Mechanism Of Accumulation Research Articles

Changes in the Biology and Susceptibility of Weevil (Cylas formicarius) to the Insecticide Spinetoram as a Response to Cadmium Contamination.

The sweet potato weevil Cylas formicarius is a notorious underground pest in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). However, little is known about the effects of cadmium (Cd) stress on weevil biology and resistance to pesticides and biotic agents. Therefore, we fed sweet potato weevils with Cd-contaminated sweet potato and assessed adult food intake and survival and larval developmental duration and mortality rates, as well as resistance to the insecticide spinetoram and susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. With increasing Cd concentration, the number of adult weevil feeding holes, adult survival and life span, and larval developmental duration decreased significantly, whereas larval mortality rates increased significantly. However, at the lowest Cd concentration (30 mg/L), adult feeding was stimulated. Resistance of adult sweet potato weevils to spinetoram increased at low Cd concentration, whereas Cd contamination did not affect sensitivity to B. bassiana. Thus, Cd contamination affected sweet potato weevil biology and resistance, and further studies will investigate weevil Cd accumulation and detoxification mechanisms.

Lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis of triacylglycerol accumulation mechanism of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) nut

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) holds significant prominence as an oil-seed nut, characterized by its high content of fatty acids and triacylglycerol (TG). The inclusion of TG in the C. illinoinensis nut is of paramount importance, not only contributing significantly to the nutritional value for human consumption but also serving as a reliable and eco-friendly resource for various industrial uses. The present study conducted a comprehensive analysis involving transcriptomics, lipidomics, and physiological assessments to explore the dynamic patterns and components of triacylglycerols (TG) in C. illinoinensis nuts throughout the ripening phase. Additionally, the investigation aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing TG metabolism. The physiological investigation conducted on the maturation progression of three cultivars of C. illinoinensis unveiled distinctive traits within each variety. Notably, ‘Mahan’ displayed elevated concentrations of oil and crude fat, in contrast to the contrasting trend observed in ‘Y-01’. Further lipidomic scrutiny exposed that ‘Mahan’ exhibited augmented levels of glycerides, specifically triglycerides (TG), monoacylglycerol (MG), and diacylglycerol (DG), compared to its counterparts during the ripening phase. The comparative analysis of RNA-Seq libraries uncovered a notable increase in unigenes associated with the ‘glycerolipid metabolism’ pathway. Moreover, the amalgamation of transcriptomic and lipidomic information indicated a heightened expression of genes implicated in TG metabolism in ‘Mahan’. Moreover, there was a strong association between CiGPAT3, CiDGAT1, CiTAGL2, and CiMAGL1 genes and TG metabolism during the ripening process of C. illinoinensis nuts. Utilizing weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified six distinct modules linked to various ripening stages, alongside the discovery of ten transcription factor families implicated in regulating TG metabolism. In summary, our research provides significant insights into the molecular framework that governs the accumulation mechanism of triglycerides (TG) in C. illinoinensis nuts throughout the ripening phase, which plays a pivotal role in optimizing the yield of C. illinoinensis oil and fostering progress in the molecular breeding.

Pre-eclamptic foetal programming predisposes offspring to hepatic steatosis via DNA methylation

