Children's Accuracy Research Articles

The influence of parent conversation goal and structure on children’s event reports

Parents vary in conversational goals and style when discussing events with their children—two aspects of parent socialization that may be related, or exert opposing influence on the development of young children’s report accuracy (a critical factor in children’s eyewitness reports). In a sample of 116 parent-child dyads (Mage = 53.17 months, range: 36–72 months), we examined the roles of parent social conversation goals (parent-reported and experimentally manipulated) and parent cognitive elaboration in children’s ability to accurately report about a laboratory event. Parent cognitive elaboration varied by conversation goal and was positively associated with child accuracy across age but only when parents strongly endorsed social conversation goals. Parent questioning strategies and children’s response accuracy varied with age. This work has implications for how we understand short- and long-term impacts caregivers exert on children’s event reporting and suggests that even very young children are sensitive to variations in parent questioning practices.

Evaluating the Accuracy of Pulse Oximetry in Children According to Race

This cross-sectional study investigates the association between race and pulse oximeter accuracy in children in the US.

Visual search and childhood vision impairment: A GAMLSS-oriented multiverse analysis approach

The aim of this report was to analyze reaction times and accuracy in children with a vision impairment performing a feature-based visual search task using a multiverse statistical approach. The search task consisted of set sizes 4, 16, and 24, consisting of distractors (circle) and a target (ellipse) that were presented randomly to school-aged individuals with or without a vision impairment. Interactions and main effects of key variables relating to reaction times and accuracy were analyzed via a novel statistical method blending GAMLSS (generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape) and distributional regression trees. Reaction times for the target-present and target-absent conditions were significantly slower in the vision impairment group with increasing set sizes (p < .001). Female participants were significantly slower than were males for set sizes 16 and 24 in the target-absent condition (p < .001), with male participants being significantly slower than females in the target-present condition (p < .001). Accuracy was only significantly worse (p = .03) for participants less than 14 years of age for the target-absent condition with set sizes 16 and 24. There was a positive association between binocular visual acuity and search time (p < .001). The application of GAMLSS with distributional regression trees to the analysis of visual search data may provide further insights into underlying factors affecting search performance in case-control studies where psychological or physical differences may influence visual search outcomes.

Contributions of processes using semantic information and character‐to‐sound correspondences to kanji word‐reading performance in Japanese primary school children

Background In opaque orthographies, such as English, children with low reading skills tend to rely more on semantic information due to their inadequate acquisition of sub-lexical knowledge. This tendency has also been reported for kanji, a non-alphabetic and opaque Japanese orthography. However, previous studies on this phenomenon have had methodological limitations, such as a small number of stimuli in reading tests and insufficient investigation of a consistency effect. This study addressed these limitations and aimed to clarify whether Japanese children with low reading accuracy are characterised by a stronger reliance on semantic information and a smaller contribution to the reading process based on character-to-sound correspondences to the kanji word-reading performance than children with high reading accuracy in reading kanji words. Methods A total of 129 Japanese students in the fifth and sixth grades participated in this study, and 11 of them had been previously diagnosed with developmental dyslexia. They read an experimenter-created list of kanji words. We tested how frequency, imageability and consistency of character-to-sound correspondences affected children's reading accuracy and error types and how the effects of these variables were modulated by reading accuracy level. Results For children with lower reading accuracy, the frequency and consistency effects on reading accuracy decreased, whereas the imageability effect was stronger. Children with low reading accuracy frequently did not respond, whereas children with high reading accuracy made word substitution and legitimate alternative reading of component (LARC) errors frequently. Conclusions The reading processing of children with low reading accuracy is characterised by a stronger reliance on semantic information and a smaller contribution of a reading process based on character-to-sound correspondences to reading performance than that of children with high reading accuracy. Reading characteristics of children with low reading accuracy might be due to their inadequate lexical and sub-word knowledge.

