Shot Accuracy Research Articles

The Effect of Special Training of the Dynamic Lactic Method in the Development of some Physiological Variables and the Jump Shot Accuracy for Young Basketball Players

The research aims at preparing dynamic tactical exercises for young basketball players identifying the effect of dynamic lactic exercises in some physiological variables and accuracy of jump shooting for young basketball players. The researchers use the experimental method though experimental design of equivalent groups pre and post measurements as it is appropriate to the nature of the research. The research community is determined by 15 basketball players from the Imam Al-Muttaqin Sport Club for the 2015-2016 season. The researchers use a comprehensive limited method when selecting the research sample. physiological variables were studied (pulse rate, blood lactic acid concentration, maximum oxygen consumption Vo2 Max). Some of the most important findings the researchers came up with was that dynamic lactate exercises had an effect in improving the heart rate before and after the fatigue as well as the level of lactic acid before and after fatigue and Vo2 Max level.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ, НЕОБХІДНІ ДЛЯ ЇХНЬОЇ ВЛУЧНОЇ СТРІЛЬБИ

У статті окреслено необхідність наявності у військовослужбовців комплексу психологічних характеристик як передумови здійснення ними влучної стрільби. Визначено групи особистісних характеристик та обґрунтовано їхню значущість у процесі формування навичок ведення прицільної стрільби із вогнепальної зброї задля вдосконалення стрілецької майстерності. Окреслено доцільність розвитку інтелектуальних, мотиваційних та емоційно-вольових якостей, а також урахування психофізіологічних особливостей задля підвищення ефективності оволодіння теоретичними знаннями й практичними навичками виконання влучного пострілу. Підкреслено, що наявність зазначених характеристик дасть змогу військовослужбовцям успішно долати негативні психічні стани та основні труднощі, що можуть виникати під час стрільби; активізувати психічні процеси і мобілізувати можливості організму задля влучення у ціль; покращити здатність концентруватися на завданні та уміння швидко приймати оптимальні рішення з метою ефективного застосування зброї в екстремальних умовах професійної діяльності.
 Ключові слова: психологічні характеристики; військовослужбовці; влучна стрільба; застосування вогнепальної зброї; екстремальні умови.

Advancing Accuracy of Shooting and Bouncing Rays Method for Ray-Tracing Propagation Modeling Based on Novel Approaches to Ray Cone Angle Calculation

We propose and evaluate several improvements to the accuracy of the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) method for ray-tracing (RT) electromagnetic modeling. We propose per-ray cone angle calculation, with the maximum separation angle between rays calculated for every individual ray, based on a set of local neighbors rather than a single global maximum. This allows the smallest theoretical error of the SBR method, adaptive ray spawning procedures, and a unique analysis of the effect of ray cone sizes on the accuracy of the method. For the conventional uniform angular distribution of rays, a less general and versatile but more expeditious approach, we derive an analytical expression for the optimal choice of cone angle to again maximize the overall accuracy of the SBR computation. Both approaches are derived using icosahedral ray spawning geometry and adjacent ray sets, which are also used for our double counted rays identification and removal technique that avoids complicated ray path searches. The results demonstrate that the advanced shooting and bouncing RT method--using both proposed ray cone generation approaches--can perform wireless propagation modeling of tunnel environments with the same accuracy as image theory RT, a dramatically less efficient but traditionally considerably more accurate solver.

The effect of grip position on golf driving accuracy and distance

ABSTRACT The grip position (GP) in golf substantially affects performance outcomes such as shot accuracy and hitting distance. However, it is unknown which specific GP (i.e., strong, neutral, weak) produces the desired shot outcomes. The current study investigated the impact of five systematically manipulated GPs using 15° increments between −30° (strong) and +30° (weak) on driving accuracy and distance. Data were collected using a Trackman™ doppler radar-based system for 28 amateur recreational golfers with a driver clubhead-speed range between 120 km/h and 153 km/h (M = 138.93 km/h, SD = 14.41) and a handicap range between −3 and −36 (M = −15.0, SD = 8.0). The results showed that GP significantly affected six dependent variables on accuracy (sideways deviation (left and right), accuracy absolute, clubface angle, club path angle, face to path angle, launch direction) and two outcomes on distance (clubhead speed and driving distance total). Overall, the optimal performance on driving accuracy and distance was found for the neutral and stronger GPs. Weaker GPs revealed significantly more adverse accuracy and distance effects. These results suggest asymmetric outcome effects of symmetrical GP manipulation. They also have practical implications for coaches and golfers intending to improve driving accuracy while maximizing driving distance.

