Materials and methods134 patients in maintenance hemodialysis were assigned to a dialysis session with 4 different dialysates: acetate fluid with 0.5 mM Mg (1) or 0.75 mM Mg (2), citrate fluid with 0.5 mM Mg (3) or 0.75 mM Mg (4). Ionized form was measured by direct ion-selective electrode. ResultsA Mg loss was observed in both acetate (0.12 and 0.08 mmol/L) and citrate (0.13 and 0.14 mmol/L for tMg and iMg, respectively) fluid groups containing 0.5 mM Mg. The use of acetate and citrate dialysates with 0.75 mM Mg led to a significant median intra-dialytic increase of 0.15 and 0.08 mmol/L for tMg, respectively. A significant augmentation in iMg concentration with acetate (0.11 mmol/L) but not with citrate dialysate (0.02 mmol/L) was observed. ConclusionWhile a dialysate Mg concentration at 0.5 mM leads to a negative balance, increasing the concentration to 0.75 mM significantly raises post-dialysis circulating Mg. Monitoring of iMg should allow a personalized prescription in dialysate Mg.