ObjectivesGamete and embryo–foetal origins of adult diseases hypothesis proposes that adulthood chronic disorders are associated with adverse foetal and early life traits. Our study aimed to characterise developmental changes and underlying mechanisms of metabolic disorders in offspring of pre-eclampsia (PE) programmed pregnancy. MethodsNω-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) induced pre-eclampsia-like C57BL/6J mouse model was used. Lipid profiling, histological morphology, indirect calorimetry, mRNA sequencing, and pyrosequencing were performed on PE offspring of both young and elderly ages. ResultsPE offspring exhibited increased postnatal weight gain, hepatic lipid accumulation, enlarged adipocytes, and impaired energy balance that continued to adulthood. Integrated RNA sequencing of foetal and 52-week-old livers revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in lipid metabolism, including glycerol-3-phosphate acyl-transferase 3 (Gpat3), a key enzyme for de novo synthesis of triglycerides (TG), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a (Cpt1a), a key transmembrane enzyme that mediates fatty acid degradation. Pyrosequencing of livers from PE offspring identified hypomethylated and hypermethylated regions in Gpat3 and Cpt1a promoters, which were associated with upregulated and downregulated expressions of Gpat3 and Cpt1a, respectively. These epigenetic alterations are persistent and consistent from the foetal stage to adulthood in PE offspring. ConclusionThese findings suggest a methylation-mediated epigenetic mechanism for PE-induced intergenerational lipid accumulation, impaired energy balance and obesity in offspring, and indicate the potential benefits of early interventions in offspring exposed to maternal PE to reduce their susceptibility to metabolic disorder in their later life.

High-Spatial-Resolution Helium Detection and Its Implications for Helium Accumulation Mechanisms

High-Spatial-Resolution Helium Detection and Its Implications for Helium Accumulation Mechanisms

Unveiling the variability in cadmium accumulation and tolerance characteristics: a comparative study of Basma and Yunyan 87 tobacco varieties

ABSTRACT Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) shows promise for remediating Cd-contaminated soil due to its significant Cd accumulation capabilities. Although various tobacco varieties exhibit distinct Cd bioaccumulation capacities, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms is lacking. This study, conducted using hydroponics, explores differences in Cd accumulation and tolerance mechanisms between two tobacco varieties, Basma and Yunyan 87. The results showed that Cd stress reduced the dry weight, tolerance index, and root morphology for both varieties. Basma exhibited a relatively smaller decline in these indices compared to Yunyan 87. Moreover, Basma demonstrated a higher Cd bioconcentration factor (BCF), concentration, and accumulated content, signifying its superior tolerance and bioaccumulation capacity to Cd compared to Yunyan 87. The Carbonyl Cyanide3-ChloroPhenylhydrazone (CCCP) addition resulted in reduced Cd accumulation and BCFs in both tobacco species. This effect was more pronounced in Basma, suggesting that Basma relies more on an active transport process than Yunyan 87. This could potentially explain its enhanced bioaccumulation ability. Subcellular Cd distribution analysis revealed Basma's preference for distributing Cd in soluble fractions, while Yunyan 87 favoured the cell wall fractions. Transmission electron microscope showed that Basma's organelles were less damaged than Yunyan 87's under Cd stress, possibly contributing to the superior tolerance of Basma. Therefore, these results provided a theoretical foundation for development of Cd-contaminated soil tobacco remediation technology.

Fluid inclusion evidence for overpressure-induced self-sealing and accumulation of deep shale gas

Shale oil and gas exploration and development are extending to greater depths, and it is important to understand the accumulation mechanisms of shale oil and gas. Here we conducted a case study in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation–Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Ningxi area, Sichuan Basin, southwest China, by using petrological and fluid inclusion investigation to determine the processes involved during the overpressure-induced self-sealing accumulation of deep shale gas. Results show that fibrous quartz–calcite veins in the source rocks contain abundant gas inclusions and coeval two-phase gas–liquid aqueous inclusions. The gas inclusions are relatively uniform, translucent to transparent, single-phase inclusions with a high density, indicative of a closed shale system. The gas inclusions record varying levels of fluid overpressure (115.23–169.46 MPa), with a paleo-pressure coefficient of 2.12–2.98. Fluid overpressure and self-sealing resulted in shale gas accumulation, with bedding-parallel and laminar fractures acting as important migration pathways, which improved the horizontal porosity and permeability of the shale. These processes are common and important phenomena in petroleum systems. Unconventional oil and gas development commonly requires horizontal fracturing of wells to form a fracture network, which can improve the production capacity.

Mitigating Effect of Trans-Zeatin on Cadmium Toxicity in Desmodesmus armatus.

