Accumulation Of Resources Research Articles

Зміна ролі криптовалют у світовій фінансовій системі через збройну агресію проти України

Introduction. Сryptocurrency as a component of Ukraine's digital war against Russia. Rapid collection of funds from all over the world to help Ukraine.The USA imposes sanctions on the Russian Federation. Russia is looking for methods to circumvent sanctions. The purpose of the research work is to develop proposals for greater effectiveness of international sanctions and to find new useful methods of using cryptocurrency for Ukraine, which is part of the international financial system. Problems. Sanction packages are applied to various sectors of the economy, and following the implementation results, the following packages of sanctions are produced by the countries, so, according to the results of the implementation of sanctions, certain Russian banking institutions have been circumvented by using crypto market tools and operators that interact with sanctioned Russian banks, companies, and individuals. The use of traditional financial services, financial technologies and alternative payment services is a more effective way of circumventing sanctions in terms of volumes and costs than the use of crypto-assets.Goal. Development of proposals to increase the influence on the implementation and effectiveness of international sanctions, the need to take quick and optimal actions to eliminate the activities of many Russian cryptocurrency tools for circumventing sanctions. Materials and methods. General scientific and research methods are used: analysis, theoretical generalization, synthesis, description, comparison, observation and study of foreign mass media articles. Results. Attention was focused on Ukraine's new positive use of cryptocurrency, which is part of the international financial system, unprecedented use of new digital assets to raise funds to support Ukraine during the war. Conclusions. Crypto assets have become Ukraine's deadly weapon against Russia. Taking into account the advantages of the circulation of cryptocurrencies and virtual assets in general, the private sector in Ukraine organized charitable funds for the accumulation of resources, among which crypto funds took a leading place and were able to quickly cover the needs of defenders of Ukraine, citizens who suffered from Russian military aggression, supported socially vulnerable Ukrainian citizens. At the same time, IT specialists and amateurs organized themselves into an IT army, which was able to completely or for significant periods stop the activity of the infrastructure of the aggressor states, which slowed down the flow of resources for the continuation and escalation of military operations.

Life Span Development of Self-Continuity in late Adulthood: The Impact of Chronological Age, Loss of Partner and Aversive Childhood Events

ABSTRACT Self-continuity is a central process of identity that connects one’s past and present. Research is limited regarding the life-course determinants of self-continuity and its development in later life. We used multilevel hierarchical models to investigate how the occurrence of life-course adversity (e.g., childhood adversity or partner loss) and the accumulation of resources shapes the perception of self-continuity in mid and later life, with respect to both their levels and changes over time. A three-wave longitudinal data set was used. The sample consisted of divorcees (n = 396), widows and widowers (n = 319), and married individuals (control; n = 513) in the second half of life. The divorcees had the lowest levels of self-continuity compared to the married and widowed individuals. Self-continuity increased with age for all marital status groups but followed differential trajectories. The divorcees were the most vulnerable group regarding their level and development of self-continuity. More childhood adversity was associated with less self-continuity for all groups, showing the influence of distal adversity on later life identity processes. Our findings illustrate that self-continuity changes as a function of age but differs based on the adverse events experienced across the life course.

Management of Madrasah Heads in Improving the Quality of Education

This study aims to see how the implementation of madrasah principal management in improving the quality of education at MTsN 1 Batang Hari. The methodology used in this research is a qualitative method in the form of a case study. The respondent of this study was the head of madrasah and teachers at MTsN 1 Batang Hari. The research instruments are interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis technique was used condensing or reducing data, presenting data and drawimg conclusion. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of madrasah principal management in improving the quality of education can be seen from the implementation of several programs. These programs start from planning management, implementation management and evaluation management. The planning program is comprehensive, integral, qualitative and quantitative, sustainable, efficient, realiable administration and resource accumulation. The implementation program includes teamwork, adequate facilities, information disclosure, involving stakeholders, students and parents in all activities. The evaluation program implement the principal’s managerial competencies, leadership abilities, skills in managing madrasahs, preserving the culture and climate of madrasahs and guiding educators and madrasahs employee.

