Acetaminophen Research Articles

Detection of paracetamol by a montmorillonite-modified carbon paste sensor: A study combining MC simulation, DFT computation and electrochemical investigations

This study aims to develop a suitable electrochemical electrode through the incorporation of potassium montmorillonite (MMTK10)clay into the carbon matrix for the direct and sensitive determination of paracetamol (PAR) in pharmaceutical formulations. Electrochemical characterization of the electrodes involves the use of techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results reveal that the voltammetric response of PAR is linear over a wide concentration range (1.0–15 μM), with a low detection limit of 0.46 μM. Analytically, PAR recovery results were around 94%, indicating that the developed electrode is highly suitable for PAR detection in pharmaceutical formulation. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) is employed to investigate the reactivity of PAR and explain the interaction process of PAR on the electrode surface at different pH values. A Monte Carlo simulations model is developed to provide a deeper understanding of the adsorption mechanism, particularly to comprehend molecular interactions and preferential orientations of PAR with MMT fractions at the electrode surface. Reduced Density Gradient is calculated and discussed using techniques such as Multiwfn and Visualization of Molecular Dynamics. The developed CPE-MMTK10 sensor provided a simple preparation method, rapid response, high sensitivity, reproducibility, strong selectivity, and extended stability. Moreover, there is a good correlation between most parameters calculated by DFT and experimental results, thereby reinforcing the validity of the theoretical approach in this study.

Studies in Solid Solution Formation between Acetaminophen and Povidone and Mouth-dissolving Strip Formulation.

This invention reports the solubilization of Acetaminophen (ACM) within the Povidone (PVP K30) in the solid state for the first time. First-generation solid dispersions (SDs) were attempted with a different ratio of PVP K:30:ACM. SDs prepared were transparent, suggesting a solid solution (SS) formation, which was a serendipitous discovery. A minimum ratio of 1.25:1 PVP K30: ACM was required to form stable SS, suggesting discontinuous SS. A computational complex prediction tool, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the SS formation. The oral strip formulation was developed from the PVP K30: ACM SS using Polyvinyl alcohol as a film-former found to be optimum concerning physicochemical properties, offering rapid drug dissolution and taste masking. The designed strip is suitable for delivering a child's dose (100-150 mg). However, the developed SS can be formulated as tablets, capsules, or oral dissolving tablets to deliver adult doses with improved therapeutic benefits and patient compliance.

Anthraquinone/activated carbon electrochemical sensor and its application in acetaminophen analysis.

Acetaminophen (AC) can inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in the body, and has antipyretic and analgesic effects. In this paper, a two-step microwave impregnation method was used to prepare anthraquinone (AQ)-doped carbon composite, which were applied to the surface modification of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) for the determination of acetaminophen (AC) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that anthraquinone was successfully modified on the surface of activated carbon. The peak current of AC increased with its concentration in the range of 0.1μM to 700μM (R2 = 0.998) and a detection limit of 0.05μM was obtained with 20%AQ doped carbon electrochemical sensor (20%AQ-C/GCE). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) test results indicated that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 20%AQ-C/GCE is only the one-fourth of that of bare GCE. The proposed 20%AQ-C/GCE sensor has good stability, reproducibility and selectivity for the detection of AC. The sensor is also suitable for the detection of real samples, indicating its good practicality.

Efficient acetaminophen degradation via peroxymonosulfate activation by Mn/N co-doped biochar: Performance, mechanism and approach

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are frequently used to remove stubborn pollutants from the aquatic environment, and developing an eco-friendly and high-performance catalyst is an effective strategy to enhance the efficiency of AOPs. In this study, Mn nanoparticle-loaded nitrogen-doped kelp biochar catalysts were synthesized at varying temperatures to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and degrade acetaminophen (ACT). The findings show that the Mn@NBC-800/PMS system can fully remove ACT (20 mg/L) in 10 min under ideal circumstances. Electrochemical tests, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and quenching experiments reveal that the primary mechanism of ACT degradation was a non-radical pathway dominated by electron transfer and singlet oxygen (1O2). In addition, mechanism studies indicate that Mn species, C═O groups and graphite N were possible active sites. The Mn@NBC-800/PMS system demonstrates excellent catalytic activity across various pH values, inorganic anions, and water conditions, making it highly suitable for practical applications. This study emphasizes the significant potential of Mn/N co-doped biochar and provides invaluable insights for designing efficient carbon-based catalysts for wastewater treatment.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intrathecal versus Caudal Morphine-Bupivacaine on Postoperative Analgesia and Cortisol Levels in Pediatric Patients.

