Accumulation Of Resources Research Articles

The residue of theocracy in contemporary democracies: A comparative study

AbstractThe article re‐examines residues of theocracy in contemporary western and related democracies such as OECD countries. It outlines a model of theocracy composed of four elements. These elements are, first, extreme religiosity and religious fanaticism and closure; second, suppression of knowledge and scientific progress and perpetuation of anti‐science, irrationalism; third, a state‐favoured Church as the agent of political power, coercion, repression, war; and fourth, accumulation and redistribution of economic resources to support religion. The model is represented in the format of the functionalist AGIL scheme. Considering evidence, the model of theocracy is found to fit reasonably well for certain, primarily highly religious and conservative, countries. Conversely, it does not fit many other countries, especially less religious and more liberal societies. The article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between religion and politics in contemporary societies, and outlines directions for further research.

Healthy, wealthy, wise, and social: Defining and testing a comprehensive model of resources

Research cutting across a wide swath of the psychological and behavioral sciences has, following an abundance of evidence, reached the unassailable conclusion that resources are good. While we do not dispute this, we do additionally argue that the value of resources may not be inherently uniform. That is, the value of a resource may depend in part on the nature of the resource as well as the nature of the person accumulating and expending that resource. To that end, we explicate six distinct types of resources (cognitive capital, material capital, social relational capital, social transactional capital, somatic direct capital, and somatic indirect capital) and test across two studies the hypothesized moderative effects of sex and resource type on determinations of resource value, including as related to mate value and perceived stress. Results support the hypothesis that resource value is moderated by sex and resource type, and that the previously established relationships between resource accumulation, mate value, and stress are similarly moderated. Additionally, we find that being “overly wealthy” in some forms of capital may actually prove to be less than valuable. We interpret these results as confirming the hypothesis that resources are not monolithic nor are they uniformly valuable.

The Rise of Germany in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries and Sustaining Democracy

Abstract This article examines the rise of Germany from the nineteenth century to explain that it is open access in the economic sphere, as well as institutional building related to the protection of property rights, contract enforcement, financial markets, rule of law, and human resource accumulation that determine economic and human development. The case of Germany is not very consistent with the logic of the open access orders of North et al. or the theory of extractive political institutions of Acemoglu and Robinson along the line of contestation and inclusiveness. The case of Germany is, however, able to support the research of Przeworski and Limongi that economic development is more likely to sustain democracy. Germany is certainly not the only case in explaining that stable democracy is not the cause but rather the consequence or outcome of lengthy economic development. The historical evidence from South Korea and Taiwan similarly supports the position that democracy is the outcome of economic and political development. This article, however, does not examine whether western values of human equality and human freedom are essential in economic and human development. They are very likely to be so as human equality is the precondition of open access in the economic sphere and human freedom is closely integrated with the interconnected institutions examined in this article. Future research may investigate the roles of these values in different political systems regardless of whether a political system is under the rule of one party, by a dominant party, or through the utilization of a multiparty system.

Enhancing Planning Behavior during Retirement: Effects of a Time Perspective Based Training Intervention

Time perspective is a psychological construct that reflects the way people view time. Two schools of thought exist that theorize how this temporal mindset affects behavior—dominant and balanced. We applied dominant and balanced time perspective frameworks separately to two versions of an online intervention that aimed to promote goal-setting and accumulation of essential retirement resources (health, physical, social, cognitive and emotional) and compared effects with a control group. The effectiveness of the intervention was tested with 109 US retirees using a 4-wave design over a 6-month period. Linear mixed models showed an increase in health goal striving for the balanced group at posttraining and gains were maintained at the 3-month time point. Both training groups demonstrated an increase in the number and specificity of goals at posttraining and 3-months. Applying a time perspective framework to an online planning intervention for retirees shows promise in promoting planning for retirement resources. Practical implications, limitations, and suggestions for developing future interventions are discussed.

Pandemonium: How Crisis-Induced Role Novelty Affects Global Employees' Resource Accumulation

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and associated workplace restrictions have severe consequences for the world’s workforce. Under such difficult circumstances, global employees’ capacity to leverage pe...