The effect of circuit training on physical fitness and archery accuracy in novice athletes

Introduction: Physical condition is one of the most important factors in supporting archery. the better the physical condition, the better the concentration to support accuracy in archery. Concentration in archery is the ability to target targets accurately. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of circuit training on improving physical fitness and archery accuracy in novice athletes. Materials and Methods: Participants were 20 novice athletes, aged 10 to 12 years. Quasi-experimental research design, using two group pretest-posttest design. The method of collecting data on physical fitness uses the Indonesian physical fitness test (IPFT) aged 10-12 years and the accuracy test is by shooting arrows at the target. Data analysis used paired sample t-test, to determine differences in variable groups of men and women. The analysis results showed no difference if the significant value was less than 0.05 (p<0.05). Before analyzing the data, a prerequisite test was carried out which included the Shapiro Wilk normality test and the variate homogeneity test using the Levene's test. Results: The results showed that there was a significant increase in physical fitness in the male and female groups. Therefore, there was a significant improvement in the accuracy of archery shots in the male and female groups. The study concluded that circuit training is effective for improving physical fitness and archery accuracy in novice athletes.

Analiza tačnosti i preciznosti gađanja automatskim puškama domaće proizvodnje primenom AHP metode

The paper presents the selection of the most accurate and precise automatic rifle, as a significant weapon primarily for the realization of combat tasks of the army. The size of the image of the scattering of shots and its distance from the target determine the degree of accuracy and precision of the automatic rifle. These indicators determine the probability of hitting, which affects the efficiency of solving fire tasks with an automatic rifle. The complexity of the problem is due to the different tactical and technical characteristics of automatic rifles and different shooting results. The paper presents and describes the results of shooting automatic rifles of domestic production, as follows: AR 7.62 mm M70 AB2, AR M21 5.56 mm, MAR M17 6.5 mm. Using the AHP method, the calculation of the weight coefficients of the criteria was performed. Using the AHP method, an analysis of the accuracy and precision of automatic rifle shooting was performed and a conclusion was made about the rifle that has the best results depending on the shooting distance. The obtained results enable the definition of proposals for equipping the Serbian Armed Forces units with an adequate automatic rifle.

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ РАЗВИТИЯ СРЕДСТВ ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ И РЕМОНТА ВООРУЖЕНИЯ

In the process of shooting, the barrel of the weapon gradually wears out and ceases to meet the tactical and technical requirements. The wear of the bore means a set of changes in its geometric dimensions and configurations. The process of wear of the barrels of different types of weapons is not the same and depends on the caliber of the barrel, the rate and mode of fire, while the wear of the barrel occurs unevenly both in the diametrical direction and along its length. The condition of the sur-face of the barrel bore is of great importance in the practical use of weapons. The correct flight of the bullet depends on the condition of the surface of the barrel bore. If the surface of the channel is smooth, smooth, without shells and other defects, then the bullet evenly cuts into the rifling. The rifling fields give it the correct axial rotation, and the dispersion when firing will be small. If the barrel bore is affected by shells, then the bullet in the barrel will experience unequal friction from different sides, so the dispersion increases, and the accuracy of the weapon's combat deteriorates. This implies the necessary regularity of ensur-ing the safety of the barrel bore to improve the accuracy of shooting, which in turn is supported by timely maintenance. The authors consider the information about the available mobile means of maintenance and repair of weapons. The de-velopments of domestic manufacturers in the field of production of new weapons maintenance tools were studied. The available weapons maintenance tools are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the issue of the need to reduce the time for maintenance of weapons and the development of methods for maintenance and repair of weapons with the design of new processes for cleaning weapons barrels that improve the quality of cleaning the barrel bore, namely the vibro-chemical cleaning method.

Влияние субъективных факторов на точность стрельбы из огнестрельного оружия в процессе обучения сотрудников органов внутренних дел

The article is devoted to the study of subjective factors affecting shooting accuracy of law enforcement officers. The empirical study identified some subjective factors reducing gun shooting accuracy and effectiveness among law enforcers. These characteristics include sensorimotor coordination and subjective experience of stress during the shooting process. Scientific analysis made it possible to determine statistical significance of the influence of these factors on the accuracy of shooting. To increase the effectiveness of shooting among officers with a low index of sensorimotor coordination, the authors suggest using exercises aimed at cultivating sensorimotor coordination in fire training classes. While working with employees being under a high level of subjectively experienced stress, more attention should be paid to training techniques to overcome stress and form intelligent behavior in extreme situations. The authors also draw readers’ attention to factors increasing the effectiveness of shooting: officers’ ability to determine the subjective level of stress, their knowledge of emotional self-regulation techniques, knowledge of the sequence of their actions in the firing line.

