Accumulation Of Lindane Research Articles

Metabolome regulation and restoration mechanism of different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) after lindane stress

There is a lack of studies on the ability of plants to metabolize chlorinated organic pollutants (COPs) and the dynamic expression changes of metabolic molecules during degradation. In this study, hybrid rice Chunyou 927 (CY) and Zhongzheyou 8 (ZZY), traditional rice subsp. Indica Baohan 1 (BH) and Xiangzaoxian 45 (XZX), and subsp. Japonica Yangjing 687 (YJ) and Longjing 31 (LJ) were stressed by a typical COPs of lindane and then transferred to a lindane-free culture to incubate for 9 days. The cumulative concentrations in the roots of BH, XZX, CY, ZZY, YJ and LJ were 71.46, 65.42, 82.06, 80.11, 47.59 and 56.10 mg·kg−1, respectively. And the degradation ratios on day 9 were 87.89 %, 86.92 %, 94.63 %, 95.49 %, 72.04 % and 82.79 %, respectively. On the 0 day after the release of lindane stress, the accumulated lindane inhibited the normal physiological activities of rice by affecting lipid metabolism in subsp. Indica BH, amino acid metabolism and synthesis and nucleotide metabolism in hybrid CY. Carbohydrate metabolism of subsp. Japonica YJ also was inhibited, but with low accumulation of lindane, YJ regulated amino acid metabolism to resist stress. With the degradation of lindane in rice, the amino acid metabolism of BH and CY, which had high degradation ratios on day 9, was activated to compound biomolecules required for the organism to recover from the damage. Amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism were disturbed and inhibited mainly in YJ with low degradation ratios. This study provides the difference of the metabolic capacity of the metabolic capacity of different rice varieties to lindane, and changes at the molecular level and metabolic response mechanism of rice during the metabolism of lindane.

Lindane uptake and translocation by rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) under different culture patterns and triggered biomass re-allocation

The study was conducted to investigate the influence of the culture pattern on plant uptake and translocation of an organic chemical and the resultant acute response of plants, and to further reveal the interconnection. Plant exposure experiments were performed using a conventional rice seedling (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica) under two kinds of culture patterns (viz., hydroponics and soil-based culture) with various culture matrices for a period of 7 days. The exposure concentration of lindane was ∼450 μg L−1 in the aqueous-phase matrices, and 200.1–756.0 μg kg−1 in the solid matrices. Lindane accumulation and its distribution in plant tissues were quantified, as well as the tissue biomass. The results showed the accumulation of lindane in all exposure groups were comparatively close over the period, confirming that the soil-bound lindane was scarcely available to plants. Similar trend of lindane uptake and translocation in seedlings was found among the groups under the same kind of cultivation pattern. In the hydroponic groups, lindane was mostly distributed in roots (about 60% at the end of exposure), whereas more lindane was translocated to shoots (approximate 70%) under the soil-based culture pattern. Allometric analysis demonstrated that the tissue part (root or shoot) with more lindane accumulation had a relatively higher growth rate over 7 days. Correspondingly, biomass allocation presented a slight trend of mutual proximity to lindane distribution. It was inferred that plants altered their allometric growth pattern to realize biomass re-allocation in response to the short-term lindane exposure, which could be considered as a plant defense strategy.

Overexpression of cerebral cytochrome P450s in prenatally exposed offspring modify the toxicity of lindane in rechallenged offspring

