Accurate Translation Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence Machine Translation Based on Fuzzy Algorithm

In order to study machine translation more in-depth, it is particularly important for the research of artificial intelligence with fuzzy algorithms to convert an unfamiliar language into a mature language. The neural network translation model has been developed in recent years and has achieved rich research results. Aiming at the current lack of accuracy of neural machine translation (NMT), which may cause ambiguity, this paper takes English machine translation as an example and proposes an artificial intelligence machine translation optimization model based on fuzzy theory. On the basis of NMT model translation, first the semantics of English machine translation is classified, a semantic selection model is built, then the analytic hierarchy process is used to determine the semantic order of English machine translation, and the corresponding fault-tolerant operation is carried out to the error-prone errors, weight the semantics, and introduce the fuzzy theory to arrange the English semantics of English machine translation. Finally, the performance of the model is analyzed through specific application experiments. The results show that the accuracy of the machine translation selection permutation model is improved by nearly 4.5% and can reach more than 90% compared with other models, and the timeliness is better than other models, which is improved by nearly 15%, which has obvious advantages.

Retraction Note: Ocean surface temperature simulation based on big data and accuracy of English translation of foreign trade vocabulary

The slight change of sea surface temperature (SST) may affect the marine climate, the coastal climate, and the distribution of aquatic resources. Therefore, in order to understand marine climate change and aquatic resources, long-term investigation of SST change tendency is particularly important. Satellite remote sensing is one of the effective means to monitor sea surface temperature. In the face of a large number of remote sensing data sources, it is very important to choose an appropriate multi-source remote sensing data fusion method to improve the inversion accuracy and coverage of sea surface temperature. Big data technology is becoming an important force to promote the development of national economy. In the process of accelerating the penetration of big data technology into various fields of economy and society, it promotes the change of production mode and greatly improves productivity. After the accuracy of ensemble Kalman filter in sea surface temperature fusion is verified by sea surface temperature simulation based on big data, the fused SST is processed into abnormal form and decomposed by empirical orthogonal function, and its spatial and temporal distribution characteristics are analyzed. Based on the above big data, big data technology makes the business English translation industry usher in earth-shaking changes. Massive translation information based on big data platform can not only improve the efficiency of business English translation, but also improve its translation accuracy. However, due to the short time of big data technology, cultural and pragmatic differences, and other factors, the personal development of business English translators is limited. Therefore, by combining the basic connotation and existing problems of business English translation, this paper puts forward strategies to improve translation skills from two aspects of the main body of the teacher and the main body of the learner, in order to improve the accuracy of English translation of foreign trade vocabulary.

Lexical Errors Produced by Google Translate in Translating “Putri Serindang Bulan” to English Language

The purpose of this study was to analyze the lexical errors which was produced by google translate in translating “Putri Serindang Bulan” short story to English language as the target language. This study was conducted by using descriptive design with qualitatitive approach, which was done with consideration that the purpose of this research to analyze the lexical errors which produced by google translate in translating “Putri Serindang Bulan” short story to English language as the target language. This study was focused on describing the types of lexical errors produced by google translation in translating “Putri Serindang Bulan” short story to English language. In this research, the writer became the main instrument. This study obtained the data by reading “Putri Serindang Bulan” short story to understand the information of the short story, translating the “Putri Serindang Bulan” short story into English language use google translate, and then comparing the source text with the translation result to find out the translation accuracy and make the terms that were considered as inaccurate translation. The result showed that many errors were produced by google translate in translating the short story, the most frequent error found were incorrect word and missing word. In conclusion, this study suggest that the human translators must revise the translation result from machine translation.

Evolutionary repair reveals an unexpected role of the tRNA modification m1G37 in aminoacylation.