The Effect of Exercises According to the Increase in the Height of the Ring Tendency in the Accuracy of the Direct Shooting Skill in Basketball among Middle School Students

The objective of the study was to identify the exercises prepared by the researcher according to the increasein the height of the ring tendency in the accuracy of direct shooting of basketball for middle schoolstudents. The research was applied experimentally to a sample of (40) students representing a percentageof intermediate students at Al Mughira bin Shuba in the city of Ramadi, the center of Anbar province,they were divided into two control and experimental groups, exercises were applied for a period of threemonths and two units per week depending on the method of fixed and changing exercise For both groups,the difference was that the control group used exercises on the ring with a legal height of 3.5 m, while theexperimental group applied exercises according to the increase in the height of the ring tendency, and theresearcher achieved the assumptions that he put forward, and the researcher concluded that the developmentwas for both groups that applied the exercises in a fixed and variable manner But the preference was for theexperimental group to apply the exercises according to the increase in the height of the ring tendency, andthe recommendations of the research were to use the increase in the height of the tendency of the ring whenteaching direct shooting in basketball.

Circular prediction regions for miss distance models under heteroskedasticity

AbstractCircular prediction regions are used in ballistic testing to express the uncertainty in shot accuracy. We compare two modeling approaches for estimating circular prediction regions for the miss distance of a ballistic projectile. The miss distance response variable is bivariate normal and has a mean and variance that can change with one or more experimental factors. The first approach fits a heteroskedastic linear model using restricted maximum likelihood, and uses the Kenward‐Roger statistic to estimate circular prediction regions. The second approach fits an analogous Bayesian model with unrestricted likelihood modifications, and computes circular prediction regions by sampling from the posterior predictive distribution. The two approaches are applied to an example problem, and are compared using simulation.

Mental fatigue impairs physical activity, technical and decision-making performance during small-sided games.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mental fatigue on physical activity, technical and decision-making performance during small-sided games. Nine sub-elite soccer players were enrolled in the study. The players performed two small-sided games on two occasions within a crossover experimental design. Before each game, they underwent a mental fatiguing task (Stroop task) and a control task (documentary watching) in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Players’ physical activity, technical, and decision-making performance were obtained during small-sided games by GPS and video scouting. Results showed that distance in acceleration covered per min, negative passes, passing accuracy, and shot accuracy were likely impaired than control task after a mental fatiguing protocol. Decision-making performance of negative passes, passes accuracy, and dribbling accuracy resulted also likely decreased compared with control task. These findings demonstrated that mental fatigue impacted on technical, GPS-derived, and soccer-specific decision-making performance during SSG. In conclusion, avoiding cognitively demanding tasks before playing soccer-specific activities may be advisable to preserve players’ physical activity, technical, and decision-making skills.

Video Self-Modeling and Collegiate Field Hockey: The Effect of a Self-Selected Feedforward Intervention on Player Hitting Ability

The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of a Video Self-Modeling (VSM) intervention on the hitting performance of collegiate field hockey players. Using a multiple-baseline single-subject design, 4 female collegiate field hockey players took part in a 3-week VSM intervention following a 1-week baseline measurement period. Each participant watched a personalized VSM video once per day on the device (e.g., computer, smartphone) of their choosing. The 1-minute videos consisted of recordings of each participant’s performances edited to show only the shots that the participant selected as ideal representations of her swing. Measurements of participant performance (e.g., shot accuracy) were taken four times per week during the 3-week intervention phase. Findings of this study may have implications for psychology practitioners in regard to the potential utility of modern technology when delivering VSM interventions. Additionally, the results may provide insight for sport psychology practitioners into the efficacy of VSM interventions with field hockey players.

A Random Forest-Based Accuracy Prediction Model for Augmented Biofeedback in a Precision Shooting Training System.

In the military, police, security companies, and shooting sports, precision shooting training is of the outmost importance. In order to achieve high shooting accuracy, a lot of training is needed. As a result, trainees use a large number of cartridges and a considerable amount of time of professional trainers, which can cost a lot. Our motivation is to reduce costs and shorten training time by introducing an augmented biofeedback system based on machine learning techniques. We are designing a system that can detect and provide feedback on three types of errors that regularly occur during a precision shooting practice: excessive hand movement error, aiming error and triggering error. The system is designed to provide concurrent feedback on the hand movement error and terminal feedback on the other two errors. Machine learning techniques are used innovatively to identify hand movement errors; the other two errors are identified by the threshold approach. To correct the excessive hand movement error, a precision shot accuracy prediction model based on Random Forest has proven to be the most suitable. The experimental results show that: (1) the proposed Random Forest (RF) model achieves the prediction accuracy of 91.27%, higher than any of the other reference models, and (2) hand movement is strongly related to the accuracy of precision shooting. Appropriate use of the proposed augmented biofeedback system will result in a lower number of rounds used and shorten the precision shooting training process.