Prenatal exposure to low doses of lindane, an organochlorine insecticide used in public health and agriculture, induced a persistent increase in the expression of cerebral cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in rat offspring and modify the adult response to a later exposure of xenobiotics. To understand the mechanism involved in the modification of adult response, rat offspring exposed prenatally to lindane (p.o.; 0.25 mg/kg b.wt. from gestation day 5–21) were rechallenged with lindane (p.o.; 5 mg/kg X 5 days) postnatally at 9- or 18- or 27 weeks. The greater magnitude of increase in the expression of cerebral CYPs in rechallenged offspring and decline in the magnitude of increase in CYPs with increasing age correlated with the amount of lindane accumulating in the brain. Significant alterations in the circulatory levels of hormones in the rechallenged offspring suggest that these alterations may partly account for the persistence in the increase in the cerebral CYPs during development. Epigenetic data further revealed alterations in histone H3 acetylation and DNA methylation in promoter regions of cerebral CYPs isolated from rechallenged offspring at 9- or 18- or 27 weeks. Bisulphite sequencing revealing critical CpG methylation changes in the promoter regions in rechallenged offspring at 9 weeks demonstrated imprinting of the cerebral CYPs. Further, a greater magnitude of increase in apoptosis in the brain of rechallenged offspring has suggested that enhanced responsiveness of cerebral CYPs, which may result due to alterations in circulatory hormones, increased accumulation of lindane in the brain and epigenetic regulation of CYPs, is of toxicological relevance.

Improving in vitro to in vivo extrapolation by incorporating toxicokinetic measurements: A case study of lindane-induced neurotoxicity

Approaches for extrapolating in vitro toxicity testing results for prediction of human in vivo outcomes are needed. The purpose of this case study was to employ in vitro toxicokinetics and PBPK modeling to perform in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of lindane neurotoxicity. Lindane cell and media concentrations in vitro, together with in vitro concentration-response data for lindane effects on neuronal network firing rates, were compared to in vivo data and model simulations as an exercise in extrapolation for chemical-induced neurotoxicity in rodents and humans. Time- and concentration-dependent lindane dosimetry was determined in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons in vitro using “faux” (without electrodes) microelectrode arrays (MEAs). In vivo data were derived from literature values, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling was used to extrapolate from rat to human. The previously determined EC50 for increased firing rates in primary cultures of cortical neurons was 0.6μg/ml. Media and cell lindane concentrations at the EC50 were 0.4μg/ml and 7.1μg/ml, respectively, and cellular lindane accumulation was time- and concentration-dependent. Rat blood and brain lindane levels during seizures were 1.7–1.9μg/ml and 5–11μg/ml, respectively. Brain lindane levels associated with seizures in rats and those predicted for humans (average=7μg/ml) by PBPK modeling were very similar to in vitro concentrations detected in cortical cells at the EC50 dose. PBPK model predictions matched literature data and timing. These findings indicate that in vitro MEA results are predictive of in vivo responses to lindane and demonstrate a successful modeling approach for IVIVE of rat and human neurotoxicity.

Is Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek a suitable crop for Lindane contaminated soil?

Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) is an organochlorine pesticide recently included in the Stockholm list of persistent organic pollutants for global elimination. However, India is still allowed to use lindane for combating vector borne diseases. Because of its large scale utilization during the last few decades, lindane residue is reported from almost all agricultural soils of India. So there is an immediate need to monitor the accumulation of lindane residue in crop plants growing in contaminated systems and suitable strategies should be taken to prevent the possible entry of lindane in food chain. Therefore, in the present study, we studied the accumulation and translocation of lindane in Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Mung bean), a widely grown legume in India as a cheap source of protein. The test plant was grown in four different concentrations of lindane viz. 5, 10, 15 and 20μgg−1 soils and harvested at 15 and 45 days and at maturity. The experimental results showed that irrespective of the exposure days, the accumulation of lindane in plant parts were linearly correlated (r2=0.915) with the lindane concentration in soil. However, the lindane concentration in soil significantly reduced the growth and yield (number of pods, pod length, number of seeds and seed weight) of the test plants at 95% confidence level (α=5). At maturity, the concentration of lindane in whole plant (root+shoot+leaf+seed) growing at four different concentrations were reached up to 3.8, 9.4, 13.5 and 17.79μgg−1 dry matter, respectively. Worryingly, lindane residue was found in the seeds of test plants grown at 10, 15 and 20μgg−1 soils and the concentrations were detected as 0.2, 0.4 and 0.89μgg−1 dry seed, respectively. Most importantly, the residue level detected in the edible part was higher than the maximum residue limit set by WHO and Codex Alimentarious Commission (0.1μgg−1). Thus our study suggests that Mung bean is not a suitable crop for medium to high level lindane contaminated soil.