P332 External validation of intestinal ultrasound scores to detect endoscopic activity in children and adults with Crohn's disease: A prospective cohort study

Abstract Background Intestinal ultrasound (IUS) scores were developed for adults and children with Crohn’s disease (CD) but have not been externally validated with endoscopy. This study aimed to externally validate all CD IUS scores with endoscopy. Methods Prospective cross-sectional study of children and adults with CD who underwent IUS and colonoscopy within 60 days. The International Bowel Ultrasound Segment Activity Score (IBUS-SAS), Simple Ultrasound Score for Crohn’s disease (SUS-CD), Simple Ultrasound Activity Score for Crohn’s disease (SUAS-CD), and Simple Pediatric Activity Ultrasound Score (SPAUSS) were compared to the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s disease (SES-CD). Primary outcomes were the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) for each IUS score for moderate (SES-CD ≥ 5) and any (SES-CD ≥ 3) CD activity. Secondary outcome was the correlation of IUS scores and SES-CD. Results 82 CD patients (53 (65%) children, 29 (35%) adults, 41 (50%) female; 50 (61%) ileocolonic disease location) underwent IUS of 150 (74 (49%) terminal ileum) bowel segments with IUS scores and SES-CD. In both children and adults, all scores performed with high accuracy to detect SES-CD ≥ 5 and moderate accuracy to detect SES-CD ≥ 3. To detect SES-CD ≥ 5 in children, a SUAS-CD ≥ 4.5 had the highest AUROC [95% CI] =0.91 [0.85-0.97] (sensitivity=90%, specificity=81%), followed by an IBUS-SAS ≥ 37.8 (AUROC=0.89 [0.83-0.96]), SPAUSS ≥ 4 (AUROC=0.89 [0.81-0.96]), and SUS-CD ≥ 2 (AUROC=0.88 [0.80-0.95]). To detect SES-CD ≥ 5 in adults, an IBUS-SAS ≥ 34.2 had the highest AUROC=0.85 [0.71-98] (sensitivity=70%, specificity=87%) followed by a SAUS-CD ≥ 5.45 (AUROC =0.84 [0.71-0.98]), SUS-CD ≥ 1 (AUROC=0.81 [0.65-0.97]), and SPAUSS ≥ 5 (AUROC=0.78 [0.65-0.97]). To detect SES-CD ≥ 3, SPAUSS ≥ 4 (AUROC=0.78 [0.69-0.87], sensitivity=56%, specificity=92%) and SUS-CD ≥ 3 (AUROC =0.78 [0.68-0.86], sensitivity=56%, specificity=89%) had the highest accuracy in children followed by a SAUS-CD ≥ 4.5 (AUROC=0.74 [0.63-0.86]) and IBUS-SAS ≥ 34 (AUROC=0.73 [0.62-0.84]). In adults, SAUS-CD ≥ 2.68 and IBUS-SAS ≥ 11.2 (AUROC = 0.68 [0.50-0.85], sensitivity=63%, specificity=72%) had the highest accuracy to detect SES-CD ≥ 3 followed by a SUS-CD ≥ 2.5 (AUROC = 0.65 [0.50-0.81]), and SPAUSS ≥ 6 (AUROC = 0.61 [0.45-0.77]). IUS scores moderately correlated with SES-CD in children and adults, of which the IBUS-SAS had the highest (r=0.66 in children vs. r=0.57 in adults). Conclusion CD IUS scores are accurate for the detection of endoscopic activity in children and adults. IUS scores may be more accurate in children and correlate better with endoscopy but more studies are needed. This data supports the use of IUS as an accurate monitoring tool, reflective of endoscopic activity.

Concordance of Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Made by Pediatricians vs a Multidisciplinary Specialist Team