Pulsed light time-of-flight measurement based on a differential hysteresis timing discrimination method.

In the pulsed light time-of-flight (ToF) measurement, the timing point generated in the receiver channel is very important to the measurement accuracy. Therefore, a differential hysteresis timing discrimination method is proposed to generate timing points of the receiver channel. This method is based on utilizing the unbalanced characteristics of the fully differential operational amplifier circuit as well as introducing extra hysteresis levels to achieve the stable generation of timing points. With this method, fewer circuit components are consumed and the dynamic range of the receiver channel is not limited by its linear range. The experiments demonstrate that a receiver channel applying the proposed discrimination reaches better single shot accuracy compared to that using leading-edge timing discrimination. This method is also suitable for the timing walk error compensation by means of pulse width. Finally, these results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in pulsed light ToF measurement.

Effects Of Repeated Carbohydrate Rinse On Lacrosse Performance

While carbohydrate rinse has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy for improving endurance performance, the effects of rinse on anaerobic performance, particularly within team sport athletes, are equivocal. Additionally, it is not yet known whether repeated carbohydrate rinses in the context of a high intensity training session may provide additional benefit. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of repeated carbohydrate rinse during a typical lacrosse team practice on lacrosse performance. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was used to determine the effects of carbohydrate rinse on 11 male, division I lacrosse players. Shot velocity and accuracy, 40-yard dash time, and concentration (measured via Trail Making Test) were assessed prior to a typical practice, and the test battery was completed again following practice on two subsequent days of similar intensity/duration. During both practice sessions, the athletes completed 4 rinses (carbohydrate- CHO or placebo-PLA), equally spaced throughout the session, and practice intensity was measured using RPE and HR. Changes from pre-post were calculated for each test and paired t-tests were used to determine differences between groups. RESULTS: Shot velocity and accuracy were significantly reduced following practice, however the reduction in shot accuracy was blunted in the CHO v. PLA (9.01%±14.4 v. 19.49%±21.7, p = 0.01). 40-yard dash was not significantly reduced by the training session, and no differences were detected between groups (CHO: 5.057±0.25 sec v PLA 5.051±0.27 sec). RPE was significantly lower for CHO (9.90±3.41 v. 12.72±2.76, p=0.04) at timepoint 2, but not at any other time. Changes in TMT following practice were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION: When used during a typical lacrosse practice, repeated carbohydrate rinse may reduce the effects of fatigue on shot accuracy and perceived exertion, however it does not appear to effect other performance measures.

Unskilled shooters improve both accuracy and grouping shot having as reference skilled shooters cortical area: An EEG and tDCS study

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used as a non-invasive method for enhanced motor and cognitive abilities. However, no previous study has investigated if the tDCS application in unskilled shooters on cortical sites, selected based on the cortical activity of skilled shooters, improves the accuracy and shot grouping. Sixty participants were selected, which included 10 skilled shooters and 50 unskilled shooters. After we identified the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as the area with the highest activity in skilled shooters, we applied anodal tDCS over the right DLPFC in the unskilled shooters under two conditions: sham-tDCS (placebo) and real-tDCS (anodal tDCS). We also analyzed electroencephalography. Our results indicated that anodal tDCS application enhanced the shot accuracy (p = 0.001). Furthermore, the beta power in the EEG recording was higher in the left DLPFC, left and right parietal cortex (p = 0,001) after applying anodal tDCS, while the low-gamma power was higher in the right DLPFC in sham-tDCS (p = 0.001) and right parietal cortex after anodal-tDCS (p = 0.001). Our findings indicate that anodal tDCS can improve accuracy and shot grouping when applied over the unskilled shooters' right DLPFC. Furthermore, beta and low-gamma bands are influenced by anodal tDCS over the right DLPFC, which may be predictive of skill improvement.