Social self-determination, life practices and economic aspects of preparing women aged 45-57 for retirement

The article presents the results of a sociological study conducted on a target sample of working woman of older middle and pre-retirement age - 45-57 years. The study was aimed at identifying the peculiarities of the perception of the age of «45+» by women themselves in such aspects as shared values and life goals, practices of coping behavior in relation to age and aging, retirement life planning. The issues of preparing for retirement are considered in an extended age range in order to fix the threshold values for the perception of age - to determine at what age the pension begins to be perceived as the immediate life prospect and the reorientation to the tasks of an older age group takes place. According to the results of the study, a predominantly positive perception of the age 45+ age period by women themselves was revealed with a wide variability in self-determination of its content - from a period of rest and stability to professional achievements and personal growth. In general, a positive perception of the one’s age «here and now» is combined with avoidance of thoughts about the upcoming retirement as more or less distant future. A paradox has been that recorded that requires further research: the majority of respondents begin to think about retirement only after reaching the pre-retirement age, while they would like to implement for themselves those methods of preparing for retirement that obviously require a longer planning horizon and a period of accumulation of economic resources than a three-year pre-retirement period.

The Impact of Customer Participation on Customer Value: Does Customer Resource and Regulatory Focus Matter?

With the development of technology and the improvement of customer awareness, customers and enterprises are becoming more and more proactive in the process of cooperation. Among these developments is the value creation of customers in the brand network. The community changes with the accumulation of resources during the customer journey, and it is particularly important to explore the impact of customer resource accumulation and regulatory focus of enterprises for customers on customer value. Previous research mainly focused on the role of customer resources in the stages of value creation and value realization, ignoring the impact of customer participation on customer resources accumulation and customer value during the customer journey and the moderating effect of customer regulatory focus between them. This paper investigates this from the perspective of resource theory. Based on the investigation in 451 active customers in the Chinese famous brand network community, it uses the SEM method to test the relationships among customer participation, customer resources and customer value, and the moderating role of regulatory focus during the customer journey. The empirical results show that both customer relationship resources and human resources positively affect customer lifetime value and customer engagement value and play a mediating role between customer participation and customer value during the customer journey. Furthermore, the customer promotion focus positively moderates the relationships between customer participation and customer resources, while the prevention focus only positively moderates the relationship between customer participation and customer human resources. The research results provide a theoretical basis for brand network communities to sustainably cultivate and guide customers to contribute a higher value.

Research on the Law of China’s Rural Land Institutional Changes: An Analytical Framework of Economic Efficiency and Distributive Equity

Institutions affect economic development and social stability, and the characteristics of institutional change are a complex and widely discussed topic. This paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework to describe the relationship between institutional change, resource conditions, and overall social welfare, so as to explore the preconditions for the formation of institutions with greater equity and higher economic efficiency. On the basis of this analytical framework, we conduct a case study on China’s rural land institutional changes over the past 70 years to explore the law of institutional changes. We found that when resources are scarce, economic efficiency and distributive equity usually pose difficulty to being improved and present a substitution relationship, while only when resources are sufficient could they realise these goals. The findings indicate that for regions with meagre resources, the advantageous sectors need to be identified and prioritised at the beginning of the development so as to recognise the appropriate initial resource accumulation. A certain accumulation of resources is the prerequisite for creating institutions that could improve economic efficiency and offer equitable distribution.

Sedentarization and maternal childcare networks: role of risk, gender and demography.

Women cooperate over multiple domains and while research from western contexts portrays women's networks as limited in size and breadth, women receive help, particularly with childcare, from a diverse range of individuals (allomothers). Nonetheless, little exploration has occurred into why we see such diversity. Wide maternal childcare networks may be a consequence of a lack of resource accumulation in mobile hunter-gatherers-where instead households rely on risk-pooling in informal insurance networks. By contrast, when households settle and accumulate resources, they are able to retain risk by absorbing losses. Thus, the size and composition of mothers' childcare networks may depend on risk-buffering, as captured by mobile and settled households in the Agta, a Philippine foraging population with diverse lifestyles. Across 78 children, we find that childcare from grandmothers and sisters was higher in settled camps, while childcare from male kin was lower, offering little support for risk-buffering. Nonetheless, girls' workloads were increased in settled camps while grandmothers had fewer dependent children, increasing their availability. These results point to gender-specific changes associated with shifting demographics as camps become larger and more settled. Evidently, women's social networks, rather than being constrained by biology, are responsive to the changing socioecological context. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives'.