The Shadow Pandemic: COVID-19 and Vertical Gender Bias Against Female-Led Crowdfunding Ventures

We investigate the impact the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) on the accumulation of critical resources and status for female-led crowdfunding campaigns. Although past research suggests that crowdfunding presents a “safe haven” for female entrepreneurs—and thus reduce the impact of gender bias—our research goes beyond initial target-goal completion (i.e., horizontal success of goal completion) and explores the impact of gender bias on an important, yet underexamined, aspect of crowdfunding: vertical success bias (i.e., gendered-biased results pertaining to the accumulation of resources and status). Additionally, we examine how COVID-19 amplifies underlying societal norms and expectations impacting gender bias and the success of female-led crowdfunding campaigns. We test our hypotheses using data gathered from Kickstarter and examine the impact COVID-19 has on vertical success bias for female-led campaigns. Our results largely support the presence of vertical success bias both before and during COVID-19, while also demonstrating the pandemic’s amplifying effect. The present research provides novel insight into the complex nature of gender bias via crowdfunding and challenges previous findings regarding crowdfunding’s success for women. More importantly, this research demonstrates the impact a global pandemic, such as COVID-19, can have on gender bias and it’s shadow-effect for female crowdfunding success.

Investment in Emotional Labor: Daily Resource Spirals and Recovery

Service workers perform emotional labor with customers by surface acting (modifying expressions) or deep acting (modifying mood). Surface acting clearly has more costs and fewer gains than deep acting, but it is less clear how those daily costs and gains contribute to the performance of emotional labor over time. Based on emotional labor theorizing and conservation of resources (COR) theory, daily investment of resources (i.e., emotional and cognitive) are needed for surface and deep acting, which result in that day’s net resource loss or gain, respectively. We argue that over time, this creates accumulating resource losses or gain (i.e., spirals) that predict future strategy use, unless one recovers those resources after work. We conduct a novel and rigorous test of this idea, using two experience sampling methodology (ESM) studies of service workers, and applying latent difference score models to capture resource accumulation over time. Across both studies, results supported resource gain and loss spirals: Deep acting required an investment of emotional resources that created increasingly greater resource gains, while surface acting had accumulating losses to emotional resources each day, making it harder and harder to invest in deep acting in future days. Importantly, recovery after work, specifically low-effort activities, mitigated resource loss spirals from surface acting and enhanced resource gain spirals via deep acting. Results offer new evidence for untested theoretical assumptions about emotional labor and COR, while providing recommendations for how to replenish and protect service workers’ emotional resources over time.

Social Dominance Orientation in Agrarian Resources Accumulation in Coastal Area Indonesia

Intergroup contact influenced the adaptation capacity of Bugis ethnic in the economic system in the destination site. When they become the highest of social-rank than other ethnicities in livelihood strategies by land-accumulation, it becomes important to analyze the working of power from the ethnic-Social Domination Orientation (SDO) theoretical. The role of ethnic-SDO is studied with assessment determination in a sociocultural context in intergroup ethnic inequality. Moreover, decision making in framing becomes challenged to be assessed at the individual level because it is assumed would influence the individual to enhance the hierarchy in the middle of uncertainty outcomes. This study aims: (1) elucidate the structure of ethnic inequality in livelihood strategies by ethnic-SDO in Bugis ethnic; and (2) recognize the role of framing in decision making as influencing factors of ethnic-SDO. This study approach is qualitative, which involves 25 informants. Data showed that ethnic-SDO in Bugis’s economic activities comprised of power that enhancing-hierarchy evolved ethnic inequality by high between-ethnic group inequality (BGI) and within- ethnic group inequality (WGI) in land-accumulation. It is found that the framing of Bugis people regarding skills and attitudes owned by other ethnicities in the decision-making tends to risk-avoid that enhancing-hierarchy in economic activities at an individual level.

A model of the\xa0evolution of equitable offers in n-person dictator games with interbirth intervals

People are often generous even when it is not in their apparent self-interest to do so as demonstrated by numerous experiments using the dictator game (DG). More recent research using DGs has varied the number of dictators and recipients and used these games to investigate the bystander effect and congestible altruism. These studies have found that people are less generous when there are others who could be generous (the bystander effect) and also less generous when there are multiple recipients (congestible altruism) though the sum of their generosity to all recipients increases. A working hypothesis is proposed that the context-sensitive generosity observed in n-person DGs can be explained as equitable behavior. From an evolutionary perspective, explaining the evolution of equitable behavior is challenging at best. To provide an evolutionary explanation, a second working hypothesis is proposed: equitable offers evolve because they reduce resource deficits produced by variability in the accumulation of resources and thereby minimize the length of interbirth intervals (IBIs) and increase fitness. Based on this working hypothesis, an evolutionary model was developed for n-person DGs to investigate the evolution of equitable offers as a resource allocation problem when reproduction is constrained by IBIs. Simulations demonstrated that equitable offers could evolve in group-structured populations when there is a cost (i.e., longer IBIs) to running resource deficits. Mean evolved offers also varied as a function of the number of dictators and recipients in patterns consistent with the bystander effect and congestible altruism. Equitable offers evolved because they reduced resource variability among group members and thereby reduced resource deficits, which insured higher average rates of reproduction for more equitable groups of agents. Implications of these results are discussed.

