Excessive Accumulation Of Body Fat Research Articles

Relationship between Obesity and Serum Vitamin D Levels in Young Women

Background: The prevalence of obesity rises gradually worldwide and it is a chronic metabolic disease, which is defined by an excessive accumulation of body fat resulting from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Some studies suggested that the level of serum 25(OH)D was associated with obesity. Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is closely associated with chronic diseases, such as tumours, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Vitamin D is fat soluble that can be stored in body fat tissues and excessive body fat can reduce 25(OH) D levels in the blood, especially in obese individuals. Many studies revealed that young women are at a high risk of vitamin D deficiency. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between serum 25(OH)D level and obesity among young women. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry of Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, during July 20- June 21. 100 female subjects aged belongs to 19-29 yrs were selected by purposive sampling. Among them 50 women were obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) and 50 women were non-obese (BMI< 25 kg/m²). Initial evaluation was done by history taking and anthropometric indices were measured. Here, used student unpaired t-test, chi square test and Pearson's correlation test to determine the association between vitamin D statuses with different variables. Lipid profile assay were carried out by a semi auto biochemistry analyzer and Vitamin D was estimated by immunoanalyzer. SPSS (22) was used for test of significance and p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean value of weight, BMI, WC, WHR were significantly higher but height was significantly lower (p<0.01) in obese young women in comparison to non-obese young women. TC, TAG, LDL-C were significantly higher (p<0.01) but HDL-C and vitamin D were significantly low (p<0.01) in obese young women as compared to non- obese young women. Vitamin D had ...........

New BMI Cut-Off Points for Obesity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Clinical Nutrition Settings in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Obesity is a major health problem defined as an excess accumulation of body fat (BF). The World Health Organization (WHO) usually relies on a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 as an indicator of obesity. Due to changes in body composition that occur across the lifespan, with an increase in BF and a decrease in lean mass, we aimed to test the validity of this BMI cut-off point for adiposity in middle-aged and older adults. This cross-sectional study, composed of 4800 adults of mixed gender aged between 40 and 80 years, included (according to the WHO BMI classification) 1087 normal-weight, 1826 overweight, and 1887 obese individuals who were referred to the Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy. The sample was then categorized by adiposity status based on the total BF% as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and the best sensitivity and specificity were attained for predicting obesity according to the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. In a real-world clinical setting, a new BMI cut-off point (BMI = 27.27 kg/m2) has been identified for predicting obesity in middle-aged and older adults. Obesity guidelines in Italy therefore need to be revised accordingly.

Activity-based Photoacoustic Probes Reveal Elevated Intestinal MGL and FAAH Activity in a Murine Model of Obesity.

Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive body fat which can lead to and exacerbate cardiovascular disease, type-II diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer through systemic inflammation. Unfortunately, visualizing key mediators of the inflammatory response, such as monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), in a selective manner is a profound challenge owing to an overlapping substrate scope that involves arachidonic acid (AA). Specifically, these enzymes work in concert to generate AA, which in the context of obesity, has been implicated to control appetite and energy metabolism. In this study, we developed the first selective activity-based sensing probes to detect MGL (PA-HD-MGL) and FAAH (PA-HD-FAAH) activity via photoacoustic imaging. Activation of PA-HD-MGL and PA-HD-FAAH by their target enzymes resulted in 1.74-fold and 1.59-fold signal enhancements, respectively. Due to their exceptional selectivity profiles and deep-tissue photoacoustic imaging capabilities, these probes were employed to measure MGL and FAAH activity in a murine model of obesity. Contrary to conflicting reports suggesting levels of MGL can be attenuated or elevated, our results support the latter. Indeed, we discovered a marked increase of both targets in the gastrointestinal tract. These key findings set the stage to uncover the role of the endocannabinoid pathway in obesity-mediated inflammation.