Wait times for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis are lengthy because of inadequate supply of specialist teams. General pediatricians may be able to diagnose some cases of ASD, thereby reducing wait times. To determine the accuracy of ASD diagnostic assessments conducted by general pediatricians compared with a multidisciplinary team (MDT). This prospective diagnostic study was conducted in and a specialist assessment center in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Ontario general pediatrician practices from June 2016 to March 2020. Children were younger than 5.5 years, referred with a developmental concern, and without an existing ASD diagnosis. Data analysis was performed from October 2021 to February 2022. The pediatrician and MDT each conducted blinded assessments and recorded a decision as to whether the child had ASD. Main outcomes included sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). A logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with accurate pediatrician assessment for children with or without an ASD diagnosis. Seventeen pediatricians (12 women [71%]) participated in the study and referred 106 children (79 boys [75%]; mean [SD] age, 41.9 [13.3] months). Sixty participants (57%) were from minoritized racial and ethnic groups (eg, Black, Asian, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, and multiracial). Seventy-two participants (68%) received a diagnosis of ASD by the MDT. Sensitivity and specificity of the pediatrician assessments compared with MDT were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.67-0.83) and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.62-0.91), respectively. The PPV of the pediatrician assessments was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.80-0.94) (ie, 89% agreement with the MDT), and NPV was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.49-0.70) (ie, 60% agreement with the MDT). Higher pediatrician certainty (odds ratio [OR], 3.33; 95% CI, 1.71-7.34; P = .001) was associated with increased diagnostic accuracy for children with ASD. Lower accuracy was seen for children with higher Visual Reception subscale developmental skills (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.97; P = .001), speaking abilities (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.03-0.67; P = .03), and White race (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.10-0.97; P = .04). Age, gender, and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd Edition composite scores were not significantly associated with the accuracy of assessments. All 7 children with a sibling with ASD received an accurate diagnosis; otherwise, no significant factors were identified for accuracy in children without ASD. This study of concordance of autism assessment between pediatricians and an expert MDT in young children found high accuracy when general pediatricians felt confident and lower accuracy when ruling out ASD. These findings suggest that children with co-occurring delays may be potential candidates for community assessment.

Slow tempo music preserves attentional efficiency in young children.

Past research has shown that listening to slow- or fast-tempo music can affect adults' executive attention (EA) performance. This study examined the immediate impact of brief exposure to slow- or fast-tempo music on EA performance in 4- to 6-year-old children. A within-subject design was used, where each child completed three blocks of theEA task after listening to fast-tempo music (fast-tempo block), slow-tempo music (slow-tempo block), and ocean waves (control block), with block-order counterbalanced. In each block, children were also asked to report their pre-task subjective emotional status (experienced arousal and valence) before listening to music and their post-task emotional status after the EA task. Three major results emerged. First, reaction time (RT) was significantly faster in the slow-tempo block than in the fast-tempo, suggesting that listening to slow-tempo music preserves processing efficiency, relative to fast-tempo music. Second, children's accuracy rate in the EA task did not differ across blocks. Third, children's subjective emotional status did not differ across blocks and did not change across the pre- and post-task phases in any block, suggesting the faster RT observed in the slow-tempo block cannot be explained by changes in arousal or mood.

Associations among body mass index, working memory performance, gray matter volume, and brain activation in healthy children.

To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the association between poorer working memory performance and higher body mass index (BMI) in children. We employed structural-(sMRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a 2-back working memory task to examine brain abnormalities and their associations with BMI and working memory performance in 232 children with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) and 244 normal weight children (NW) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset. OW/OB had lower working memory accuracy, which was associated with higher BMI. They showed smaller gray matter (GM) volumes in the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG_L), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, medial orbital frontal cortex, and medial superior frontal gyrus, which were associated with lower working memory accuracy. During the working memory task, OW/OB relative to NW showed weaker activation in the left superior temporal pole, amygdala, insula, and bilateral caudate. In addition, caudate activation mediated the relationship between higher BMI and lower working memory accuracy. Higher BMI is associated with smaller GM volumes and weaker brain activation in regions involved with working memory. Task-related caudate dysfunction may account for lower working memory accuracy in children with higher BMI.

