Accurate Copies Research Articles

Scaling of Mandelbrot sets generated by critical point preperiodicity

Letz→f μ(z) be a complex holomorphic function depending holomorphically on the complex parameter μ. If, for μ=0, a critical point off 0 falls after a finite number of steps onto an unstable fixed point off 0, then, in the parameter space, near 0, an infinity of more and more accurate copies of the Mandelbrot set appears. We compute their scaling properties.

Constraints on the visual accuracy of drawings produced by young children

Errors made by young children when they are asked to draw a model were investigated in two studies. In the first study, the experimenter asked 5- and 8-year-old children to draw a cup that had a flower decal (transfer) attached to its outside surface, attached to its inside surface or positioned beside it. The 8-year-old children in all conditions produced visually accurate drawings. The 5-year-old children produced visually accurate drawings when the flower decal was positioned beside the cup and when the flower decal was attached to the inside surface of the cup but not when the flower decal was attached to the cup's outside surface. In the second study, 5- and 8-year-old children were asked to draw a cup that had either an intact or a broken handle. The handle area of the cup was either in view or not in view. The 5- and 8-year-old children performed comparably in this experiment. The children had difficulty producing accurate copies of the model only when the cup had a handle and the handle was not in view. Taken together, these studies indicate that 5-year-old children are more likely to produce visually accurate drawings than has previously been supposed. Difficulty in producing accurate drawings occurred when drawing rules and drawing conventions interfered with the task.

"CT" XXXVI: Corrigenda and Addenda

CT XXXVI was published in 1921, more than fifty years ago. At that time relatively little was known about the nature and scope of the Sumerian literary documents, and one cannot help but admire Gadd's clear, careful, accurate copies of the ten Sumerian literary pieces included in the volume, and his lucid, succinct, unpretentious summation of their contents. Needless to say some misreadings and miscopies were inevitable at the time, and in any case, it is always much easier for a collator, perched on the shoulders of the original copyist, and profiting from the latter's pioneering effort, to recognize, and now and then identify, a sign missed by his predecessor, especially if it is poorly preserved. As will be evident from the following pages, the corrigenda to Gadd's copies are quite small in number. Nevertheless, in not a few cases they help to clarify the meaning of a phrase or a line and, now and then, even of an entire passage. It is a pleasure and privilege to present these collations on which I spent several recent summer months in the British Museum, in a volume dedicated to Max Mallowan, who in a lifetime of creative archaeological and scholarly activity, has done so much to clarify and interpret the history and culture of Ancient Mesopotamia by both the spade and the pen, and who moreover, like the present writer, was Cyril Gadd's warm friend and admirer. BM 96706 (Plates 26–27): Sulgi, Provider of the Ekur: His Divine Birth and Investiture (See Plate XV)

Copying in Drawing: The Importance of Adequate Visual Analysis versus the Ability to Utilize Drawing Rules

RAND, COLLEEN WRIGHT. Copying in Drawing: The Importance of Adequate Visual Analysis versus the Ability to Utilize Drawing Rules. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 47-53. Copying in drawing requires many skills. 2 theoretically important abilities are visual analysis and drawingrule utilization. In this experiment, training methods designed to improve preschool children's ability to analyze figures and to utilize drawing rules were compared in terms of their effects on figure discrimination and copying accuracy. Drawing-rule utilization resulted in improved copying accuracy but did not improve discrimination ability, while training in visual analysis resulted in improved discrimination ability but not improved copies. Further, increased improvement in figure discrimination was related to decreased copying accuracy. It was concluded that drawing rules are essential and that adequate visual analysis is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite to the production of accurate copies.

A new method for estimating splenic erythrocyte and plasma volume combined with quantitation of splenic iron incorporation.

A method for in vivo determination of the splenic erythrocyte and plasma volume has been developed. Ultrasonic scanning of the splenic region permits not only determination of the shape and topography of the spleen, but also calculation of its volume with great accuracy, using simultaneous computer analysis. Splenic models of a volume as determined by ultrasonic scanning were made of water‐filled balloons and shaped as accurate copies of the scanned spleens. After infusion of known quantities of 51Cr‐labelled erythrocytes and 125I‐labelled albumin, intravenously and into a model of the patient's spleen, it may be determined – by surface measurements over the spleen in situ and over the balloon model – how large a part of the total erythrocyte and plasma volume is localized in the spleen. By the use of 59Fe, the method also allows quantitative determination of the iron incorporation in a spleen with extramedullary erythropoiesis.The percentage which the erythrocyte pool in the spleen constitutes of the total erythrocyte volume increases with increasing spleen weight, apparently independently of the underlying haematological disease.

Christ the Worker in Art

In the four centuries preceding the Reformation, the decoration of the walls of churches was an important form of the art of painting. In many English parish churches the whole of the interior may have been covered with pictures. The subject matter generally included scenes from the Gospels and Lives of the Saints, but varied considerably according to the local:ty and period. Although a higher degree of artistic merit was attained in many of the illuminated manuscripts and panel paintings produced by the great monastic centres and by the Court school at Westminster, the wall paintings were often more representative of contemporary ideas.At the present time, only a comparatively small proportion of mediaeval wall-paintings remain in a good state of preservation. It is recorded that after the Reformation, Puritan iconoclasts destroyed literally thousands. Fortunately, however, some were only covered with whitewash, and others had been obscured by additional stonework, and these have been brought to light again. Many accurate copies of these have been made by Professor Tristram, of which eight hundred are in the Victoria and Albert Museum.Towards the end of the fourteenth century, the social changes following upon the Plague were reflected in the wall-paintings. It would appear that in, this period of social unrest, something very like our present idea of Christ the Worker came into being. Wall paintings began to appear having for their subject Christ as a poor man, displaying his wounds, and surrounded with workmen’s tools. The usual cruciform halo is absent, and in some cases the tools take its place. About fourteen or fifteen examples of these paintings are to be found in various parts of the country, in Buckinghamshire, Suffolk, Berkshire, Sussex, Gloucestershire, Cornwall, and Pembroke. Considering the large number of paintings which were destroyed, the fact that so many survive is a good indication of its popularity at the time.