Activity‐based Photoacoustic Probes Reveal Elevated Intestinal MGL and FAAH Activity in a Murine Model of Obesity

AbstractObesity is a chronic health condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive body fat which can lead to and exacerbate cardiovascular disease, type‐II diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer through systemic inflammation. Unfortunately, visualizing key mediators of the inflammatory response, such as monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), in a selective manner is a profound challenge owing to an overlapping substrate scope that involves arachidonic acid (AA). Specifically, these enzymes work in concert to generate AA, which in the context of obesity, has been implicated to control appetite and energy metabolism. In this study, we developed the first selective activity‐based sensing probes to detect MGL (PA‐HD‐MGL) and FAAH (PA‐HD‐FAAH) activity via photoacoustic imaging. Activation of PA‐HD‐MGL and PA‐HD‐FAAH by their target enzymes resulted in 1.74‐fold and 1.59‐fold signal enhancements, respectively. Due to their exceptional selectivity profiles and deep‐tissue photoacoustic imaging capabilities, these probes were employed to measure MGL and FAAH activity in a murine model of obesity. Contrary to conflicting reports suggesting levels of MGL can be attenuated or elevated, our results support the latter. Indeed, we discovered a marked increase of both targets in the gastrointestinal tract. These key findings set the stage to uncover the role of the endocannabinoid pathway in obesity‐mediated inflammation.

Sex hormones, intestinal inflammation, and the gut microbiome: Major influencers of the sexual dimorphisms in obesity.

Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of body fat and is associated with an increased risk of developing major health problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke. There are clear sexual dimorphisms in the epidemiology, pathophysiology and sequelae of obesity and its accompanying metabolic disorders, with females often better protected compared to males. This protection has predominantly been attributed to the female sex hormone estrogen and differences in fat distribution. More recently, the sexual dimorphisms of obesity have also been attributed to the differences in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, and the intestinal immune system. This review will comprehensively summarize the pre-clinical and clinical evidence for these sexual dimorphisms and discuss the interplay between sex hormones, intestinal inflammation and the gut microbiome in obesity. Major gaps and limitations of this rapidly growing area of research will also be highlighted in this review.

Application of Adaptive Synthetic Nominal and Extreme Gradient Boosting Methods in Determining Factors Affecting Obesity: A Case Study of Indonesian Basic Health Research Survey 2013

Obesity is the accumulation of excessive body fat and can be harmful to health. According to recent studies, several factors that contribute to the increasing prevalence of obesity in Indonesia include poor diet, lack of consumption of vegetables and fruits, high consumption of fast food, area of residence, and lack of physical activity. In addition, psychological factors, high consumption of alcohol and cigarettes, cultural differences, and stress factors also trigger obesity. The rapid development of the medical field cannot be separated from the availability of data that is increasingly easy to access and increasing knowledge in the medical field. This makes machine learning increasingly needed for pattern recognition from very large medical data, including obesity data. In this study, the factors that influence obesity status in Indonesia will be determined. In order to achieve this, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) was used. This method is one of the classification methods that has better scalability and more efficient over its previous methods. Besides that, to overcome the imbalanced data, Adaptive Synthetic Nominal Algorithm (ADASYN-N) is used in order to balance the data and improve its prediction accuracy. Both the ADASYN-N and XGBoost methods will be applied to obesity data from the Indonesian Basic Health Research Survey in 2013. This study shows that female is more at risk in determining obesity status in Indonesia based on the highest gain value (37%). In addition, age 35-54 years, strenuous activity, and eating vegetables for 6 days are also risk factors of obesity.

RELATIONSHIP OF OVERWEIGHT-OBESITY WITH ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN STUDENT OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL NUMBER 1 TABANAN, BALI