Multi-omics approaches for in-depth understanding of therapeutic mechanism for Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is extensively utilized in clinical practice due to its therapeutic and preventative treatments for various diseases. With the development of high-throughput sequencing and systems biology, TCM research was transformed from traditional experiment-based approaches to a combination of experiment-based and omics-based approaches. Numerous academics have explored the therapeutic mechanism of TCM formula by omics approaches, shifting TCM research from the "one-target, one-drug" to "multi-targets, multi-components" paradigm, which has greatly boosted the digitalization and internationalization of TCM. In this review, we concentrated on multi-omics approaches in principles and applications to gain a better understanding of TCM formulas against various diseases from several aspects. We first summarized frequently used TCM quality assessment methods, and suggested that incorporating both chemical and biological ingredients analytical methods could lead to a more comprehensive assessment of TCM. Secondly, we emphasized the significance of multi-omics approaches in deciphering the therapeutic mechanism of TCM formulas. Thirdly, we focused on TCM network analysis, which plays a vital role in TCM-diseases interaction, and serves for new drug discovery. Finally, as an essential source for storing multi-omics data, we evaluated and compared several TCM databases in terms of completeness and reliability. In summary, multi-omics approaches have infiltrated many aspects of TCM research. With the accumulation of omics data and data-mining resources, deeper understandings of the therapeutic mechanism of TCM have been acquired or will be gained in the future.

Sources of financial support for inclusive development of territorial communities in the state of war

Introduction. The vitality of territorial communities in the conditions of modern challenges requires the implementation of a regional policy of using an inclusive approach which provides for the creation of safe conditions for the integral development of territories, an effective system of civil protection according to the type of territory: territories with special conditions for development; the territory of sustainable development; poles of economic growth. The realism of this task depends on organizational and institutional support and accumulation of internal and external financial resources, activation of project grant funding. Purpose of the research. Justification of approaches to financial provision of integral, safe development of territorial communities by substantiating the sources of financial provision of the system of civil protection of territories and thereby ensuring their balanced and inclusive development.Research methods. System approach – to justify the place of the inclusive approach in the implementation of the new regional policy in the conditions of martial law. Structural analysis - for the purpose of researching the structure of internal and external financial resources for the creation of modern systems of civil protection of communities. Comparative analysis - with the aim of identifying modern possibilities of external grant funding for the implementation of projects of civil protection of territories.Results. The scientific and organizational approaches to the accumulation and use of financial resources for the creation of an effective system of civil protection of the population of territorial communities, as a necessary component of the inclusive-oriented vector of the implementation of regional policy in the conditions of martial law, are substantiated.Perspectives. The author’s work can be used in the budgeting of the development of territorial communities and the search for additional sources for the financial support of the creation of a modern system of civil protection of territories under martial law.

Root-zone fertilization of controlled-release urea reduces nitrous oxide emissions and ammonia volatilization under two irrigation practices in a ratoon rice field

The ratoon rice system is one method to increase grain yield in areas where the annual accumulation of temperature and light resources are significantly greater than that required for single-cropping rice but insufficient for double-season rice. Rice fields are important sources of N 2 O and NH 3 emissions. Root-zone fertilization (RF) and controlled-release urea (CRU) show promise in decreasing the amount of emissions of N 2 O and NH 3 . However, the effects of their application on rice-ratoon rice (RR) are currently poorly understood. The effect of a combination of RF and CRU on the emissions of N 2 O and NH 3 from RR fields merits clarification. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted for 2 years. Five treatments were established with 280 kg N ha −1 (CK: no N fertilizer; FFP: urea with 5-split surface broadcasting; RF1: RF of CRU applied once into 5 cm deep holes positioned 5 cm from the rice root as basal fertilizer; RF2: RF of CRU applied once into 10 cm deep holes positioned 5 cm from the rice root as basal fertilizer; and RF3: RF of CRU layered once into 5 cm and 10 cm deep holes positioned 5 cm from the rice root as basal fertilizer), and the plants were subjected to continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The results showed that over a 2-year period, the RF treatments significantly reduced N 2 O emissions by 55–82 % (under CF) and 52–82 % (under AWD) compared with FFP and significantly reduced the loss owing to NH 3 volatilization by 47–69 % (under CF) and 43–65 % (under AWD) compared with FFP. RF2 and RF3 increased the 2-year average total yield of RR by 5–10 % (under CF) and 7–11 % (under AWD). In addition, the distribution of NH 4 + -N in the root-zone soil of RF3 was more consistent with the rule of nutrient requirement during the long growth period of RR and had a higher ability to increase yield and stronger environmental benefits than FFP. Soil NH 4 + -N and NO 3 - -N in field water are the main factors for N 2 O emissions and NH 3 volatilization, respectively. AWD did not reduce N 2 O emissions and NH 3 volatilization but saved water resources. Therefore, the combination of RF technology and AWD is a promising strategy to simplify the sustainable cultivation of RR. • RF of CRU reduced N 2 O emissions and NH 3 volatilization in RR. • Layered RF of CRU had highest rice yield due to reasonable NH 4 + - N distribution. • The N 2 O fluxes were related to the NO 3 -N concentrations in the 4–20 cm soil. • RF of CRU reduced NH 3 volatilization due to lower NH 4 + -N concentration.