Morphine is commonly used in pediatric caudal blocks. We compared the analgesic efficacy and effect on cortisol levels of intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine with caudal morphine and bupivacaine in children undergoing lower abdominal surgeries. Forty children undergoing lower abdominal surgeries were randomized to receive 4 μg/kg of intrathecal morphine and 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (n = 20), or caudal morphine 40 μg/kg and 0.25% bupivacaine (n = 20). Postoperative analgesia was provided with intravenous (IV) paracetamol (PCM). The primary outcome was time to reach Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) score ≥4 postoperatively. Secondary outcomes were perioperative serum cortisol levels, analgesic requirement, and parent satisfaction. Since seventy 5% of patients receiving intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine did not reach a FLACC score ≥4 within 24 hours, the primary outcome was presented as the Kaplan-Meier curve. The probability of FLACC score <4 was significantly higher with intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine than with caudal morphine and bupivacaine (P < .001). The unadjusted and adjusted (for gender) hazard ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) of occurrence of pain (FLACC score ≥4) was 0.07 (0.03-0.15, P < .001) and 0.06 (0.03-0.14, P < .001), respectively. The difference in means (95% CI) of cortisol levels between caudal morphine (with bupivacaine) and intrathecal morphine (with bupivacaine) groups were after intubation -0.667 (-4.99 to 3.65, P = .76), at 2 hours intraoperatively 7.88 (3.55-12.2, P < .001), 6 hours postoperatively 16.8 (12.5-21.1, P < .001), and 24 hours postoperatively 15.4 (11.1-19.7, P < .001) μg/dL. Intraoperatively, rescue fentanyl was required by 60% of patients on caudal morphine and bupivacaine against 20% of patients receiving intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine (absolute risk-reduction [95% CI] of 40% [12%-68%]; P = .010). Postoperative rescue fentanyl was required in 45% of patients on caudal morphine and bupivacaine and 5% of patients on intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine. All (100%) patients on caudal morphine and bupivacaine required postoperative PCM against 6 (30%) patients on intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine (absolute risk-reduction [95% CI] of 70% [50%-90%]; P < .001).The median (interquartile range [IQR]) parent satisfaction score for patients on caudal morphine (with bupivacaine) and intrathecal morphine (with bupivacaine) was 0(0-0) and 2(2-2) at 12 hours postoperatively (P < .001) and 0(0-1) and 2(1.5-2) at 24 hours postoperatively (P < .001). One patient in each group developed nausea and vomiting, and 1 patient in the intrathecal group developed pruritus. There was no incidence of respiratory depression. Intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine results in longer duration of analgesia, lower analgesic consumption, prevents surgical-stress-related elevation of serum cortisol, and improves parent satisfaction compared to caudal morphine with bupivacaine in children undergoing lower abdominal surgeries.

Sustainable removal of caffeine and acetaminophen from water using biomass waste-derived activated carbon: Synthesis, characterization, and modelling

The removal of caffeine (CFN) and acetaminophen (ACT) from water using low-cost activated carbons prepared from artichoke leaves (AAC) and pomegranate peels (PAC) was reported in this paper. These activated carbons were characterized using various analytical techniques. The results showed that AAC and PAC had surface areas of 1203 and 1095 m2 g−1, respectively. The prepared adsorbents were tested for the adsorption of these pharmaceuticals in single and binary solutions. These experiments were performed under different operating conditions to evaluate the adsorption properties of these adsorbents to remove CFN and ACT. AAC and PAC showed maximum adsorption capacities of 290.86 and 258.98 mg g−1 for CFN removal, 281.18 and 154.99 mg g−1 for the ACT removal over a wide pH range. The experimental equilibrium adsorption data fitted to the Langmuir model and the kinetic data were correlated with the pseudo-second order model. AAC showed the best adsorption capacities for the removal of these pharmaceuticals in single systems and, consequently, it was tested for the simultaneous removal of these pollutants in binary solutions. The simultaneous adsorption of these compounds on AAC was improved using the central composite design and response surface methodology. The results indicated an antagonistic effect of CFN on the ACT adsorption. AAC regeneration was also analyzed and discussed. A statistical physics model was applied to describe the adsorption orientation of the tested pollutants on both activated carbon samples. It was concluded that AAC is a promising adsorbent for the removal of emerging pollutants due to its low cost and reusability properties.