FAMILY DECISION-MAKING IN SERIOUS ILLNESS SCENARIOS: ACCURACY AND PERCEIVED ACCURACY OF ADULT CHILD SURROGATES

Abstract Adult children often help older adults make important decisions in serious illness situations, but previous research suggests adult children are not uniformly accurate in predicting parents' preferences. In this project we examined the accuracy with which adult children (N= 68; M age= 45; 69.1% female) were able to predict medical preferences of their parents (N= 34; M age= 75; 94.1% female). Parents expressed their preferences in four serious illness scenarios, and children predicted parents' preferences. Parents and children also estimated the accuracy of children's predictions and the frequency of communication about medical care. On average across all scenarios, children predicted parents' preferences accurately 42.3% of the time. Parents were willing to take more risk with treatment for more severe disease, as their children predicted, although children generally overestimated parents' willingness to live with increasing disability (M difference = 9.77%). Overall, children were poor at predicting their own accuracy (Rs = -.017, p= .893). Parents were slightly more insightful about their children's accuracy (Rs= .261, p=.034), but there was no association between accuracy and parent or child estimate of frequency of conversations about medical preferences (Parent Rs= .067, p=.586 ; Child Rs= .164, p= .182). These findings suggest that neither are adult children highly accurate at predicting parents' medical preferences, nor do they or their parents have a precise sense of their accuracy. Results from this study may inform interventions to help families communicate about advance care planning.

Development of Sound Localization in Infants and Young Children with Cochlear Implants.

Cochlear implantation as a treatment for severe-to-profound hearing loss allows children to develop hearing, speech, and language in many cases. However, cochlear implants are generally provided beyond the infant period and outcomes are assessed after years of implant use, making comparison with normal development difficult. The aim was to study whether the rate of improvement of horizontal localization accuracy in children with bilateral implants is similar to children with normal hearing. A convenience sample of 20 children with a median age at simultaneous bilateral implantation = 0.58 years (0.42-2.3 years) participated in this cohort study. Longitudinal follow-up of sound localization accuracy for an average of ≈1 year generated 42 observations at a mean age = 1.5 years (0.58-3.6 years). The rate of development was compared to historical control groups including children with normal hearing and with relatively late bilateral implantation (≈4 years of age). There was a significant main effect of time with bilateral implants on localization accuracy (slope = 0.21/year, R2 = 0.25, F = 13.6, p &lt; 0.001, n = 42). No differences between slopes (F = 0.30, p = 0.58) or correlation coefficients (Cohen's q = 0.28, p = 0.45) existed when comparing children with implants and normal hearing (slope = 0.16/year since birth, p = 0.015, n = 12). The rate of development was identical to children implanted late. Results suggest that early bilateral implantation in children with severe-to-profound hearing loss allows development of sound localization at a similar age to children with normal hearing. Similar rates in children with early and late implantation and normal hearing suggest an intrinsic mechanism for the development of horizontal sound localization abilities.

Development and pilot testing of an early childhood somatosensory assessment: Somatosensory test of reaching.

Thirty-two children (50% female, 59.3% White, 7-60 months), from middle to high socioeconomic status families, participated in pilot feasibility and validity testing of the somatosensory test of reaching (STOR). STOR tested the child's accuracy of reach to visual and somatosensory targets. All children were able to complete the assessment. Statistically significant differences were found between age groups (p =.0001), showing developmental trends, and between test conditions (p < .001), showing that the ability to reach to visible targets develops before somatosensory targets. STOR also showed a moderate correlation with the Developmental Assessment of Young Children 2nd edition. STOR appears to be a promising tool for assessing somatosensory processing in very young children, and it warrants additional testing in larger participant samples.

ДИАГНОСТИКА ИШЕМИЧЕСКИХ ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЙ КИШЕЧНИКА ПРИ ОСТРОЙ СПАЕЧНОЙ СТРАНГУЛЯЦИОННОЙ КИШЕЧНОЙ НЕПРОХОДИМОСТИ (ОССКН) У ДЕТЕЙ

Purpose - to determine the possibility of laboratory and endoscopic methods for the diagnosis of ischemic bowel disorders in children with ASIO. Material and methods. 40 children with ASIO underwent routine examinations, including ultrasound, abdominal x-rays, laparoscopy, and lactate (lactic acid). Results. It has been established that the lactate level and laparoscopic examination make it possible to diagnose ischemia with an accuracy in children with ASIO. Conclusion. Lactate levels and laparoscopy in children with ASIO are important factors in the diagnosis of intestinal ischemia.

From integers to fractions: The role of analogy in developing a coherent understanding of proportional magnitude.