Management of the national economy as an element of the socio-economic space of the country

Introduction. The interest in the problem of public administration in the development of a country's national economy is increasing. Such questions are always in line with the interests of economic theory and business practice. Under the influence of factors, the national economy of Ukraine is transforming into a whole organism, which, under the influence of factors, loses some signs and acquires new ones.
 Aim and tasks. The aim of the research is to develop the conceptual apparatus for managing the national economy as an element of social economic space of the country.
 Results. The result of the study is the development of a conceptual apparatus for managing the national economy as an element of the socio-economic space of the country . First of all, the system of economic and social connections and relations between subjects of the national economy, related to the implementation of economic activity and the satisfaction of the social needs of the population, is functioning. Secondly, management of the national economy is carried out, which is related to the accumulation of resources (production, financial and investment, scientific and technical, informational, etc.) necessary for the uninterrupted implementation of various types of economic activity of subjects and the satisfaction of the social needs of society, as well as their effective distribution and use. Thirdly, the interests of all participants in the processes of functioning and development of the national economy as an open, complex socio-economic system intersect. Fourthly, certain features depending on the specific country (national features) are revealed. Finally, the economic and social components of the management orientation of the national economy and its separate elements are organically combined, which ensures their close interaction and complementarity.
 Conclusions. The statement that the national economy is an element of the socio-economic space can be considered fully justified, given that the study of the national economy in terms of its belonging to the socio-economic space gives the most comprehensive and accurate idea of the reality, the presence of connections and relations inherent in the objects operating within it and allows for more effective management of the national economy.

The resource reallocation effect of monetary policy

AbstractThis paper studies the heterogeneous responses of firms to monetary policy shocks and the possible adverse effect of expansionary monetary policy on resource reallocation. Using Chinese firm‐level data, we find that when expansionary monetary shock hits the economy, less productive firms are more responsive than productive firms in terms of resource accumulation. We identify two mechanisms for this effect. First, less productive firms accumulate net worth more slowly. They have higher leverage ratio and are more sensitive to monetary policy changes (the intensive margin). Second, monetary expansion relaxes borrowing constraints, which enables unproductive firms to survive. The congestion effect prevents resources from allocating to more productive firms. Our finding is robust even if we use private firm subsamples or avoid the massive fiscal stimulus in China around 2009. We provide a simple model of firm dynamics to capture these effects.

Soybean is a Common Nectar Source for Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a Midwestern Agricultural Landscape.

Large-scale soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivation has substantially transformed the Midwestern landscape in recent decades. Floral nectar produced by immense fields of soybeans has the potential to influence foraging ecology and resource accumulation of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. In this study, we combined microscopic and molecular pollen analysis of honey samples with waggle dance inference of spatial foraging patterns to demonstrate that honey bees routinely forage on soybeans in Ohio. In analyzing honey samples from across the state, we found ubiquitous presence of soybean pollen in honey collected from agricultural lands during soybean bloom. The abundance of soybean pollen in honey increased with the amount of soybean fields surrounding the apiaries. Honey bee waggle dances recorded during soybean bloom revealed that honey bees preferred soybean fields for foraging over other habitat types. With these results, future research efforts aimed at enhancing mutual interactions between soybeans and honey bees may represent an unexplored pathway for increasing soybean production while supporting honey bees and other pollinators in the surrounding landscape.