The tRNA modification m1G37, introduced by the tRNA methyltransferase TrmD, is thought to be essential for growth in bacteria because it suppresses translational frameshift errors at proline codons. However, because bacteria can tolerate high levels of mistranslation, it is unclear why loss of m1G37 is not tolerated. Here, we addressed this question through experimental evolution of trmD mutant strains of Escherichia coli. Surprisingly, trmD mutant strains were viable even if the m1G37 modification was completely abolished, and showed rapid recovery of growth rate, mainly via duplication or mutation of the proline-tRNA ligase gene proS. Growth assays and in vitro aminoacylation assays showed that G37-unmodified tRNAPro is aminoacylated less efficiently than m1G37-modified tRNAPro, and that growth of trmD mutant strains can be largely restored by single mutations in proS that restore aminoacylation of G37-unmodified tRNAPro. These results show that inefficient aminoacylation of tRNAPro is the main reason for growth defects observed in trmD mutant strains and that proS may act as a gatekeeper of translational accuracy, preventing the use of error-prone unmodified tRNAPro in translation. Our work shows the utility of experimental evolution for uncovering the hidden functions of essential genes and has implications for the development of antibiotics targeting TrmD.

Finding appropriate techniques in translating Sundanese terms of address

The research addresses how Sundanese terms of address are translated into English. It discusses specifically the translation techniques practiced by the translator which affect the quality of the translation. The data are taken from Sundanese short stories and their translation in English. The theories exercised to find out the applied techniques are based on Molina and Albir (2002). The translation quality is examined using translation quality assessment of Nababan et al (2012). The analyses are carried out using Santosa’s methods (2017), a modification of Spreadly’s, following the analysis steps of domain, taxonomy, componential and culture findings. The results show that there are five translation techniques practiced by the translator, namely established equivalent, pure borrowings, deletion, variation, and implicit. The translation quality appears to gain 2.7. This score means that the translation is quite good. While the translation accuracy takes the highest score of 2.9, followed by acceptability 2.8, and readability having 2.5.

A Novel Evaluation and Decision-Making Approach to Prioritizing the Service Quality Criteria in Road Transportation Systems

The passengers’ expectations of road transportation systems' service quality lead transportation policy-makers to determine the technical requirements to meet these expectations. It means that Road trip Designs (RDs) as technical requirements should be translated based on Road users’ Requirements (RRs) as passengers’ expectations. We classified the RRs and RDs to 8 and 10 requirements, respectively. The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method can translate the RRs to RDs in road transportation systems. On the one hand, due to the inherent uncertainty in decision-makers viewpoints in such systems, the Fuzzy QFD (FQFD) can be applied as a more accurate translation of RRs to RDs. On the other hand, the Evidential Reasoning (ER) approach, as one of the best evidence-based decision analysis methods, deals with the raised ambiguity and chaos by decision makers’ viewpoints. Accordingly, a novel hybrid FQFD-ER approach to prioritize the service quality criteria in road transportation systems has been provided in this paper. Moreover, a novel mathematical lemma is provided to hybridize and link the decision-making approaches of the FQFD and ER. Considering the weights of decision makers and fuzzy trapezoidal numbers to achieve the better results are other innovations of this paper. Totally, this study aims to integrate the FQFD with the ER approach to prioritize the RDs based on RRs in related road transportation systems to the Arba'een ceremony as a real case study. The obtained results by hybrid FQFD-ER revealed that the suitable road lanes in terms of width and number mostly improve the service quality.

Translation, validation, and diagnostic accuracy of the Arabic version of the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument.

The Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) is used to screen patients for diabetic neuropathy (DNP). We aimed to translate the MNSI questionnaire into Arabic (MNSIq-Ar) and to assess the validity and diagnostic performance of the MNSI Arabic version (MNSI-Ar).Cronbach alpha α and the interclass correlation coefficient were used to measure the reliability and reproducibility of the MNSIq-Ar. The instrument's validity was assessed by Spearman correlation with the Utah Early Neuropathy Scale (UENS), the Modified Toronto Neuropathy Score (mTCNS), diabetic neuropathy symptoms (DNS), and sural nerve amplitude (SNA). The construct validity of the MNSI-Ar was assessed by its ability to differentiate the severity of DNP (using the Kruskal–Wallis test). The diagnostic performance was assessed through the receiver operator curve area.We recruited 89 participants (mean [SD] age, 50.8 [12.3] years; 48% men). The MNSIq-Ar showed an α of 0.81 and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94, and the correlation coefficients with UENS, mTCNS, DNS, and sural nerve amplitude were 0.67, 0.83, 0.73, and −0.49, respectively (all P < .0001). The MNSI-Ar was able to differentiate the different severities of DNP. The receiver operator curve area was 0.93 with a high sensitivity of 95.9% and 100% for probable and confirmed DNP, respectively.MNSI-Ar is a reliable and valid tool to screen for diabetic neuropathy in the Arabic language with a good diagnostic performance and high sensitivity.

Codon pair optimization (CPO): a software tool for synthetic gene design based on codon pair bias to improve the expression of recombinant proteins in Pichia pastoris

BackgroundCodon optimization is a common method to improve protein expression levels in Pichia pastoris and the current strategy is to replace rare codons with preferred codons to match the codon usage bias. However, codon-pair contexts have a profound effect on translation efficiency by influencing both translational elongation rates and accuracy. Until now, it remains untested whether optimized genes based on codon pair bias results in higher protein expression levels compared to codon usage bias.ResultsIn this study, an algorithm based on dynamic programming was introduced to develop codon pair optimization (CPO) which is a software tool to provide simple and efficient codon pair optimization for synthetic gene design in Pichia pastoris. Two reporters (MT1-MMP E2C6 and ADAM17 A9B8 scFvs) were employed to test the effects of codon pair bias and CPO optimization on their protein expression levels. Four variants of MT1-MMP E2C6 and ADAM17 A9B8 for each were generated, one variant with the best codon-pair context, one with the worst codon-pair context, one with unbiased codon-pair context, and another optimized based on codon usage. The expression levels of variants with the worst codon-pair context were almost undetectable by Western blot and the variants with the best codon-pair context were expressed well. The expression levels on MT1-MMP E2C6 and ADAM17 A9B8 were more than five times and seven times higher in the optimized sequences based on codon-pair context compared to that based on codon usage, respectively. The results indicated that the codon-pair context-based codon optimization is more effective in enhancing expression of protein in Pichia pastoris.ConclusionsCodon-pair context plays an important role on the protein expression in Pichia pastoris. The codon pair optimization (CPO) software developed in this study efficiently improved the protein expression levels of exogenous genes in Pichia pastoris, suggesting gene design based on codon pair bias is an alternative strategy for high expression of recombinant proteins in Pichia pastoris.

Retraction Note to: Groundwater level change based on edge computing and translation accuracy of urban English

For China, water resources are very scarce, mainly because of the rapid economic development. Especially in the north of China, in order to meet the needs of local social development, groundwater in North China has been overfished for many years, resulting in serious environmental problems. The plain area of S city is a typical groundwater overfishing area in North China Plain. Long-term overexploitation of groundwater disturbs the balance between recharge and drainage. The groundwater level in the plain of S city decreased rapidly, forming a large number of groundwater depression funnels in this area. In the past few decades, the scale of groundwater drawdown funnel has been expanding, causing geological and ecological problems such as cracks and collapses. In view of the fact that the groundwater level in S city has been declining and the scope of groundwater depression funnel has been continuously extended, comprehensive management has been implemented. Two governance methods can be used through edge computing. First, we should speed up the construction of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and use the river water allocated by the South-to-North Water Diversion Project to replace the groundwater extracted from the receiving area. The second is underground water pressure mining. Control the intensity of water extraction, improve the efficiency of industrial and agricultural water use, and reduce the use of groundwater. On the basis of the analysis of language and usage standards, combined with examples, we can take the city English of Los Angeles as a reference, expand the analysis of language use and social pragmatics, and check the mistranslation of Chinese city English, so as to improve the accuracy of translation. Based on the study of groundwater level change and the accuracy of urban English translation, this paper applies it to edge computing, which promotes the development of groundwater treatment and urban English translation.