Thermodynamics analysis of acetaminophen and its metabolites using density functional theory

AbstractThe thermodynamics factors of acetaminophen and its metabolites were considered using density functional theory (DFT) at 298.15 K temperature and 1 atm. pressure. The resultant Thermodynamics factors were at that time analyzed and compared to determine the influence of temperature and pressure on the stability of the metabolite and its potential behavior in changed environments. The results display that the internal energy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, entropy, heat capacity at constant volume (Cv), and Cp at constant pressure (Cp) all affected by the temperature increases. The internal energy (U) of the most stable molecule increases with the increase in temperature, while the heat capacity (H) decreases with the decrease in pressure. The heat capacity and heat capacity of sulfate (APS) are stable at changed temperatures and pressures. These results will make available valued information on the Thermodynamics behavior of Acetaminophen (AP), Acetaminophen cysteine (APCys), Acetaminophen glucuronide (APGlc), and Acetaminophen sulfate (APS) metabolites which can be used to recognize their behavior in the body and how they are metabolized. Furthermore, the results of this study will be responsible for a better understanding of the thermal stability of these molecules under different conditions and guide the development of new drugs and therapies.

Accelerated Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle for ultrafast removal of acetaminophen by a novel W18O49 co-catalytic Fe3+/H2O2 fenton-like system

The traditional Fenton reaction always encounters the restriction that the solution pH needs to be strictly regulated, and Fe2+ is easy to self-decompose but not easy to regenerate. Fe3+ is relatively stable but its reaction with H2O2 is super-restricted. A novel strategy for the co-catalytic effect of W18O49 on the enhancement of Fe3+/H2O2 reaction activity was presented in this study. The W18O49/Fe3+/H2O2 system achieved a 94% acetaminophen (ACE) degradation rate within 5 min, which was much higher than the Fe3+/H2O2 system (48%), and W18O49 also showed excellent repeatability. Quenching experiment and ESR proved that the removal of ACE mainly depended on 1O2 (leading role) and •OH, which was different from the previously reported Fenton/Fenton-like system dominated by •OH. Accelerated Fe2+/Fe3+ cycling controlled by variational W4+/W6+ and intermediate •OH stabilization by oxygen vacancy for enhancing the breaking of O-O bond in H2O2 to produce more radicals was the dual driving force in the W18O49/Fe3+/H2O2 system for enhanced oxidation activity. The W18O49/Fe3+/H2O2 system has favorable tolerance to a wide range of pH and anions, which provides a feasible strategy for the practical application of the Fenton-like system.

Understanding electrochemical treatment of real fresh and hydrolyzed urine matrices to remove trace pharmaceuticals

Paracetamol (PCT) is a widely prescribed pharmaceutical. PCT is partially excreted in the urine after uptake. It has been detected in many natural waters worldwide. Trace concentrations of PCT detrimentally affect the environment. Direct treatment of PCT in urine can alleviate and minimize unintended release to the environment. This work presents the remediation of several urine matrices contaminated with PCT by electrochemical oxidation (EO) with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. Effective drug abatement was found for PTC concentrations ≤ 20 mg L−1 in fresh synthetic urine at 48 mA cm−2. Uric acid was also completely removed, but only partial degradation was found for creatinine and urea. While 91 % of 2.5 mg L−1 PCT was removed in hydrolyzed real urine, only 48 % was degraded in fresh real urine. Release of N-species was quantified and carboxylic acids resulting from PCT degradation identified. The electrochemical treatment attained complete removal of PCT.

Electrochemical detection of paracetamol using zeolitic imidazolate framework and graphene oxide derived zinc/nitrogen-doped carbon

A composite of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and graphene oxide (ZIF-GO) derived 3D–2D Zn/N-doped carbon (ZnNC-rGO) was developed for the electrochemical detection of the analgesic paracetamol (PCT). The pyrolysis of ZIF-GO led to the formation of a nanoscale structure featuring ZnNC cubes embedded in rGO sheets. The Zn0-to-ZnO phase transition was found to mediate electrons during the reversible paracetamol redox reactions, which contributed to the sensing current response. Upon 800 °C heating under a N2 atmosphere, the mesoporosity of ZnNC-rGO(800) was significantly enhanced, thereby increasing the electrochemical surface area and charge transfer efficiency. The electrode sensitivity was optimized at a calibration linearity of 0.526 μA μM−1) with detection limit (0.077 μM) in the range of 0.5 – 70 μM using differential pulse voltammetry mode (DPV). The precision of analytical recovery for trace paracetamol concentrations was maintained based on the excellent reproducibility and selectivity trials in the presence of interference chemicals and in real water samples.