MODELLING THE IMPACT OF INTELLECTUALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UKRAINE

Studying driving forces and determinants of robust economic growth has been a topical issue in economic science for many years. The whole evolution of economic science has confirmed that there is a constant search for relations and interdependencies between individual factors and economic development. Along with the rapid scientific and technological progress in the twenty-first century, the range of factors that have a decisive influence on the country’s economic dynamics is growing. Recognizing the key role of all resources related to human intellectual activity in the countries’ economic development is a well-known postulate. The intense use of intellectual resources, accelerated technologicalization, and digitization are at the heart of the breakthrough development for all advanced countries in the world (Kaleniuk I., Kuklin V., 2012).The strengthening of competition at the current stage of civilizational development causes new factors and mechanisms of market struggle to come to the fore. These include the growing importance of intellectual resources and creative products as key factors in competitiveness. One of the important tasks of the economic activity of countries in the global environment is the accumulation and implementation of intellectual resources, which can determine the pace of the country's development, in general, shape the global parameters of world economic development. In fact, the intellectualization of society becomes one of the most important conditions for intensive development, expansion of spheres of influence, and realization of national interests. The term “intellectualization of the economy” refers to this type of economic development of the world economy, which is characterized by an increase in the role of knowledge and education as key factors in its provision.At the level of productive forces, the intellectualization of the global economic system is manifested in the predominance of ensuring the growth of labour productivity of intellectual factors, the growth of their role in the process of technical and economic combination of personal and material factors of production, as well as in the interaction of man with nature, increasing the level of intellectualization of the human worker (Global economy…, 2008).The strengthening of the intellectual component in all sectors of economic activity is due to the need to solve urgent problems of society, to produce the latest development strategies. This happens both at the expense of own innovative intellectually rich products and by borrowing existing ones from other countries. The question is that under modern conditions, the existing concept of intellectualization of the economy takes on new features and forms. This is reflected in the continuous production of key innovations and the improvement of existing products and processes. Constant attention to increasing the intellectualization of the economy at all its levels enabled the USA, the EU, Japan, and China to occupy the positions of world leaders in scientific, technological, and economic aspects (Lyakh V., Udovik S., 2006). Intellectualization of the economy becomes the main trend of development under the condition of transition to a new type of society, which changes the relations between market participants. Note that these processes are most pronounced in countries close to post-industrial society. In the economies of countries with a rustic system, these processes are quite insignificant, which is due to limited development opportunities.Identifying the most effective factors of the countries’ economic success in modern conditions are the issues of particular interest for economic science. An important task in the context of economic development research is to find out strong relations between individual indicators. Moreover, studying the relations between intellectual activity (resources and outcomes) and GDP growth indicators is of great interest.A priority direction of development in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and new technological framework formation for modern Ukraine is to complete the economy’s industrial structure and to undertake gradual transformation not only into the post-industrial stage but also into the knowledge economy. To ensure the economy’s competitiveness today, awareness of the role of knowledge is essential.

‘Pressure creates diamonds’/‘fire refines gold’: Conceptualizing coping capital

While many consumer behavior studies have investigated consumer coping, few have considered it as a source of positive benefits in addition to being a matter of necessity. In this paper, we draw on Bourdieu’s notion of capital to introduce the concept of coping capital—the intentional or unintentional accumulation of resources, such as emotional and epistemic-competencies and skills resulting from coping with adversity, that may thereafter exist in an embodied state in the form of mental and physical dispositions—dispositions that later provide benefits in life. We suggest that the benefits of coping capital may be determined using either a prospective or a retrospective approach. These benefits may be anticipated or unanticipated when intentionally coping with adversity, while the benefits are predominantly unanticipated when unintentionally coping. By conceptualizing coping capital, our study makes a domain-level conceptual contribution to research on consumer coping. In addition the concept of coping capital may have broader implications outside of the domain of consumption.

Social Infrastructures, Military Entrepreneurship, and the Making of the Sultan’s Court in Fifteenth-Century Cairo

Abstract This paper engages with the organization of the leadership of the Syro-Egyptian sultanate in the long ninth/fifteenth century, focusing particularly on the case of the court position of ‘the Chief Head of the [sultan’s] Guards’ (raʾs nawbat al-nuwab). It explores narrative source reports to identify the sultanate’s sixty ‘Chief Heads’ and to reconsider what they did in this capacity. Through the analytical categories of the court, social infrastructures and military entrepreneurialism, this paper furthers understandings of how these military leaders were all constitutive participants in the era’s complex processes of resource accumulation, violence-wielding, courtly reconfiguration, and state formation.