Characterizing farm-level social relations’ influence on sustainable food production

The cultural, economic, and nutritional importance of rice led many countries to investigate how domestic rice production can meet current and future demands. In rice production, the role of social capital and personal networks of producers compared to biophysical and economic assets, are less well understood even though case study analyses routinely indicate that they play an important role in production efficiency and sustainability. Using data from rice farmers in the Philippines, we sought to understand the role of social capital on farm productivity, technical efficiency, and the adoption of sustainable practices. Through social network analysis and structural equation modeling, we show the accumulation of social capital resources exhibits a positive impact on farm technical efficiency and the adoption of technology for water conservation. The results offer a different frame of reference for policymakers developing new approaches for sustainable rice production in terms of how dynamics between farmers may ultimately attain national and global sustainability goals.

Contrasting Resource Dynamics in Mast Years for European Beech and Oak—A Continental Scale Analysis

Resource allocation to different plant tissues is likely to be affected by high investment into fruit production during mast years. However, there is a large knowledge gap concerning species-specific differences in resource dynamics. We investigated the influence of mast years on stem growth, leaf production, and leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations and contents in Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, and Q. robur at continental and climate region scales using long-term data from the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) and similar datasets. We discussed the results in the light of opposing resource dynamics hypotheses: (i) resource accumulation before mast years and exhaustion after mast years (resource storage hypothesis), (ii) shifting resources from vegetative to generative compartments (resource switching hypothesis), and (iii) investing resources concurrently in both vegetative and generative compartments (resource matching hypothesis). Linear mixed-effects modelling (LMM) showed that both stem growth and leaf production were negatively influenced by weather conditions which simultaneously lead to high fruit production. Thus, the impact of generative on vegetative growth is intermixed with effects of environmental factors. Superposed epoch analyses and LMM showed that for mast behaviour in F. sylvatica, there are indicators supporting the resource storage and the resource switching hypotheses. Before mast years, resources were accumulated, while during mast years resources switched from vegetative to generative tissues with reduced stem and leaf growth. For the Quercus species, stem growth was reduced after mast years, which supports the resource storage hypothesis. LMM showed that leaf C concentrations did not change with increasing fruit production in neither species. Leaf N and P concentrations increased in F. sylvatica, but not in Quercus species. Leaf N and P contents decreased with increasing fruit production in all species, as did leaf C content in F. sylvatica. Overall, our findings suggest different resource dynamics strategies in F. sylvatica and Quercus species, which might lead to differences in their adaptive capacity to a changing climate.

Innovative Technologies in Higher Education: Social Policy and Development of International Cooperation

The functioning of a higher educational institution is determined primarily by the possibilities of its development and the accumulation of resources to ensure the continuity of the educational and scientific process. Considering the university itself as a learning environment, then the factor of readiness to expand the scope of activity and, accordingly, the procedure for forming a development strategy for the future becomes an important element. Currently, the effectiveness of the stages that assumed the expansion of its activities by opening branches has shown its inefficiency. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the possibilities of forming an international framework for the development of universities. The aim of the study was to identify all the factors that influence the quality of higher education. The novelty of the study is conditioned by the fact that the possibility of development for the university lies not only in the establishment of directed activities. International cooperation puts forward requirements for the construction of a new social and cultural environment, which is called the macro environment. The authors show that the possibility for the establishment of a macro-environment is achieved primarily by using tools for modelling the innovation environment in a university on a technological basis. In the course of a comparative analysis of the development of universities, the advantages and disadvantages of rating evaluation of universities were considered and the methods and results of leading rating agencies were analysed. It was found that ratings are an effective tool for managing the education system, a means of improving the competitiveness and quality of education, on the one hand, and an important source of information about the university for applicants. Attracting as many applicants as possible is the basis for achieving the strategic goal of any higher education institution. The practical significance of the study is conditioned by the structural basis for improving the innovation environment at the university. The basis for the participation of all students in the establishment of an innovative environment is shown. Each of the participants in the educational process can contribute to greater recognition of the importance of the university in the world.