Paracetamol transport by ZnO nanoparticle-doped polymer-containing membrane

In this study, the transport performance of acetaminophen (paracetamol), which is most commonly prescribed and used for humans and animals and whose wastes are known to have toxic effects on the environment and some living organisms, was investigated using zinc oxide (ZnO)-reinforced polymer membranes. In this study, nanoparticle-containing polymer membranes were prepared from cellulose triacetate in dichloromethane and ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized to impart adsorption properties to the membrane in a single step, enabling adsorption and filtration to improve the removal of low molecular weight micropollutants that are poorly retained by conventional polymer membranes and by enabling re-release. Our membrane was prepared by phase inversion method by doping with cellulose triacetate (CTA) solution. Parameters such as carrier concentration, mixing rate, transport time, acceptor and feed phase concentrations were studied to determine the optimal conditions for the transport experiments of paracetamol (PARA). The presence of acid in the acceptor phase converted the hydrophilic part of paracetamol, which allowed the transport of PARA. The calculated flux values for different PARA concentrations ranged from (0.64) × 10−8 to (1.8) × 10−8 mol/(cm2s). Under optimal conditions, a transport efficiency of 84% was obtained for PARA with a CTA/ZnO polymer membrane. The obtained membranes can be used in wastewater treatment, recovery of pharmacological products from pharmaceutical industry waste, re-evaluation of hospital waste, etc.

Application of smart chemometric models for spectra resolution and determination of challenging multi-action quaternary mixture: statistical comparison with greenness assessment

A multivariate spectrophotometric method is a potential approach that enables discrimination of spectra of components in complex matrices (e.g., pharmaceutical formulation) serving as a substitution method for chromatography. Four green smart multivariate spectrophotometric models were proposed and validated, including principal component regression (PCR), partial least-squares (PLS), multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), and artificial neural networks (ANN). The developed chemometric models were compared to resolve highly overlapping spectra of Paracetamol (PARA), Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), Caffeine (CAF), and Ascorbic acid (ASC). The four multivariate calibration models were assessed via recoveries percent, and root mean square error of prediction. Hence, the proposed models were efficiently applied with no need for any preliminary separation step. The models were utilized to analyze the studied components in their combined pharmaceutical formulation (Grippostad® C capsules). Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach (AGREE) and eco-scale tools were applied to assess the greenness of the established models and found to be 0.77 and 85, respectively. Moreover, the proposed models have been compared to official ones showing no considerable variations in accuracy and precision. Therefore, these models can be highly advantageous for conducting standard pharmaceutical analysis of the substances researched within product testing laboratories.

Improved Performance and Stability of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cells by Post-treatment with Acetaminophen.

Recently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) perovskites have drawn more attention due to their excellent stability, although their efficiencies are still lower than those of 3D ones. Here we applied post-treatment of 2D perovskite GAMA5Pb5I16 (GA = guanidinium, MA = methylammonium) films with acetaminophen (AMP) to improve their performance. The efficiency of the solar cells with 2 mg/mL AMP post-treatment increased to 18.01% from 16.72% for those without post-treatment. The efficiency improvement results from the enlarged grain size, reduced trap state density, and better energy level matching after AMP post-treatment. In addition, the stability of the solar cells is improved. The solar cells with AMP post-treatment maintain 91% of the original power conversion efficiency value after aging for 30 days in the atmosphere. This work opens a new approach for the efficiency and stability enhancement of quasi-2D PSCs.

Pd:In-Doped TiO2 as a Bifunctional Catalyst for the Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Paracetamol and Simultaneous Green Hydrogen Production.