Overweight-obesity is a condition that results from the accumulation of excess body fat and can affect cognitive function in adolescents, thus having an impact on academic achievement. The aim of this study was to see the relationship between overweight-obesity and academic achievement of student at SMA N 1 Tabanan. The research design of this study was analytic observational cross-sectional. The data were taken by consecutive sampling method through distributing questionnaires in the form of google form. The subject of this study were students of class XI of SMA N 1 Tabanan. Bivariate and multivariate tests were used to analyze the data in this study. The results of the bivariate analysis, the relationship between academic achievement with nutritional status (p = 0.018), gender (p = < 0.001), socioeconomic status (p = 0.005), screen time (p = 0.001), breakfast habits (p = 0.133), and physical activity (p = 0.516). The results of the multivariate analysis, the relationship between academic achievement with nutritional status (OR 4.343; CI 95% 1.050-17.964), socioeconomic status (OR 4.614; CI95% 1.775-11.993), breakfast habits (OR 2.605; CI95% 1.003-6.767), screen time (OR 0.245; CI95% 0.092-0.651), and gender (OR 2.567; CI95% 0.979–6.733).The conclusion is that the overweight-obesity nutritional status has a significant relationship with academic achievement that is less than the average. The habit of not frequent/never having breakfast and less socioeconomic status were also shown to have a significant relationship with academic achievement that is less than the average.
 
 
 Key word : overweight-obesity, academic achievement, school age students. 

The Related Metabolic Diseases and Treatments of Obesity.

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by the abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat, affecting more than 1 billion people worldwide. Obesity is commonly associated with other metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancers. Factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, overnutrition, socioeconomic status, and other environmental and genetic conditions can cause obesity. Many molecules and signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), adhesion molecules, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Commonly used strategies of obesity management and treatment include exercise and dietary change or restriction for the early stage of obesity, bariatric surgery for server obesity, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medicines such as semaglutide and liraglutide that can be used as monotherapy or as a synergistic treatment. In addition, psychological management, especially for patients with obesity and distress, is a good option. Gut microbiota plays an important role in obesity and its comorbidities, and gut microbial reprogramming by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics shows promising potential in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Many clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the therapeutic effects of different treatments. Currently, prevention and early treatment of obesity are the best options to prevent its progression to many comorbidities.

HUBUNGAN POLA MAKAN FAST FOOD DAN AKTIVITAS FISIK DENGAN KEJADIAN OBESITAS PADA ANAK USIA 9-11 TAHUN DI MI SA’ADATUL MAHABBAH PONDOK CABE

Obesity is a person who has excess body weight associated with excessive accumulation of body fat. Obesity is influenced by many things, one of which is diet and physical activity. This study aims to determine the relationship between diet and physical activity with the incidence of obesity in children aged 9-11 years at MI Sa'adatul Mahabbah Pondok Cabe. This is a quantitative research that uses a correlation analytic research design with a cross sectional approach with the aim of knowing the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The data were collected using a questionnaire, the sampling technique was using simple random sampling with certain inclusions and exclusions and the sample size was 182 students calculated by the Lameshow formula. From the univariate results for children aged 9- 11 years at MI Sa'adatul Mahabbah, it was found that 58 people (60.4%) often did fast food, then 55 people (57.3) did physical activity. %) and 36 children (37.5%). The results of the bivariate study showed that most of the students were obese by frequently eating fast food, namely 19 people (32.8%) with a significant chi-square test result or (p-value = 0.028) and most of the students had obesity in the category of sometimes sometimes doing physical activity, namely 27 people (49.1%) with the results of the chi-square test with (p-value = 0.018). So it can be concluded that there is a relationship between diet and physical activity with obesity in children aged 9-11 years at MI Sa'adatul Mahabbah. Suggestions that can be given in this study for students are expected to prioritize and improve the quality of nutrition and body health in maintaining a healthy diet and physical activity so that students are expected to feel comfortable living a healthy lifestyle. Increased information about the risk of obesity and the role of teachers in schools, health workers and family support is very necessary.

Novel Plant Extract Ameliorates Metabolic Disorder through Activation of Brown Adipose Tissue in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Obesity is characterized by excessive body fat accumulation due to unbalanced energy intake and expenditure. Potential therapeutic targets for anti-obesity include the inhibition of white adipose tissue (WAT) hypertrophy and hyperplasia and the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Not only the activation of BAT but also the browning of WAT have gained increasing attention in research fields as an alternative method in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Here, we investigated possible mechanisms underlying the anti-obesity effect of Phlomis umbrosa Turcz. root ethanol extract (PUE) in an obesogenic animal model. PUE treatment can reduce diet-induced obesity and modulate obesity-associated metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation. In the liver, PUE improved hepatic steatosis by suppressing hepatic lipogenesis and lipid absorption while increasing biliary sterol excretion and hepatic fatty acid oxidation compared to the high-fat group. Moreover, PUE increased energy expenditure and regulated fecal lipid excretion, leading to reduced body weight gain. In particular, PUE remarkably activated the browning of subWAT via upregulation of the browning-related protein and gene expression and promoted BAT activation. In conclusion, these findings provide the potential therapeutic usefulness into the effects of PUE in the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, it suggests that PUE treatment can regulate energy metabolism via activating BAT and browning subWAT.

The Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet versus Moderate-Carbohydrate and Fat Diet on Body Composition in Patients with Lipedema.

IntroductionLipedema is a disorder characterized by an excessive accumulation of subcutaneous body fat, mainly bilateral and symmetrical accumulation of fat deposits, particularly in the lower extremities excluding feet. Pain (spontaneous or with palpation) and increased capillary fragility with bruising are also part of clinical presentation. It is estimated to occur in approximately 11.0% of women worldwide. Management of obesity among patients with lipedema is a key component in its treatment.PurposeThe aim of this study was to compare effectiveness of two diets: low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet (LCHF) and medium-fat-medium-carbohydrate diet (MFMC) in body weight, body fat and limb circumference reduction in patients with lipedema.Material and MethodsThe studied women (n = 91) were divided into 2 groups and submitted to 1 of the 2 diets for 16 weeks. Anthropometric measurements such as body height [cm], body weight [kg], body fat percentage [%], body fat [kg], lean body mass [kg], and visceral fat level were collected at the beginning and end of the study.ResultsWe have not found any significant differences in anthropometric measurements at the baseline between groups. Body weight and all anthropometric parameters decreased significantly in both groups after 16 weeks of diets, excluding the circumference above the right ankle for the MFMC diet which did not change. The LCHF diet contributed to reduction of body weight (−8.2 ± 4.1 kg vs −2.1 ± 1.0 kg; p < 0.0001), body fat (−6.4 ± 3.2 kg vs 1.6 ± 0.8 kg; p < 0.0001), waist (−7.8 ± 3.9 cm vs −2.3 ± 1.1 cm; p < 0.0001), hips (−7.4 ± 3.7 cm vs −2.5 ± 1.3 cm; p < 0.0001), thighs and calves’ circumferences compared with the MFMC diet. We observed reduction of pain in the extremities and mobility improvement in LCHF group (data not shown).ConclusionThe LCHF diet was more effective than MFMC in body weight, body fat and lower limb circumferences reduction.

Health Benefits of Natural Bioactive Compound from Different Sources: Obesity

Obesity is a state of excessive body fat accumulation due to imbalance between energy input and energy expenditure. The worldwide disease of adiposity is seen in specific lifestyle of individuals which consume greater number of calories day by day than needed. This review of scientific literature assesses several bioactive compounds from different sources they contain that play an important role in the prevention and therapy of obesity. Bioactive compound from marines, plants, animals and dietary sources have shown anti-obesity effect. Some Prebiotics and probiotics also shown ant-obesity effects in obese individuals. Furthermore, this review focuses on various physical activities that reduces the weight gain and maintain the wellbeing of people and non-pharmacological treatments like transcranial direct current stimulation.

Management of Sthoulya Through Virechana w.s.r to Overweight- A Case Study

In present era burden of lifestyle disorders are rapidly increasing worldwide. Modernization, development of science and technology lead to more sedentary life style. Obesity or overweight (Sthoulya) is one among the major lifestyle disorder which disturbs physical, mental and social health of an individual. Obesity represents a state of excessive accumulation of body fat. Although similar, the term overweight is defined as an excess of body weight for height. In Ayurveda obesity is described as Sthoulya, which is mentioned under Santarpanajnaya Vyadhi. Ayurveda has comprehensive approach for Sthoulya. Acharya Charaka has prescribed Apatarpana Chikitsa. Panchakarma by its Virechana therapy effect is intended for purification of the body by which the accumulated morbid Doshas expelled out and produces in ideal environment for functioning of body. Present single case study showed important role of Panchakarma specifically Virechana Karma in the management of Sthoulya, by detoxification to reduce Kapha -Meda from the body and prevents its complications. The Chikitsa adopted was Deepana- Pachana, Shodhananga Snehapana with Murchita Tila Taila followed by Virechana Karma with Trivrit lehya. After completion of Samsarjana Karma it has shown significant result in reducing weight about 7 kilograms and reducing the signs and symptoms of Sthoulya. Thus, Ayurvedic line of management gives satisfactory results as well as equally beneficial for the promotion and prevention of health in Obesity.