Massive Lindane Overdose with Toxicokinetics Analysis

Lindane is a possible carcinogen with known teratogenicity and immunologic and neurotoxic properties. Despite reports of seizures, coma, and death associated with its use as well as banning of its environmental use by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) still allows treatment with lindane as a second-line scabicide and pediculicide. We present a case of a massive suicidal ingestion of lindane in which the patient survived the ingestion, though he did expire shortly thereafter from an unrelated cause pre-discharge. Pharmacokinetic analysis of serum lindane concentrations was performed with Phoenix® WinNONLIN®. The estimated distribution half-life for lindane was 10.3 h, and the terminal half-life was 162.9 h, much longer than the previously reported terminal half-life of 25-36 h. Because of this long half-life, repeated lindane exposures may lead to accumulation of lindane in the tissues. After overdose, toxicity may be delayed and full recovery may be prolonged.

Remediation of lindane by Jatropha curcas L: Utilization of multipurpose species for rhizoremediation

In the present study we demonstrate the rhizoremediation potential of a biodiesel plant Jatropha curcas L. against lindane and discuss the field applicability of Jatropha based remediation techniques and future research prospects. Six different experimental approaches were conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of Jatropha under glasshouse conditions. For this, Jatropha plants were grown in garden soil spiked with four increasing concentration of lindane (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg kg−1) and harvested after 45, 180 and 300 d. One set of control plants were grown in lindane free soil and another set of spiked soils were kept without Jatropha plants. At every harvesting, plant growth, lindane accumulation in plant parts, residual lindane concentration in soil as well as percentage lindane dissipation from soil were calculated. After 300 d, the accumulation of lindane in Jatropha grown in four simulated soils reached up to 5.42, 10.83, 15.95 and 20.85 μg g−1 plant dry matter, respectively. Correspondingly, the residual lindane soil concentrations in the above four treatments were reduced to 89, 82, 77 and 72% with respect to the applied lindane amounts, respectively. We conclude that Jatropha enhances the dissipation of lindane in simulated soil and is useful for onsite remediation.

Effect of Growing Sesamum Indicum L. on Enhanced Dissipation of Lindane (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-Hexachlorocyclohexane) from Soil

The effect of growing Sesamum indicum L. on the dissipation of lindane (γ-HCH) was studied in spiked soil. For this, S. indicum was grown with four different concentrations of lindane (5, 10, 15, and 20 μg g−1). Plant growth, yield, photosynthetic pigments, soluble protein, microbial biomass carbon, lindane uptake, residual lindane concentration in soil and percentage dissipation of lindane from soil were analyzed at 25, 90, and 124 d. The accumulation of lindane in test plants was linearly related to the soil concentration (r2 = 0.897–0.979). At maturity, the accumulation of lindane in S. indicum grown with four spiked concentrations reached up to 7.98, 13.72, 23.71, and 33.29 μg g−1 dry matter, respectively. There was a marked difference in the dissipation of lindane in vegetated and non-vegetated soils (p < 0.01). After final harvesting, the residual lindane concentrations in four spiked concentrations were reduced by 77.56, 70.12, 62.51, and 58.7%, respectively. Agronomic practice for the onsite application of this species is discussed. Based on the present study, it was calculated that S. indicum could accumulate 2237–2611 mg lindane per acre after 124 d cultivation. S. indicum could thus be used for the phytoremediation of lindane contaminated soil.