Стратегічні аспекти співробітництва України з міжнародними фінансовими організаціями в енергетичному секторі

The article analyzes the cooperation strategies of international financial organizations with Ukraine in terms of priority areas of cooperation in the medium term in the energy sector. The key positions on the directions of reforming the energy sector of Ukraine in line with the requirements of the IMF are studied. The authors study the state of attracting IFIs financial resources in the energy sector of Ukraine. The key areas, tasks, results of attracting financial resources of international financial institutions in the energy sector are identified. Measures are proposed to improve the legislative and regulatory framework in order to increase the effectiveness of further cooperation in the medium term. The conceptual bases of development of the new long-term Strategy of cooperation with IFIs till 2030 are stated. Adoption of the Strategy of Cooperation of Ukraine with International Financial Institutions will coordinate the priority areas of partnership in the medium term and promote the accumulation of resources of international partners, state and local budgets, other sources for development projects in key areas while maintaining acceptable external debt and achieving positive changes in the energy sector. The authors argue that in the current conditions it is advisable to intensify efforts to increase the effectiveness of joint programs in the energy sector. First of all, it is about developing national norms and rules and their harmonization with European ones (taking into account the chosen vector of development) in order to more effectively avoid and manage risks, monitor the processes of preparation, implementation and evaluation of such programs.

Параболическая модель в форме пространства состояний динамики накоплений

An important place in the theory of partial differential equations and its applications is occupied by the heat equation, a representative of the class of the so-called parabolic equations. It is known that to check the correctness of a mathematical model based on a parabolic equation, the existence of its solution is very important since a mathematical model is not always adequate to a specific phenomenon and the existence of a solution to a corresponding mathematical problem does not follow from the existence of a solution to a real applied problem. Therefore, methods for solving partial differential equations, both analytical and numerical, are always relevant. Nowadays, a computational experiment has become a powerful tool for theoretical research. It is carried out over a mathematical model of the object under study, but at the same time, other parameters are calculated using one of the parameters of the model and conclusions are drawn about the properties of the object or phenomenon under study. The problem of passive parametric identification of systems with distributed parameters for resource accumulation dynamics of many households using a stochastic distributed model in the form of a state space with regard to the white noise of the dynamics model of the object under study and the white noise of the model of a linear-type measuring system is considered in the paper. The use of the finite difference method allowed us to reduce the solution of partial differential equations of a parabolic type to the solution of a system of linear finite difference and algebraic equations represented by models in the form of a state space. It was also proposed to use a filtering algorithm based on the Kalman scheme for reliable estimation of the object behavior. Calculations were carried out using the Matlab mathematical system based on statistical data for five years, taken from the site “Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National Statistics”. Estimation of the coefficients of the equations for the household resource accumulation in the form of a state space using this technique is sufficiently universal and can be applied in other fields of science and technology.

Surviving the coronavirus pandemic and beyond: Unlocking family firms’ innovation potential across crises

In this research note, we examine Finnboat, a traditional Finnish family firm, from the interrelated perspectives of crisis behavior and innovation. The firm under study has endured three major crises: the economic recession of the 1990s, the 2008–2009 financial crisis, and the coronavirus pandemic. Our study shows that Finnboat has undertaken only very modest, if any, innovations during stable periods but has conducted a series of radical business-model and technology innovations, triggered by the different crises. This finding implies that during crises, a risk-averse family firm can productively engage into risk-taking and innovative behavior, effectively engaging in a “preference reversal.” We also find evidence of a deliberate accumulation of slack resources during periods of calm, which are mobilized to back up innovation and renewal efforts when a crisis hits. Our findings highlight family firms’ potential to endure crises by adopting a temporal separation logic to the risk-aversion vs. risk-taking paradox, and relatedly, by strategically managing the resource portfolio. Based on the case study, we suggest several research directions, approaches, and methodologies for studying family firm behavior and change during and in-between crises.

Biodiversity at the global scale: the synthesis continues.

Traditionally, the generation and use of biodiversity data and their associated specimen objects have been primarily the purview of individuals and small research groups. While deposition of data and specimens in herbaria and other repositories has long been the norm, throughout most of their history, these resources have been accessible only to a small community of specialists. Through recent concerted efforts, primarily at the level of national and international governmental agencies over the last two decades, the pace of biodiversity data accumulation has accelerated, and a wider array of biodiversity scientists has gained access to this massive accumulation of resources, applying them to an ever-widening compass of research pursuits. We review how these new resources and increasing access to them are affecting the landscape of biodiversity research in plants today, focusing on new applications across evolution, ecology, and other fields that have been enabled specifically by the availability of these data and the global scope that was previously beyond the reach of individual investigators. We give an overview of recent advances organized along three lines: broad-scale analyses of distributional data and spatial information, phylogenetic research circumscribing large clades with comprehensive taxon sampling, and data sets derived from improved accessibility of biodiversity literature. We also review synergies between large data resources and more traditional data collection paradigms, describe shortfalls and how to overcome them, and reflect on the future of plant biodiversity analyses in light of increasing linkages between data types and scientists in our field.