The integration of clean energy generation with wastewater treatment holds promise for addressing both environmental and energy concerns. Focusing on photocatalytic hydrogen production and wastewater treatment, this study introduces PdIn/TiO2 catalysts for the simultaneous removal of the pharmaceutical contaminant paracetamol (PTM) and hydrogen production. Physicochemical characterization showed a high distribution of Pd and In on the support as well as a high interaction with it. The Pd and In deposition enhance the light absorption capability and significantly improve the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the absence and presence of paracetamol compared to TiO2. On the other hand, the photoelectroxidation of PTM at TiO2 and PdIn/TiO2 follows the full mineralization path and, accordingly, is limited by the adsorption of intermediate species on the electrode surface. Thus, PdIn-doped TiO2 stands out as a promising photoelectrocatalyst, showcasing enhanced physicochemical properties and superior photoelectrocatalytic performance. This underscores its potential for both environmental remediation and sustainable hydrogen production.

Performance Assessment of a New Flat Sepiolite Clay-Based Ultrafiltration Membrane for the Removal of Paracetamol and Indigo Blue Dyes from Two Synthetic Aqueous Solutions

In the last decade, the development of a new generation of membranes based on low-cost materials has been widely studied. These membranes demonstrate significantly higher performance than the conventional ceramic membranes currently used in membrane separation technology. This work is focused on the development of a low-cost flat UF ceramic membrane composed completely of sepiolite using a uniaxial pressing method with dimensions of 5.5 cm of diameter and 3 mm of thickness. The sintering temperatures used were from 650 to 800 °C. Several properties, such as morphology, porosity, permeability, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance, are investigated. The results show that the mean pore diameter is increased from 40 to 150 nm when the sintering temperature increases from 650 °C to 800 °C. At these temperatures, excellent mechanical strength of 18 MPa to 22 MPa and high chemical resistance were achieved. SEM results revealed a crack-free structure with a uniformly smooth surface. Permeability tests were conducted using dead-end filtration. The sepiolite membrane demonstrated an improvement in its water permeability from 18 to 41 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 when the sintering temperature increased from 650 °C to 750 °C. The efficiency of the sepiolite membranes sintered at 650 °C and 700 °C were evaluated with the application of the removal of paracetamol (PCT) and indigo blue (IB) dye separately from two synthetic aqueous solutions representing the pharmaceutical and textile sectors. Excellent removal efficiency of almost 100% for both contaminants was observed at ambient temperature and a pressure of 3 bars. Membrane regeneration was achieved through simple rinsing with deionized water. According to this finding, the UF sepiolite membrane demonstrated reversible fouling, which is consistent with the fouling coefficient “FRR” value higher than 90%.

Larsucosterol: endogenous epigenetic regulator for treating chronic and acute liver diseases.

Larsucosterol, a potent endogenous epigenetic regulator, has been reported to play a significant role in lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell survival. The administration of larsucosterol has demonstrated a reduction in lipid accumulation within hepatocytes and the attenuation of inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNFα in macrophages, alleviating LPS- and acetaminophen (ATMP)-induced multiple organ injury, and decreasing mortalities in animal models. Results from phase 1 and 2 clinical trials have shown that larsucosterol has potential as a biomedicine for the treatment of acute and chronic liver diseases. Recent evidence suggests that larsucosterol is a promising candidate for treating alcohol-associated hepatitis with positive results from a phase 2a clinical trial, and for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) from a phase 1b clinical trial. In this review, we present a culmination of our recent research efforts spanning two decades. We summarize the discovery, physiological and pharmacological mechanisms, and clinical applications of larsucosterol. Furthermore, we elucidate the pathophysiological pathways of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver diseases (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and acute liver injuries. A central focus of the review is the exploration of the therapeutic potential of larsucosterol in treating life-threatening conditions, including acetaminophen overdose, endotoxin shock, MASLD, MASH, hepatectomy, and alcoholic hepatitis.