Experiences and attitudes of Setswana speaking teachers in using an indigenous African language on an online assessment platform

Education in the 21st century must have a vision that will support and empower teachers to face the demands of the digital age. The use of information communication technology (ICT) in education can serve this end but ensuring access to digital resources will not address the digital disparity. Culture and language play an equally important role in exacerbating and maintaining the digital disparity as the traditional factor of access. In the study reported on here we investigated the experiences and attitudes of Setswana-speaking teachers in 3 primary schools in the North West province, South Africa, as they were exposed to online software in Setswana, an indigenous African language. Purposive sampling was used to select 7 teachers for the study. Two research questions were answered using systematic self-observation (SSO) instruments, the participant observation (PO) instrument and the in-depth interview (IDI) instrument to determine the experiences and attitudes of the teachers. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview data. It was found that accuracy of translation was key for adopting and using software in an African language. The teachers felt that English was the language of ICT and that African languages were not intellectual languages and did not have the capacity to be used in ICT. It is, therefore, recommended that more must be done to translate software into African languages and an effort must be made to raise the status of African languages in academic and technical fields.

Assessment of Accuracy and Naturalness in the Subtitle Translation of Supernatural TV Series

Fan subtitle or fansub is assumed to be substandard in terms of translation accuracy and naturalness. However, it is not truly known whether fansub translation is really poor in quality or that it can be accurate and natural. This qualitative research analyzes the naturalness and accuracy found in the fansub of an episode of a TV series “Supernatural”, in which the utterances of Dean and Sam Winchester are analyzed using Newmark’s theories on naturalness and accuracy in translation. The translation can be classified into several different categories, which are natural and accurate, unnatural and inaccurate, unnatural but accurate, and could be more natural but accurate. The findings of the research showed that the overall translation cannot be said as completely natural and accurate because it still contains inaccuracies and unnaturalness in its translation, but doesnot significantly change the original messages of the text.Keywords: Translation, Accuracy, Naturalness, Fansub, Supernatural

Slang Language in the Subtitle of “The Social Network” Movie

Movies are everyday entertainment for people in their daily lives. There are a lot of foreign movies that are being played in Indonesian theatres. Unfortunately, there are many places where people watch the movie with the subtitles that are not created by the professional translators. The Social Network was translated by more than one translator. This research was conducted to analyze how accurate the translation is and what the similarities and differences between the translators are. This study is a qualitative descriptive study, which analyzes the slang word translation accuracy in the movie The Social Network using Newmark theories of translation quality assessment. The finding of the study showed that the translation from both of the translators is accurate enough and there is almost no inaccurate translation, also there are several slang words that are not included in the data of the previous study, but the writer found on subtitle the data of the other two translators. Keywords: Slang, Translation, Accuracy