FORMATION OF ICT COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS OF TECHNICAL SPEZIALNOSTI ON THE BASIS OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING (FOR EXAMPLE, APPLICATION PROGRAMS)

Education should develop in parallel with the development of science and technology. Currently, in terms of active penetration of information and communication technologies in the education system, and nearly continuous accumulation of educational resources on the Internet, is becoming urgent task of rethinking the theory of the organization of educational process and education management, the process of transmission of systematized knowledge, skills and abilities, create new methods and learning technologies. The introduction of new technologies in the educational process is an important condition for intellectual development of students, pupils and socio-economic development of society. The article discusses an example of the use of project learning technology for students studying in the field of ICT using the example of developing a software application designed to familiarize and solve combinatorial problems.

Structural and Nutritional Peculiarities Related to Lifespan Differences on Four Lopesia Induced Bivalve-Shaped Galls on the Single Super-Host Mimosa gemmulata.

Super-host plants are elegant models to evaluate the peculiarities of gall structural and nutritional profiles due to the stimuli of distinct gall inducers in temporal and spatial perspectives. Galls induced by congeneric insects, Lopesia spp. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on the same host plant, Mimosa gemmulata Barneby (Fabaceae) were analyzed to estimate if variations of 1 or 2 months in gall lifespans may result in differences over the accumulation of nutritional resources, and their compartmentalization both in cell walls and protoplasm. Mimosa gemmulata hosts four Lopesia-induced galls: the lenticular bivalve-shaped gall (LG) with a 2-month life cycle, the brown lanceolate bivalve-shaped gall (BLG) and the green lanceolate bivalve-shaped gall (GLG) with 3 month-life cycles, and the globoid bivalve-shaped gall (GG) with a 4 month-life cycle. The comparisons among the four Lopesia galls, using anatomical, histometric, histochemical, and immunocytochemical tools, have demonstrated that the longest lifespan of the GG related to its highest increment in structural and nutritional traits compared with the LG, GLG, and BLG. The differences among the tissue stratification and cell wall thickness of the galls with the 2-month and the 3-month lifespans were subtle. However, the GG had thicker cell walls and higher stratification of the common storage tissue, schlerenchymatic layers and typical nutritive tissue than the other three gall morphospecies. The higher tissue thickness of the GG was followed by the formation of a bidirectional gradient of carbohydrates in the protoplasm, and the detection of xyloglucans in cell walls. Current data supported the presumption that the longest the lifespan, the highest the impact over the structural and nutritional metabolism of the Lopesia galls associated to M. gemmulata.

Building more than knowledge: Teacher's support facilitates study-related well-being through intrinsic motivation. A longitudinal multi-group analysis

Based on the Conservation of Resources theory (COR) and the Job Demands-Resources theory (JD-R), we propose a model in which intrinsic motivation mediates the relation between teacher's support and study-related well-being (engagement, burnout, and boredom). We tested the model in two different ways, with two different samples. 377 High School students and 322 University students completed questionnaires at the beginning (T1), the middle (T2), and at the end of the second semester (T3). The proposed model was fully supported by the cross-sectional analysis of data collected in the first wave. However, analysis of the longitudinal data revealed that, while intrinsic motivation mediated the relationship between teacher's support and student well-being in the high school sample, in the case of university students, intrinsic motivation mediated only the path from teacher's support to student burnout. The study shows that accumulation of resources across the semester predicts engagement at the end of the semester, and lack of resources predicts burnout and boredom among students. Also, increasing and encouraging supportive behaviors from the teachers in high school can positively impact study-related well-being.

Research on Fengjiashan Reservoir Ecological Compensation Mechanism Based on Ecosystem Service Function

The impact of hydropower projects on the ecosystem is dynamic and complex. Constructing a complete ecological compensation mechanism can ensure the effective progress of ecological compensation. The ecosystem service value of the Fengjiashan Reservoir such as water supply, fish farming, hydropower, water regulation, water resources accumulation, biodiversity, and environmental purification, is calculated with market value method, alternative engineering method and other evaluation methods, and the ecological compensation mechanism of the reservoir is studied. The results show that the value of its ecosystem services is 230,912,700 yuan, and the amount of ecological compensation determined on the basis of ecosystem service functions is 101,866,200 yuan. The main sources of compensation funds are taxes, water surcharges and government financial subsidies.