Contribution Leg Muscle Strength, Dynamic Balance and Hip Joint Flexibility to the Accuracy of Football Shooting

The purpose of this study was to determine the meaning of the contribution of each independent variable (leg muscle strength, dynamic balance and hip joint flexibility) to the accuracy of football shooting and to find out how meaningful the contribution of the independent variables together to the accuracy of football shooting. This study uses a quantitative descriptive correlational approach with regression analysis design. The sample was extracurricular high school football students in Sidareja with a total of 65 from a total population of 65. Data analysis techniques used regression analysis with the help of SPSS 20. The results of the analysis showed that: (1) X1 made a significant contribution to Y. (2) X2 made a contribution which is significant to Y. (3) X3 gives a significant contribution to Y. (4) X4 gives a significant contribution to Y. In this study it can be concluded that the leg muscle strength variable contributed 22.96%, the variable of diamonic balance is 24 , 28%, the hip joint flexibility variable was 41.26%, while all the independent variables contributed 96.5% to the accuracy of football shooting.

Sports Related Injury Mechanism on Ice Hockey Skills: A System Review

As one of the official sports in the Winter Olympics Games, ice hockey is a competitive team activity combining changeable skating skills with agile hockey skills. The biomechanical studies of different skills used by ice hockey players are considered to be effective ways to improve performance and reduce injury risks. The purpose of this study was to conduct a review that elucidated the biomechanical research about those techniques. Englishlanguage literature searches of the electronic databases in Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were performed from 1999 to June 2019, using the following key words: ‘Biomechanics’ AND ‘Ice hockey player’ OR ‘Ice hockey athlete.’ Of the 455 identified articles, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Most of the studies were conducted by Canadians and it is consistent with the country’s dominant position in ice hockey competitions. Forward skating, skating start, and shooting were the most studied skills in order to optimize sports performance and reduce injury risks. Players with different levels or sex would exhibit different biomechanical characteristics during forward skating and skating start, and those characteristics may also alter with each stride. In addition, several factors, including the players and sticks’ characteristics, may be associated with the shot accuracy. While ice hockey is always considered as a high-risk sport, little biomechanical studies have been conducted to explore the injury mechanisms and preventions of specific ice hockey techniques. Future research on the biomechanical analysis of ice hockey players’ skills, especially the injuries during some specific ice hockey skills, is much needed.

The kinematic differences between accurate and inaccurate squash forehand drives for athletes of different skill levels

ABSTRACT To maintain the accuracy of squash shots under varying conditions, such as the oncoming ball’s velocity and trajectory, players must adjust their technique. Although differences in technique between skilled and less-skilled players have been studied, it is not yet understood how players vary their technique in a functional manner to maintain accuracy under varying conditions. This study compared 3-dimensional joint and racket kinematics and their variability between accurate and inaccurate squash forehand drives of 9 highly skilled and 9 less-skilled male athletes. During inaccurate shots, less-skilled players hit the ball with a more open racket, demonstrating a difference in this task-relevant parameter. No joint kinematic differences were found for accuracy for either group. Coordinated joint rotations at the elbow and wrist both displayed a “zeroing-in” effect, whereby movement variability was reduced from the initiation of propulsive joint rotation to a higher consistency at ball-impact; potentially highlighting the “functionality” of the variability prior to the impact that enabled consistent task-relevant parameters (racket orientation and velocity) under varying conditions. Further, highly skilled players demonstrated greater consistency of task-relevant parameters at impact than less-skilled players. These findings highlight the superior ability of highly skilled players to adjust their technique to achieve consistent task-relevant parameters and a successful shot.

The effect of triceps brachii fatigue on shot accuracy of male and female basketball players

ABSTRACT Previous studies demonstrated that the presence of neuromuscular fatigue within the triceps brachii muscle was accompanied by decreasing accuracy in throwing motion; however, sex differences in triceps brachii fatigability and throwing accuracy have not yet been investigated. The aim of the current study was to investigate the differences between female and male in measures of triceps brachii fatigability and basketball shooting accuracy after a fatiguing exercise. Twelve male (age, mean ± SD; 16.±1.4 yr) and twelve female (age, mean ± SD; 16 ± 1.2 yr) with no major medical history participated in the laboratory-based study. Basketball shooting accuracy, maximal voluntary contraction force and muscular endurance of the triceps brachii muscle measured before and after a fatiguing exercise. Maximal voluntary contraction force, endurance time of the triceps brachii muscle and basketball shooting accuracy significantly reduced after fatiguing exercise (P < 0.05), with a higher reduction identified for the male as compared to female (P < 0.05). The result suggests a significant effect of sex differences on triceps brachii fatigability and basketball shooting accuracy after fatiguing exercise, most likely due to sex differences in muscle fibre type composition. However, future research is required to confirm sex-specific differences in motor skill accuracy after fatiguing exercise.