Obesity-Related Chronic Kidney Disease: Principal Mechanisms and New Approaches in Nutritional Management.

Obesity is the epidemic of our era and its incidence is supposed to increase by more than 30% by 2030. It is commonly defined as a chronic and metabolic disease with an excessive accumulation of body fat in relation to fat-free mass, both in terms of quantity and distribution at specific points on the body. The effects of obesity have an important impact on different clinical areas, particularly endocrinology, cardiology, and nephrology. Indeed, increased rates of obesity have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, hypertension, renal diseases, and neurocognitive impairment. Obesity-related chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been ascribed to intrarenal fat accumulation along the proximal tubule, glomeruli, renal sinus, and around the kidney capsule, and to hemodynamic changes with hyperfiltration, albuminuria, and impaired glomerular filtration rate. In addition, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, which arise as a consequence of overweight, contribute to amplifying renal dysfunction in both the native and transplanted kidney. Overall, several mechanisms are closely related to the onset and progression of CKD in the general population, including changes in renal hemodynamics, neurohumoral pathways, renal adiposity, local and systemic inflammation, dysbiosis of microbiota, insulin resistance, and fibrotic process. Unfortunately, there are no clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with obesity-related CKD. Therefore, dietary management is based on the clinical practice guidelines for the nutritional care of adults with CKD, developed and published by the National Kidney Foundation, Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative and common recommendations for the healthy population. Optimal nutritional management of these patients should follow the guidelines of the Mediterranean diet, which is known to be associated with a lower incidence of CVD and beneficial effects on chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cognitive health. Mediterranean-style diets are often unsuccessful in promoting efficient weight loss, especially in patients with altered glucose metabolism. For this purpose, this review also discusses the use of non-classical weight loss approaches in CKD, including intermittent fasting and ketogenic diet to contrast the onset and progression of obesity-related CKD.

152-OR: Evidence Linking Loss of Hypothalamic Perineuronal Nets to Obesity Pathogenesis

Defective neurocircuit activity within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) , a crucial brain area for the regulation of metabolism, is implicated in obesity pathogenesis. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures that regulate neurocircuit activity, and PNN loss can adversely influence the activity of the enmeshed neurons. To determine if defective ARC PNNs might contribute to obesity, we first quantified PNN abundance in obese mice induced by consuming a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS; Bio-Serv #F4997) 12 wk. We found that compared to chow-fed controls, HFHS diet feeding caused an 84.3% decrease (p&amp;lt;0.0001) in the abundance of PNNs enmeshing ARC neurons. This loss was also associated with increases of ARC microgliosis (1.5-fold; p=0.004) and astrogliosis (2.9-fold; p=0.006) , suggesting a link between ARC PNN loss and glial activation. To translate these findings to humans, we analyzed postmortem hypothalamic samples from 9 subjects (Sex, 7M/2F; Age, 22-71y) that had previously undergone quantitative T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess obesity-associated hypothalamic gliosis. Consistent with our findings in mice, ARC PNN content was strongly and inversely correlated with the hypothalamic gliosis score measured by T2-weighted MRI imaging (R2=0.63, p=0.01) . To assess whether this depletion of ARC PNNs might contribute to obesity, we microinjected either the PNN-digesting enzyme, ChABC, or heat-inactivated ChABC control, into the rat ARC at the onset of a 4 wk HFHS dietary intervention. We found that compared to controls, the magnitude of diet-induced hyperphagia (17%; p&amp;lt;0.0001) , weight gain (41%; p&amp;lt;0.0001) , and excess body fat accumulation (28%; p=0.01) increased following PNN digestion, driven largely by increased dark cycle food intake (24%; p=0.006) . These findings collectively identify ARC PNNs as novel participants in the central control of energy homeostasis, and implicate their loss as a potential contributor to obesity pathogenesis. Disclosure K.M.Alonge: None. G.J.Morton: Research Support; Novo Nordisk A/S. E.Schur: None. J.Thaler: None. M.W.Schwartz: None. M.D.Dorfman: None. J.M.Scarlett: None. S.J.Melhorn: None. Y.Ye: None. S.J.W.Hu: None. K.L.Francis: None. A.Hendrickson: None. K.Cui: None. Funding AG066509DK017047AG074152DK101997DK720269