Involvement of adaptive mechanism and an energy-dependent efflux system of Pseudomonas sp. LE2 counteracting insecticide lindane

An adaptive mechanism and efflux-transport system of Pseudomonas sp. LE2 counteracting organochlorine insecticide lindane were investigated to understand the survival mechanism of this microorganism in lindane-contaminated environment. Changes in membrane fluidity and fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas sp. LE2 cells grown on glucose either in the presence or absence of lindane were determined. Considerably high ratio of total saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in cells grown on glucose in the presence of lindane was observed as compared to that in cells grown on glucose in the absence of lindane. Lindane significantly affected in vitro the membrane of Pseudomonas sp. LE2 cells by decreasing the fluorescence polarization of membrane probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) inserted into cytoplasmic membrane. Less fluidizing effect of lindane on the membranes of cells that had adapted to lindane was observed. Lindane transport was assessed by incubating cell suspensions with [ 14C]lindane either in the presence or absence of sodium azide, a membrane transport inhibitor, and by measuring the radioactivity in cell pellets. No time-dependent and steady-state increase in the radioactivity of [ 14C]lindane without sodium azide treatment was observed in cell pellets, suggesting simple diffusion mechanism for lindane accumulation in cells. Significant increase in the radioactivity was observed in cell pellets by sodium azide treatment. Sodium azide inhibited the efflux of lindane by Pseudomonas sp. LE2. These results suggest the view that Pseudomonas sp. LE2 capable of growing in the presence of lindane is able to adapt to the fluidizing action of lindane by incorporating the saturated fatty acid into membrane lipids, and eliminate lindane from cells by an energy-dependent efflux mechanism.

Bio accumulation of lindane in tissues of broilers and piglets

This paper describes a study of the degree of bioconcentration of an organochlorine insecticide called Lindane in tissues of broilers and piglets from known amounts of Lindane-contaminated feed mixes. In commercial feed mixes, for both animal groups, residues of Lindane were found in aproximately 100-200 times lower concentrations than those cited in the Book of Regulations. This information shows that the allowed concentration of Lindane in feed is too high. Residual content in all the examined kinds of samples of the experimental group of the animals, that were fed over 30 days, is two times lower than the concentration citated in the Book of Regulations, was higher than the permitted concentration of Lindane. Increase of the residual content of Lindane in the tissues of broilers was 30-338 times, and for the piglets 50-820 times higher than it was in control groups. Feeding of broilers with Lindane lasted 30 days, and the usual period of feeding the broilers is about 50 days. For 30 days the piglets were fed with feed that contains Lindane, but the regular time of fettening is 6 times longer. It can only be presuposed what is the residual content of Lindane that animals received through feed during the period of fettening, because this insecticide shows a distinct ability for bioacumulation and high stability in fat. The method of gas chromatography has given satisfactory results for determining of residual Lindane. The regulated contentration of Lindane in the Book of Regulations for maximal concentration of harmful substances and components in feed is unreal and too high, so feeding the animals with this feed would make the concentration of bioresidues higher than it is allowed for the food of animal origin.

Valve movement behaviour and byssal formation of the mussel, Mytilus edulis in relation to environmental toxins

The present investigation was undertaken to determine behavioural responses of mussel, Mytilus edulis , to sub-lethal concentrations of lindane and atrazine. Behaviour effects that have been studied in mussels were byssus formation, valve movement and valve gape. Lindane was more toxic, causing a 46% reduction of byssal formation, compared to control, after 7 days exposure to 0.9 mg/l. However, atrazine caused 50% reduction of byssal formation after 14 days exposure to 3.585 mg/l atrazine. The sensitivity of the tests increased with increasing the exposure time. Measurements of valve movement and gape showed that increasing exposure and accumulation of lindane increased the proportion of time spent resting (a closed to open ratio of 1.31 at 56 days, compared to a value of 0.05 in the controls). On the other hand, with atrazine the valves did not shut completely (valve closed to open time ratio of 0.3 at 56 days compared with a control value of 0.08) but were observed to have a smaller gape (average gape at 56 days 8.7 mm) than control mussels (average gape at 56 days 25.5 mm). The data of valve movement indicate that the rest period has increased by increasing the concentration and the time of exposure to lindane. Byssus formation in M. edulis was progressively reduced with time of exposure to the 1/2 LC50 of the two pesticides. The byssogenesis test was proved to be a sensitive test in mussels and is suggested as a convenient and rapid technique for bioassay of potential pollutants. KEY WORDS: Mussels, valve movement, byssal formation, lindane and atrazine. Egyptian Journal of Biology Vol.3(2) 2001: 63-71