Children display an early sensitivity to implicit proportions (e.g., 1 of 5 apples vs. 3 of 4 apples), but have considerable difficulty in learning the explicit, symbolic proportions denoted by fractions (e.g., "1/5" vs. "3/4"). Theoretically, reducing the gap between representations of implicit versus explicit proportions would improve understanding of fractions, but little is known about how the representations develop and interact with one another. To address this, we asked 177 third, fourth, and fifth graders (M = 9.85 years, 87 girls, 69% White, 19% low income) to estimate the position of proportionally equivalent integers and fractions on number lines (e.g., 3 on a 0-8 number line vs. 3/8 on a 0-1 number line, Study 1). With increasing age, children's estimates of implicit and explicit proportions became more coherent, such that a child's estimates of fractions on a 0-1 number-line was a linear function of the same child's estimates of equivalent integers. To further investigate whether preexisting integer knowledge can facilitate fraction learning through analogy, we assigned 100 third to fifth graders (M = 10.04 years, 55 girls, 76% White) to an Alignment condition, where children estimated fractions and integers on aligned number lines, or to a No Alignment condition (Study 2). Results showed that aligning integers and fractions on number lines facilitated a better understanding of fractional magnitudes, and increased children's fraction estimation accuracy to the level of college students'. Together, findings suggest that analogies can play an important role in building a coherent understanding of proportions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The effect of speaker reliability on word learning in monolingual and bilingual children.

The present study examined the effect of speaker reliability on novel word learning in 4- and 5-year-old English-speaking monolingual (N=25) and Spanish-English bilingual (N=25) children, using an eye-tracking paradigm. Results revealed that children retained novel labels taught by both the reliable and the unreliable speaker. Yet, time-course analyses revealed that children showed faster word recognition in the reliable condition but demonstrated more persistent looks to target in the unreliable condition. This suggests that speaker reliability impacts the time-course of retrieval, but not the ultimate retention of novel words. No group differences were observed in children's overall accuracy of novel word learning, although monolingual and bilingual children did demonstrate subtle differences in the time-course of novel word recognition. Together, the findings suggest that while speaker cues shape the process by which children recognize newly-learned words, language experience has minimal influence on this process.

47 A Host Protein Test Based on TRAIL, IP-10 and CRP for Differentiating Between Bacterial and Viral Infection Has Potential to Improve Patient Selection for Blood Culture Utilization

47 A Host Protein Test Based on TRAIL, IP-10 and CRP for Differentiating Between Bacterial and Viral Infection Has Potential to Improve Patient Selection for Blood Culture Utilization

New Methods for Unraveling Imitation Accuracy Differences Between Children with Autism and Typically Developing Peers.

This study applies methods used in sign language and gesture research to better understand reduced imitation accuracy (IA) of actions and gestures in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and we addressed contrasting theories on IA in ASD and the role of objects and meanings in imitation. Eight male children with ASD with a mean chronological age (CA) of 86.76 months (SD = 10.74, range 70.5-104.4) and 22 male and female peers with typical development (TD) and a mean CA of 85.44 months (SD = 7.95, range 73.4-96.7) imitated videos of an adult performing actions with objects, representational gestures, conventional gestures and meaningless gestures. We measured accuracy as ability to effectively reproduce features (handshape, palm orientation, location, movement direction and type) and timing (speed) of observed actions/gestures, after ruling out cases of specular (i.e., mirror-like) versus anatomical imitation. Results highlighted significantly lower feature and timing accuracy in children with ASD with respect to the TD group across tasks, and these findings supported sensory-motor theories of IA in ASD. Our data also showed the different impact of objects and meanings within groups. Overall, these results suggest validity to our assessment method and suggested the importance of considering both discreet variables (i.e., variables describing action/gesture feature accuracy, e.g. handshape, movement direction) and continuous variables (i.e., kinematic variables, e.g. speed) in evaluating IA in autism.

Speech-Evoked Envelope Following Responses in Children and Adults.