The adiposity indicators in relation to diabetes among adults in China: a cross-sectional study from China Health and Nutrition Survey.

Diabetes is a metabolic disease which has been confirmed to be involved with abnormal or excessive body fat accumulation. There is still a lack of nationwide research in China to discuss the relationship between adiposity indicators included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), visceral adiposity index, waist-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and diabetes. The question of which one is the best indicator of obesity to predict diabetes in China remains to be unclear. Data were collected from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009, including 7,930 participants aged over 18 years old for cross-sectional analysis. Information about height, weight, WC, hip circumference, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, energy intake and blood samples were analyzed. Binary logistic regression models were used to explore the association of WC, BMI, WHR, waist-to-height ration (WHtR) and visceral adipose index (VAI) with the prevalence of diabetes in the 2009 CHNS respectively. Predictive potential of five adiposity indicators was validated by the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC). The optimal cut-off points were determined by Youden's index, which was used to estimate the performance of adiposity indicators. The study shows patients in the highest quartile were more likely to have diabetes than those in the lowest quartile of WC (OR: 4.237, 95% CI: 3.265-5.499), BMI (OR: 3.312, 95% CI: 2.601-4.218), WHR (OR: 3.199, 95% CI: 2.493-4.104), WHtR (OR: 3.760, 95% CI: 2.891-4.890), VAI (OR: 4.347, 95% CI: 3.411-5.541). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of WC, BMI, WHR, WHtR and VAI for diabetes was 0.700, 0.663, 0.668, and 0.697 and 0.694, respectively. The optimal cut-offs regarding diabetes in Chinese are WHtR ≥0.520 for men and VAI ≥1.878 for women. Our findings indicate that WC, WHtR, BMI, WHR and VAI are all independent risk factors for diabetes among Chinese adults. WHtR is the most accurate indicator for diabetes in men, while VAI for women.

KONSUMSI UNHEALTHY FOOD DAN PEMBERIAN SUSU FORMULA SEBAGAI FAKTOR RISIKO OBESITAS PADA BALITA: TELAAH PUSTAKA

Obesity is excess body weight resulting from excessive accumulation of body fat in calorie intake. This study aims to find a relationship between consumption of unhealthy food and a history of formula feeding on the incidence of obesity in toddler. the method used in this research is a quantitative literature review. Literature is carried out online through several trusted websites or internet sites such as Sciendirect, PUBMed and Google Scholar. This study was conducted on 6 articles which showed that 3 articles discussed the relationship between unhealthy food consumption and obesity under five and 3 articles discussed the relationship between formula feeding and obesity in toddler.

Loss of ciliary adenylyl cyclase 3 in the ventromedial hypothalamus resulted in a sex‐dependent obese phenotype