Efficient degradation of acetaminophen by activated peroxymonosulfate using Mn/C composites: Performance and mechanism

The synthesis of manganese oxide (MnOx) composites often leads to particle aggregation and the formation of larger metal nanoparticles, which greatly reduces the efficient use of manganese (Mn) as catalyst. Additionally, the structurally unstable Mn matrix composites increase the risk of metal precipitation during the reaction process. To address these issues, a series of Mn-carbon (Mn/C) co-doped composites (Mn@CA400, Mn@CA500, and Mn@CA600) were synthesized using potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and citric acid (CA) as precursors. The Mn@CA400 exhibited exceptional catalytic activity towards peroxymonosulfate (PMS) resulting in complete removal of 10 mg/L acetaminophen (ACT) within 10 min. Furthermore, Mn@CA400 demonstrated significant selectivity and resistance in complex matrices to interference for pollutant degradation. The results showed that Mn@CA400 exhibited higher catalytic activity and better stability compared with the reported Mn-based composites. Quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), solvent exchange experiments, and electrochemical analysis confirmed that singlet oxygen (1O2) and electron transfer pathways were responsible for ACT degradation. The mechanism analysis revealed that ACT could be degraded under three pathways. The current study not only presents an effective method to solve the problem of metal agglomeration and precipitation in the synthesis of MnOx composites but also establishes an efficient and selective oxidation system. In addition, it greatly improves the understanding of PMS activation and ACT degradation mechanisms.

Adsorption of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs traces in water on clay minerals

The aim of this study was to assess the adsorption of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely Paracetamol (PRC), Diclofenac (DIC), Ibuprofen (IBU), and Ketoprofen (KET), using both batch and continuous experiments with clay. Various analytical techniques, including XRD, FTIR, SEM coupled to EDX, and Zeta potential, were employed to characterize both raw and calcined clay. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed the kaolinite nature of the clay. SEM data revealed a lamellar structure formed in the clay after calcination at 550 °C. Adsorption tests were conducted to determine the optimal adsorption conditions. Batch kinetics of adsorption demonstrated rapid adsorption of all four NSAIDs, with the highest adsorption occurring at pH 4 (DIC, IBU, and KET) and pH 6 for PRC, using a concentration of 20 mg L−1 of calcined clay. Additionally, the pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit for all NSAIDs adsorption processes. Maximum adsorption capacities, as determined by the Langmuir model, were 80 mg g−1 for PRC, 238 mg −1g for DIC, 138 mg g−1 for IBU, and 245 mg g−1 for KET. In fixed bed column studies, three dynamic models (Thomas, Adams-Bohart, and Yoon-Nelson) were utilized to describe the breakthrough curves, with linear regression used to identify key characteristics for process design. The fixed bed column adsorption study revealed that DIC exhibited the highest removal efficiency at 98%, while KET, IBU, and PRC were more persistent, with removal efficiencies of 77.1%, 76.7%, and 67.1%, respectively. The Thomas model was deemed appropriate for describing the breakthrough curve. These findings offer valuable insights into the interactions between clay and pharmaceuticals with varying physicochemical properties. They also provide information on the adsorption models, saturation, and adsorption capacities of various pharmaceuticals on natural clays, which can be crucial for further research and environmental remediation efforts.

Simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine, acetaminophen and tryptophan using a screen-printed electrode modified with woolen ball-shaped La3+/TiO2 nanostructure as a quadruplet nanosensor

Woolen ball-shaped La3+/TiO2 nanostructure (WB-S La3+/TiO2-NS) was constructed, followed by specification using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammograms of this new nanocomposite sensor provided distinct and sharp oxidation peaks for the study analytes, including ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), acetaminophen (AC) and tryptophan (Try). An effective electron-mediated response of the nanosensor was determined with broad peak separations of 0.2 for AA-DA, 0.2 for DA-AC, and 0.31 V for AC-Try. According to differential pulse voltammograms, the nanostructure electrode could simultaneously detect AA, DA, AC and Try, with linear ranges from 0.001 to 900.0 μM, with the limit of detection of 0.63 ± 0.01, 0.51 ± 0.02, 0.72 ± 0.03 and 0.84 ± 0.04 nM, sequentially. Further, the analytical applicability of WB-S La3+/TiO2-NS/SPE was confirmed by sensing AA, DA, AC and Try in real human serum samples.

The Drug Paracetamol and Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Interactions and Their Importances for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications

The interactions of naturally occurring polymers and medicaments, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) and Paracetamol (PCM), have attracted the interest of researchers in a variety of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications areas, such as drug delivery, cosmetics and tissue engineering. In our research described here, the effects of temperature and concentration of Na-CMC/PCM/water (W) mixed solutions were studied at various temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 45 °C. We highlighted that different regions can be distinguished in the aqueous Na-CMC/PCM/W complexes, depending on the composition and electrostatic interactions of the solutions, which are associated with significantly different phase behaviors.