Envelope following responses (EFRs) could be useful for objectively evaluating audibility of speech in children who are unable to participate in routine clinical tests. However, relative to adults, the characteristics of EFRs elicited by frequency-specific speech and their utility in predicting audibility in children are unknown. EFRs were elicited by the first (F1) and second and higher formants (F2+) of male-spoken vowels /u/ and /i/ and by fricatives /ʃ/ and /s/ in the token /suʃi/ presented at 15, 35, 55, 65, and 75 dB SPL. The F1, F2+, and fricatives were low-, mid-, and high-frequency dominant, respectively. EFRs were recorded between the vertex and the nape from twenty-three 6- to 17-year-old children and 21 young adults with normal hearing. Sensation levels of stimuli were estimated based on behavioral thresholds. In children, amplitude decreased with age for /ʃ/-elicited EFRs but remained stable for low- and mid-frequency stimuli. As a group, EFR amplitude and phase coherence did not differ from that of adults. EFR sensitivity (proportion of audible stimuli detected) and specificity (proportion of inaudible stimuli not detected) did not vary between children and adults. Consistent with previous work, EFR sensitivity increased with stimulus frequency and level. The type of statistical indicator used for EFR detection did not influence accuracy in children. Adultlike EFRs in 6- to 17-year-old typically developing children suggest mature envelope encoding for low- and mid-frequency stimuli. EFR sensitivity and specificity in children, when considering a wide range of stimulus levels and audibility, are ~77% and ~92%, respectively. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21136171.

Article Production Accuracy of an Arabic–English Bilingual Child: A Case Study

Purpose: This single-subject case study examined the article production accuracy of an Arabic–English bilingual child. The aim of the study was to determine whether the child's Arabic language background interacted with his accuracy of article production in English based on the Arabic article system, which, unlike English, does not contain the indefinite article. Method: The child was audio-recorded interacting with his paternal aunt and grandmother at two time points, when the child was aged 3;2 (years;months) and 3;6. A word-level coding system was developed to track the child's accurate and inaccurate production of article types in English including errors of substitution, addition, and omission. Results: Findings from this single-subject case study demonstrated that the child produced definite, indefinite, and null articles in English. The child's most frequent error was substitution of definite article the . In addition, the child spoke primarily in English with his caregivers. The findings supported prior work of bilingual children speaking a range of native languages, who also frequently misused the definite article the . Discussion: The child's article production accuracy and the more frequent definite article errors are discussed in the context of existing literature on article production by monolingual and bilingual children. The absence of the indefinite article in Arabic, the child's other language, could have driven the inaccurate/overuse use of the definite article in English. Nevertheless, the findings from this single-subject case study provide support for a child raised in an Arabic–English bilingual household who displayed development in his English article production accuracy in English comparable with that of bilingual children and monolingual English-speaking children.

Children's memory and suggestibility years later: Age, distress, and attachment

AbstractThe accuracy of children's long‐term memory for distressing events is of theoretical and legal interest. In this longitudinal study, 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds and their main parental caretakers individually participated in a mildly distressing event, and 1 h later the children's memory/suggestibility was assessed (Time 1). Six to seven years later (Time 2), the children (9‐ to 12‐year‐olds, N = 54) were again interviewed about the Time 1 experience. Their memory was more accurate at Time 1 than Time 2. Children who were rated as more distressed at Time 1 recalled more units of correct information at Time 2 if the children were older or lower in self‐reported attachment anxiety. Children who were older at Time 2 were less suggestible. Time 1 misinformation did not contaminate Time 2 free recall. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.

Does Skill Performance Influence Young Children’s Perceived Physical Competence?

Children's self-perceived competence is critical for their engagement in fundamental motor skills (FMS), although these perceptions are highly inaccurate until around age seven (grade 2). Moreover, FMS competence is highly correlated with physical activity engagement in childhood. In this study we examined: (a) if children's perceptions of their FMS competence differed after they were allowed to perform the skill or observe their performance, and (b) if the accuracy of children's perceived competence changed under those conditions. Child participants (N = 76; K-second grade) judged their own competence for three physical skills (running, skipping and dribble or hopping) on the Harter and Pike Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance under three conditions: (a) a no-performance baseline, (b) after performing each skill, and (c) after observing themselves performing the skill. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that their perceived competence differed across these conditions for running but not for skipping/hopping (p = .556) or for dribbling (p = .368). Spearman's rho correlations showed that their perceived running competence scores better predicted their actual competence after observing their performance (rs = .25, p = .029) than after other conditions. Both performing and observing their performance were associated with changes in perceptions of running competence. Future research should focus on how and when children's perceived competence is assessed and how perceptions relate to FMS and physical activity engagement.