Plasma absorption and ultrastructural changes of rat testicular cells induced by lindane.

This paper describes, for the first time, how topical application in rats of a commercial preparation of lindane widely used in public health, at similar doses and routes of administration as in humans, leads to rapid absorption and accumulation of lindane in the testes. An early peak of absorption was detected in plasma 6 h after topical treatment of male Wistar rats with a commercial preparation of 1% lindane (Plomurol). Higher plasma levels were observed after repetitive doses of 60 mg/kg b.w., the amount recommended for the treatment of scabies and pediculosis in humans in several countries. A residue level of 7.4 +/- 0.67 microg/g was found in testicular tissue 6 h after a single daily topical application for 4 consecutive days. The ultrastructural study of testicular interstitial cells exposed to dermal application of lindane (Plomurol) revealed widespread damage of a great number of Leydig cells, some of which were completely disintegrated.

Lindane Distribution and Fatty Acid Profiles of Uropygial Gland and Liver ofColumba liviaafter Pesticide Treatment

In the study reported here the effect of lindane accumulation and its effect on fatty acid composition and lipid content of the uropygial gland and liver of the rock dove,Columba livia,was studied. There were no alterations in the weight, lipid content, and fatty acid composition of the gland when the lindane and control groups were compared. The insecticide was not present in the gland of control birds; however, it was found in the lindane group, 12.6 μg/mg lipid. The liver weight of the lindane-exposed group increased significantly when compared with control groups. Lindane was not detected in the liver. Lipid content liver in lindane-exposed doves was approximately 2–4 times higher than in control birds. No significant differences in the fatty acid composition of the total lipids of the gland were observed. The major difference in the fatty acid profile of liver lipids was found in the arachidonic acid (20:4) contents; this increase was significantly higher in the lindane group than in the control group. We found marked differences when the unsaturation index of fatty acids isolated from gland and liver were compared. Our results seem to suggest that the uropygial gland could be considered as an indicator of specific accumulation of the pesticide.

Brain and liver lipid peroxidation levels following acute and short-term lindane administration in the rat

Oxidative stress-related parameters in rat brain and liver were evaluated following acute (60 mg/kg i.p., 2 and 24 h after dosing) or short-term (1000 ppm in the diet for 90 days) lindane administration. Both treatments elicited a significant accumulation of lindane in brain and liver, with convulsions observed in short-term and 24-h lindane-treated rats. In these conditions, lindane exposure did not alter brain lipid peroxidation, assessed as thiobarbituric acid reactants formation and spontaneous chemiluminescence, parameters that were enhanced in the liver. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in the brain (Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were not modified by acute lindane treatment, while brain glutathione content was significantly reduced by 13%. It is concluded that lindane does not alter the oxidative stress status of the brain as occurs in liver, regardless of the time of exposure of rats to either acute or short-term administration of the insecticide.

Placental transport of lindane during early and late stages of gestation in rats

Lindane (gamma-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma-HCH), an organochlorine pesticide, is widely used as an agricultural pesticide especially in developing countries. Human exposure is likely because of its use in some pharmaceutical preparations and in public health for pest control purpose. It has been detected in human milk and fat samples in India and in many developed countries. The accumulation of lindane over a long period in fat samples and its presence in milk suggests that the human fetus may be exposed to lindane at some time during gestation from the maternal tissue stores. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to determine the placental transfer of lindane in rats during early and late stages of gestation.