Usage of The Field Index in Machine Translation

The current article discusses the main problems of human and machine translations, as well as introduces a new lexical description in machine translation for faster and more accurate translation. The new method uses so-called field indicators or the Field Indices to facilitate the MT search engine for words by marking these words with special components creating a semantic field, and allowing the MT devices to search for the word according to its usage in the text. The Field Index system covers the semantic description of the following main spheres: scientific field, public or social field and humanitarian field. These three spheres contain subfields that usually mingle with the parent index through a dash, with the parent index being with the first one. The scientific field includes such aspects as geography, mathematics, chemistry, physics, economy, medicine, etc., with related subfields like diseases and biological terms (for medicine), names of drugs (as a separate filed), finance and accounting (as part of economy), etc. Applied Sciences Index contains miscellaneous words used by other subfields of the same scientific sphere: e.g., computer, telephone, function and many others, and plays a crucial part in distinguishing polysemantic words such as mouse (hardware), root (in mathematics), etc. The public or social field contains subfields that narrow the meaning of words to a specific one and includes aspects as art, agriculture, law, education, religion, housing utilities, time, transportation, people, etc.i+iT Ss the widest semantic field containing a lot of subfields specifying words that belong to such groups as colours, architecture, games, music, sport, etc. (for art index), clothing, beverages, food and production (for agriculture index). Notions of time, people, professions and terms for religion and items used in household are present in this group due to its wide usage within the society. The humanitarian sphere deals mostly with terms used in languages, literature, manuscripts and libraries. These subfields help identify polysemantic words between nations and languages, book titles and ordinary words and phrases, and literary styles (documentaries, fairy tales, dramas, etc.). In turn, these can be further defined as prose or a poem. All formulae proposed in the project consider the presence of the Field Indices and its position at the end of the description of the word. Depending on the target language, the translated version should be identical with the source following this very principle.

Dynamic changes in tRNA modifications and abundance during T cell activation

The tRNA pool determines the efficiency, throughput, and accuracy of translation. Previous studies have identified dynamic changes in the tRNA (transfer RNA) supply and mRNA (messenger RNA) demand during cancerous proliferation. Yet dynamic changes may also occur during physiologically normal proliferation, and these are less well characterized. We examined the tRNA and mRNA pools of T cells during their vigorous proliferation and differentiation upon triggering their antigen receptor. We observed a global signature of switch in demand for codons at the early proliferation phase of the response, accompanied by corresponding changes in tRNA expression levels. In the later phase, upon differentiation, the response of the tRNA pool relaxed back to the basal level, potentially restraining excessive proliferation. Sequencing of tRNAs allowed us to evaluate their diverse base-modifications. We found that two types of tRNA modifications, wybutosine and ms2t6A, are reduced dramatically during T cell activation. These modifications occur in the anticodon loops of two tRNAs that decode "slippery codons," which are prone to ribosomal frameshifting. Attenuation of these frameshift-protective modifications is expected to increase the potential for proteome-wide frameshifting during T cell proliferation. Indeed, human cell lines deleted of a wybutosine writer showed increased ribosomal frameshifting, as detected with an HIV gag-pol frameshifting site reporter. These results may explain HIV's specific tropism toward proliferating T cells since it requires ribosomal frameshift exactly on the corresponding codon for infection. The changes in tRNA expression and modifications uncover a layer of translation regulation during T cell proliferation and expose a potential tradeoff between cellular growth and translation fidelity.

A Review of Machine Translation Tools: The Translation’s Ability

The objective of the research is to review the ability of online machine translator tools includes Google Translate (GT), Collin Translator (CT), Bing Translator (BT), Yandex Translator (YT), Systran Translate (ST), and IBM Translator (IT). This research applies descriptive qualitative. The documentation was used in this study. The result of the analysis shows that the translation results are different, both from the style of language and the choice of words used by each machine translation tool. Thus, directly or indirectly, whether consciously or not, each translation machine carries its characteristics. Machine translation technology cannot be separated from the active role of humans. In other words, it will always be the best choice for users to rely on expert translation rather than machine translation. But no machine translator can be as accurate as human skills in producing translation products. In particular, the field of translation is also concerned with machine translation to support the performance of translators in analyzing the diction used as an element of language. In this regard, it needs to be underlined that the existence of machine translation is an additional facility in the world of translation, not as the main means of translation because the sophistication of the machine will not be able to match the flexibility of the human brain's cognitive abilities in adjusting the translation results according to the existing context. Accurate translation is sometimes subjective, relatively often temporal. Therefore, it is permissible for translating by more than one machine translator

Simmel’s Soziologie in translation: A critical analysis

Using illustrative passages and comparisons with previous partial translations, this paper reports some problems of accuracy and tone in the complete English translation of Georg Simmel’s sociological magnum opus, Sociology: Inquiries into the Construction of Social Forms. Placing these problems in the context of broader discussions of translation projects, it urges caution on the part of anglophone readers and suggests that some older translations remain valuable.