Balancing the scales: archaeological approaches to social inequality

ABSTRACT Archaeology lends a critical perspective to research on social inequality due to the field’s unique access to deep history, emphasis on materiality, and explicit incorporation of multiple lines of evidence. This paper offers a concise overview of archaeological approaches aimed at students and scholars in other fields. We develop a categorization of disciplinary strategies, arguing that archaeologists address institutionalized inequality through examining inequalities in the accumulation of goods or resources (economic differentiation); access to resources or knowledge (social differentiation), and inequalities in action, the ability to make decisions for oneself or others (political differentiation). We illustrate these categories with reference to the distinctions between material, relational, and embodied wealth. We draw upon a broad range of geographic, chronological, and cultural case studies to illustrate the flexibility and utility of archaeological methods for answering questions about inequality in human societies.

Legal problems of functioning of the financial system of Ukraine during martial law

The article is devoted to the study of changes and legal problems in the functioning of the financial system of Ukraine, which arose as a result of the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the imposition of martial law on February 24, 2022. As of today, the imposition of martial law in Ukraine has caused significant changes in all spheres of life without exception, including changes in the financial system of Ukraine. A perfect and developed financial system is an example of the unity of financial resources and, accordingly, a guarantee of full implementation of the state, defined by current legislation, tasks and functions.
 The financial system is inextricably linked with the functioning of the state, as it is an instrument for the accumulation and rational use of financial resources. Analysis of the peculiarities of the financial system of Ukraine during martial law allows us to assess the scale of changes that have occurred, to determine their impact on socio-economic processes in the country, the possible consequences of such changes and ways to resolve them.
 The article identifies the main changes and examines the problematic aspects of the functioning of the financial system at present. Obviously, changes are not always positive and there may be difficulties in their implementation. The biggest changes were made to the State Budget of Ukraine and local budgets, which suffered the greatest burden in all possible aspects. Due to the fact that the main part of financial resources is aimed at meeting the defense and social needs of the state, the problems of imbalance of expenditures and revenues of the budget, significant public debt and irrational distribution of expenditures have become acute.
 The foreign exchange market, which is a component of the financial market, has also undergone significant changes. Nevertheless, the foreign exchange market of Ukraine continues to operate subject to restrictions imposed during the martial law by the relevant public authorities and relating to currency regulation in order to preserve financial resources in the country.
 The issue of analysis of already known ways to solve the problems of the financial system and search for new ones that ensure the adaptation of the financial system to modern needs, including ensuring the defense needs of Ukraine and the smooth functioning of public finance.

Ownership Concentration, Regional Differences and Corporate Financialization

Does the increase in the shareholding ratio of shareholders promote or inhibit the degree of corporate financialization, or does it have other relationships? This paper selects the data of listed companies of non-financial enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2008 to 2020, and uses the least squares method to test whether the ownership concentration has an impact on the degree of financialization of enterprises. whether there is a regional effect. The study found that, regardless of the region where the company is located, there is a positive U-shaped relationship between ownership concentration and corporate financialization. The concentration of ownership has an inhibitory effect on the degree of corporate financialization. Therefore, although a moderate degree of ownership concentration will inhibit the degree of financialization of enterprises, differences between regions should be considered when conducting corporate financialization governance. The eastern region should abandon the oppression of the real economy caused by the accumulation of financial resources, and the western region strengthens the institutional environment. Construction and optimization of financial asset allocation.

Business-transactions and Accumulation of Economic Resources

Operational management implies not only production management but logistics, innovative management, transaction and quality management and other components of organization of business as well. Operational managers bear the responsibility that company should possess advanced production and organization methods, implement continued modernization and remain the leading positions. In order to beat the competitors, together with care on price and quality - the firm should try to implement an innovative technology and in such manner satisfy the customers` requirements in a better way. The Indicator of enterprise`s backwardness is relatively high cost price, low-grade production or both at a time, which presents the ineffective combination of resources. Division of costs into fixed and variable types are being performed according to the short-term periods. As for long-term periods, according them all the costs are variable. Short-time period is the time interval, during of which it is possible to increase the production capacity only by improvement of variable costs. If the part of resources applied in the manufacture are left unchanged and they are added with some other resource, then production volume might be increased in the beginning, but since then, whilst the optimal correlation of resources will be violated, the moment will rise, when an additional resources involved in production will gain ever less and less return. In such case, the law of decreased return (or the decreased marginal production capacity law) is active. The least is nothing more than a grow of variable expenses per production unit under the conditions of unchanged costs. Marginal return - means the surplus of production capacity, which is conditioned by application of additional unit of resource. Key words: business, marketing, agreement, transactions, enterprise, resources, production, operation, goods, automatization, firm, cost, raw materials, materials, calculation.