Lindane distribution and phospholipid alterations in rat tissues after administration of lindane-containing diet

Feeding of male Wistar rats for 8 days with a diet containing 250 ppm of lindane resulted in a maximal accumulation of the xenobiotic in kidney followed by adipose tissue, liver, brain, and lung. These tissues were isolated from control and lindane-intoxicated rat for quantitative analysis of major phospholipids using thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. In lindanetreated rats, the total phospholipid amount was augmented but choline glycerophospholipids and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids were not equally increased so that the choline glycerophospholipids/ethanolamine glycerophospholipids ratio was different from that in the control group. Despite differences in the phospholipids content, the composition of phospholipid fatty acids was similar in the two groups of rats. The results suggest a relationship between accumulation of lindane and increase of phospholipid amounts in the rat tissues.

Lindane effects on testosterone metabolism in neuroendocrine organs of cockerel and female turkey

The use of lindane (.-hexachlorocyclohexane) in agriculture without strict adherence to legislative end manufacturer's recommendations leads to its presence in raw and industrial food products. Ingesting such food makes possible lindane accumulation in tissues with high lipid content, including the brain (Vohland et al. 1981). The permanent presence of subtoxic doses of lindane is responsible for its long-lasting effect on various physiological systems in organisms, including the system for the regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. Lindane decreases the egg-laying capacity of hens (Kosutzky et al. 1980) and reduces the number of good quality chicks hatched from fertile eggs (Kan and Jonker-den Rooyen 1978). Its possible adverse effects on the reproductive system in mammals were demonstrated through changes provoked in the metabolism of androgens in the neuroendocrine organs (~imi~ and Kniewald 1985). The aim of this work was to investigate in vitro the effect of lindane on the activity of enzymes responsible for testosterone metabolism in the pituitary and hypothalamus in birds. ~'i'~l~S AND ~e:i~ODS [4-14C]-Testosterone (specific activity 59 mCi/mmol) was obtained from Radiochemical Centre Amersham, Bucks, U.K. It was purified before use by thin-layer chromatography. Unlabelled steroids were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo, USA. Lindane (purity 99.5%) was purchased from Chromos, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, and was used without further purification. All other chemicals were analytical grade commercial preparations. The birds used in this study were cockerels of White Leghorn strain and female domestic turkeys of Nicholas strain. They were caged with food and water available at all times on the lighting schedule of 12 h light: 12 h darkness. Cockerels, aged 7 weeks,

Experiments on the accumulation of lindane (gamma-BHC) by the primary producers Chlorella spec. and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

Experiments were performed on the accumulation of the pesticide lindane (gamma-isomer of BHC) by two algae with different surfaces. An analytical procedure was developed for the gas chromatographic determinnation of lindane. At room temperature, lindane had a water solubility of 7.8 mg/L in distilled water and 6.7 mg/L in tap water. Under the experimental conditions of 10 to 100 microgram/L, 2.3% of the dissolved lindane was lost through adsorption on the glass walls of the equipment and 0.2% through evaporation. The recovery rate of lindane was 98% for the water samples and more than 90% for Chlorella spec. The tolerance in the gas chromatographic measurements amounted to 1.2%. Investigations on the effect of lindane on the growth of Chlorella spec. revealed irreparable damage to the algae cells through loss of chlorophyll, coagulation, and complete sedimentation at concentrations greater than 300 microgram/L. The experiments on sublethal accumulation showed the development of a state of equilibrium between the amount of lindane per cell and in the surrounding water with lindane concentrations of 10 to 100 microgram/L. The lindane was adsorptively attached to the algal cells within a few hr, and after three days lindane stabilized in the cells. The gelatinous surface of the algae increases the accumulation of lindane.