영어 수동문의 한국어 기계번역 분석

This study describes the extent that human translation strategies of passive voice are being implemented in machine translation and explores the errors that machine translation makes when translating passive voice content. We translated passive voice content using Google Translate and Papago and compared the results with the human translation. The results demonstrated that Google Translate has a high accuracy of 91.9% and Papago 88.3%. According to the results, the conversion rate of the passive voice of source text to the active voice of target text was significantly high. In addition, the translation engines were able to correctly utilize double-subject phrases or intransitive phrases with subject omitted. However, they failed to attempt creative changes such as structural transformation. Not only that, when they translated several sentences, the accuracy of the translation declined and the coherence of the text also weakened. Therefore, it can be seen that the translation engines can be improved. It is hoped that this comparative analysis will help to enhance the accuracy of machine translation and contribute to forming detailed post-editing guidelines.

Design of Chinese-English Wireless Simultaneous Interpretation System Based on Speech Recognition Technology

A Chinese-English wireless simultaneous interpretation system based on speech recognition technology is suggested to solve the problems of low translation accuracy and a high number of ambiguous terms in current Chinese-English simultaneous interpretation systems. The system’s general structure and hardware architecture are summarized. The chairman unit, representative unit, transliteration unit, and auditing unit are the four basic components of the simultaneous interpretation system. The CPU is the nRF24E1 hardware wireless radio frequency transceiver chip, while the chairman machine, representative machine, translator, and auditorium are all created separately. Speech recognition technology is used by the system software to create a speech recognition process that properly produces speech-related semantics. The input text is used as the search criteria, a manual interactive synchronous translation program is created, and the results for the optimum translation impact are trimmed. The experimental findings reveal that this system’s sentence translation accuracy rate is 0.9–1.0, and the number of ambiguous terms is minimal, which is an improvement on previous systems’ low translation accuracy.

Nucleolar TFIIE plays a role in ribosomal biogenesis and performance.

Ribosome biogenesis is a highly energy-demanding process in eukaryotes which requires the concerted action of all three RNA polymerases. In RNA polymerase II transcription, the general transcription factor TFIIH is recruited by TFIIE to the initiation site of protein-coding genes. Distinct mutations in TFIIH and TFIIE give rise to the degenerative disorder trichothiodystrophy (TTD). Here, we uncovered an unexpected role of TFIIE in ribosomal RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase I. With high resolution microscopy we detected TFIIE in the nucleolus where TFIIE binds to actively transcribed rDNA. Mutations in TFIIE affects gene-occupancy of RNA polymerase I, rRNA maturation, ribosomal assembly and performance. In consequence, the elevated translational error rate with imbalanced protein synthesis and turnover results in an increase in heat-sensitive proteins. Collectively, mutations in TFIIE—due to impaired ribosomal biogenesis and translational accuracy—lead to a loss of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) which can partly explain the clinical phenotype in TTD.

Research on Translation Techniques of Business English Contracts in International Trade

Since the reform and opening up, the international communication has become more frequent, especially in business activities. In the process of international trade, contract is a significant factor to stipulate how things go and protect the interest of parties involved with binding legal effects. Therefore, Business contract translation has become an important factor in promoting the development of international trade. The effective translation and the the key points of translation involved in the process of business contract are closely related to the comprehensive benefits of the legal rights and responsibilities of the parties to the contract. This article focuses on the 3 translation principles that ought to be obeyed: 1) accurate translation 2) smooth expression 3) maintaining cultural differences. And three translation techniques are promoted: 1) keep a rigorous structure 2) keep accurate wording 3) perfect the contract.