Use of the Camera Lucida for Transcribing Diagrams

INTERESTING modifications of the camera lucida for making larger drawings were recently described in these columns1. A novel use to which I have put this apparatus may also assist biologists in their work. Teachers and research workers in biology who regularly abstract information from the original literature must have felt the need for obtaining accurate copies of diagrams and figures which accompany the text of publications. Various methods of transcription are known ; but apart from tracings, which leave much to be desired, they call for apparatus which is rarely available. The following method of using an ordinary camera lucida of the Abbe type for transcribing diagrams has the advantage of permitting enlargement or reduction of the original.

Archæological Finds from Egypt and Samaria

Two exhibitions illustrating the results of the past season's excavations at Tell el-Amarna on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Society, and at Samaria for the Palestine Exploration Fund and other bodies, are being held at the rooms of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 2 Hinde Street, Manchester Square, London, W, on September 17-October 13. Among the exhibits from Tell el-Amarna are perspective views of the Great Temple, upon the exploration of which the expedition has been engaged recently. They have been constructed on the basis of the remains of the temple as they have now been revealed, and show the position of the votive tables and other arrangements of the temple. A remarkable sculptured sandstone head, life-like in quality, is believed to be a representation of Smenkhkara, co-regent with Ake-naton. From the police head-quarters of the city come a large number of antiquities, including amulets and rings of glazed glass paste, clay moulds from which jewellery was made and numerous fragments of inscribed wine-jars. From the ‘record office’, clay tablets inscribed in Babylonian cuneiform and a list of scribes were obtained. The exhibition includes minutely accurate copies on ivory of the Tutankhamen jewellery by Mrs. Winifred Brunton and paintings by Miss A. M. Calverley and Miss M. F. Broome of the reliefs, paintings and inscriptions of the tomb of Seti I, showing the progress of the great undertaking of the complete record of material of this tomb which is being carried out by the Society in co-operation with the Oriental Institute of Chicago and with the financial assistance of Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr.

(1) The Tomb of Amenemhet (2) The Tomb of Antefoker, Vizier of Sesostris I, and of his Wife, Senet

THE importance of the series of painted tombs at Thebes for the history of civilisation is at last being adequately met by publication. A “Theban Tombs Series” has been started by Mr. Davies and Dr. Gardiner with the scrupulously accurate copies by Mrs. Davies. The style is adequate to every requirement, without the fastu-osity of luxurious book-making. The pictures of an age that overlaps the most brilliant civilisation of prehistoric Europe, about 1500—1200 B.C., are worthy of the fullest record that can be made. (1) The Tomb of Amenemhet. (No. 82.) Copied in line and colour by Nina de Garis Davies., and with explanatory text by Dr. Alan H. Gardiner. (The Theban Tombs Series. First and Introductory Memoir.) Pp. vii + 132 + xlvi plates. (Published under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Fund.) (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1915.) 2 guineas net. (2) The Tomb of Antefoker, Vizier of Sesostris I., and of his Wife, Senet. (No. 60.) By N. de Garis Davies. With a chapter by Dr. Alan H. Gardiner. (The Theban Tombs Series. Second Memoir.) Pp. iii + 40 + xlviii plates. (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1920.) 2 guineas net.

The real reasons why castings in iron-are accurate copies of the mould

The real reasons why castings in iron-are accurate copies of the mould

X.—A Notice of some remarkable Inscriptions on Leaves of Lead, preserved in the Manuscript Department of the British Museum

In the year 1841 the British Museum purchased of the Reverend Thomas Butler, among some of the most valuable manuscripts and antiquities it possesses, six remarkable inscriptions, one Greek, four Latin, and one Italian, apparently inscribed with a sharply pointed stylus, upon plates of lead, beaten or hammered to about the thickness of a wafer, and now completely patinated. As these do not appear to have been published, I propose to lay before you a description of them, accurate copies of their texts, and a few notes explanatory of the history and dates to which they refer.

X. A Letter from W. E. Rouse Boughton, Esq. F.R.S. to the Rev. Stephen Weston, B. D. respecting some Egyptian Antiquities

During my travels in Upper Egypt, in the course of the year 1811, I had the good fortune to meet with a mummy, in a catacomb near Thebes, which appeared never to have been opened before, containing some writing upon papyrus in a state of perfect preservation; and as these writings are but rarely found in mummies, I felt great anxiety to bring the one which fell into my hands safe to Great Britain. For this purpose I had a tin box made for holding it, in order to prevent it from being crushed amongst my packages. I myself proceeded by land to Constantinople; but having sent my baggage by sea, it was unluckily soaked by salt water, and the tin case corroded, so as greatly to injure the manuscript. I have, however, collected some of the fragments, and made accurate copies of them (Pl. I. II.), which I have now the honour of presenting to the Society of Antiquaries; conceiving that they may afford additional specimens of the antient Egyptian character, of which I believe there are not many in Great Britain, and may possibly contribute to the assistance of scientific men, in various parts of Europe, who are giving their attention to that interesting country, established by all profane and sacred history to have been the birth-place of science and wisdom.