Obesity, a metabolic disorder characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat, continues to be a major economic and health burden to the global populace, as it is the most significant risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Genome‐wide association studies have identified several genes involved in obesity development, including ADCY3, a gene encoding for the enzyme adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3). AC3 is a critical mediator of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway and is enriched in the primary cilium, a solitary immotile organelle protruding from most mammalian cells, including neurons. The primary cilia act as the cellular antenna to sense and relay changes in the extracellular microenvironment and mounting evidence support a role for the primary cilia as a critical regulator of the energy homeostasis. Patients carrying loss‐of‐function ADCY3variants are obese and are at increased risk of developing type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Consistently, whole‐body Adcy3knockout mice also develop obesity; however, the underlying mechanisms by which AC3 affects metabolic homeostasis remain unclear. Here, we examined the impact of AC3 loss within the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH), a brain region critical for coordinated control of energy and glucose homeostasis, on energy metabolism. We generated mice with VMH‐specific Adcy3loss (Adcy3SF‐1KO mice) by crossing SF‐1 Cre+ mice with Adcy3F/F mice and subjected them to metabolic phenotyping to assess energy balance and glucose homeostasis. We observed a sexually dimorphic effect on body weight under standard chow diet; male Adcy3SF‐1KO mice displayed normal body weight gain comparable to control littermates, whereas female Adcy3SF‐1KO mice gained a significant more weight compared to control littermates (Con 24.34g v KO 30.61g, p &lt; 0.0001). Strikingly, however, both sexes of Adcy3SF‐1KOmice exhibited improved glucose tolerance (AUC: M Con 17,826 v KO 15,165, p = 0.02; F Con 15,263 v KO 13,238, p = 0.03) without affecting fed and overnight fasting blood glucose levels. Taken together, these results underscore the importance of AC3‐mediated ciliary cAMP signaling in VMH neurons for the regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis in a sex‐dependent manner.

The efficacy of probiotics supplementation on the lipid profiles of obese adolescents : a randomized trial

Background: Obesity is defined as a medical condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat and is associated with an increased prevalence of dyslipidemia. Probiotics are living microorganisms, which upon consumption in sufficient numbers, exert health benefits. One of the benefits that has been studied is improving blood lipid profile. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of probiotics supplementation on obese adolescents’ lipid profiles. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial involving 58 obese adolescents aged 12-15 years in Denpasar City was performed. After the physical activity, nutritional intake, and lipid profile were assessed, subjects were randomized with random block into two groups: the treatment group who received sachet containing probiotics with five strains bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum) and the control group who received placebo for eight weeks. During the study, there were six drop out subjects, and the final analysis was performed on 52 subjects. The data was analyzed using MANCOVA test, with p value of &lt;0,05 considered significant. Results: In the supplementation group, total cholesterol was decreased by 22,6 mg/dL (95% CI: -33.3 to -12.1, p = 0.0001), LDL was decreased by 16.9 mg/dL (95%CI: - 26.7 to -7.1, p = 0.001), and TG was decreased by 30.8 mg/dL (95%CI: -55.3 to -6.4, p = 0.014). Probiotic supplementation was not proven to increase HDL levels and HDL: LDL ratio with p values of 0.370 and 0.374, respectively. Conclusion: Probiotics supplementation in obese adolescent could reduce total cholesterol, LDL, TG, but had no effect on improving HDL levels and HDL: LDL ratio.

Hubungan Rasio APO-B/APOA-I dengan Index Massa Tubuh

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple way to monitor weight. Overweight as a result of excessive body fat accumulation which is characterized by a decrease in HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein), namely the atherogenic side represented by levels of Apolipoprotein AI (ApoA-I), increased triglycerides (TG), VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein). ), LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein), and Total Cholesterol which is the anti-atherogenic side represented by the levels of Apolipoprotein B (Apo-B). If we measure both Apo-B and ApoA-I and express them as the Apo-B/ApoA-I ratio, we get a strong marker of cardiovascular risk. By combining the two markers in the ratio, we get synergies and increase predictive power. This study aims to analyze the levels of Apo-B, ApoA-I, and the ratio of Apo-B/ApoA-I to BMI. An experimental study with a cross-sectional design using 72 subjects during April 2021. Apo-B and ApoA-I were examined using the Cobas c311/501 instrument with the immunoturbidimetric test method. The results of this study showed a significant relationship between Apo-B levels and BMI, while ApoA-I levels and Apo-B/ApoA-I ratios did not have a significant relationship. In conclusion, there is no relationship between BMI and the ApoB/ApoA-I ratio in male and female subjects.