Phytohormones, particularly cytokinin trans-zeatin (tZ), were studied for their impact on the green alga Desmodesmus armatus under cadmium (Cd) stress, focusing on growth, metal accumulation, and stress response mechanisms. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy for the Cd level and high-performance liquid chromatography for photosynthetic pigments and phytochelatins, along with spectrophotometry for antioxidants and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for phytohormones, we found that tZ enhances Cd uptake in D. armatus, potentially improving phycoremediation of aquatic environments. Cytokinin mitigates Cd toxicity by regulating internal phytohormone levels and activating metal tolerance pathways, increasing phytochelatin synthase activity and phytochelatin accumulation essential for Cd sequestration. Treatment with tZ and Cd also resulted in increased cell proliferation, photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities, reducing oxidative stress. This suggests that cytokinin-mediated mechanisms in D. armatus enhance its capacity for Cd uptake and tolerance, offering promising avenues for more effective aquatic phycoremediation techniques.

Coupling of source rock gas expulsion intensity and reservoir quality in time and space-a key to determine gas accumulation in Upper Paleozoic tight sandstones of the Mugua gas field, Ordos Basin, China

Research on gas accumulation mechanisms and variations in gas saturation is limited in the newly established Mugua gas field in the Ordos Basin. Understanding these aspects is vital for reduce drilling uncertainty and exploration risk. This study employed a variety of methods, including: (1) the use of organic geochemical examinations to determine the gas expulsion intensity of hydrocarbon source rocks; (2) fluid inclusion analyses to determine the time of gas accumulation; (3) a combination of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy observations, pore-simulation and permeability tests, mercury-intrusion capillary pressure experiments, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies to assess the properties of the reservoir quality and identify the tight sandstone rock type; (4) wireline logging and interpretive data analyses to research the gas saturations features; and (5) establish reservoir quality evolution model to systematically study this problem. Integrating fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures with burial and thermal histories indicates that gas accumulation in the Mugua gas fields occurred throughout the Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous period. Five diagenetic facies have been identified: dissolution, quartz-cemented, clay mineral filling, tightly compacted, and carbonate-cemented facies. The reservoir quality evolution model reveals that the five diagenetic facies experienced densification before the period of gas accumulation. Therefore, for gas accumulation in tight sandstones, it is essential that mature and gas-generating source rocks, provide sufficient expulsion forces to drive gas into the rocks. The mechanism of gas accumulation in the Mugua gas field's tight gas sandstone reservoirs involves the process occurring in sandstones that are either near or interbedded with source rocks, under high pore-fluid pressure generated by gas production. Compared to other Upper Paleozoic gas fields in the Ordos Basin, the gas expulsion intensity in the Mugua gas field is lower, ranging from 6.12–8.39 × 108 m3/km2. Due to the low gas expulsion intensity, the Shihezi 8 Member's tight sandstone reservoirs, situated away from the source rock, typically show low gas saturation. Conversely, the dissolution and quartz-cemented facies within the Benxi, Taiyuan, and Shanxi Formations, intimately interbedded with hydrocarbon source rocks, exhibit good reservoir quality. They offer ideal conditions for gas accumulation, making them prime candidates for exploration and development.

Knowledge-based Clustering Federated Learning for fault diagnosis in robotic assembly

Fault diagnosis in industrial robots is a critical aspect of intelligent manufacturing. However, the accuracy of fault diagnosis models can be significantly affected by the few-shot problem, which refers to the limited availability of labeled data for training. Traditional methods often rely on combining data from different sources, which can raise privacy concerns due to the sensitive nature of the data involved. Federated Learning has emerged as a privacy-preserving approach, but it faces challenges in dealing with the Non-IID (Non-Independent and Identically Distributed) data distribution across different robot systems. In this study, we propose a novel approach called Knowledge-Based Clustering Federated Learning (KCFed) to address both the few-shot problem in robot fault diagnosis and the Non-IID problem in Federated Learning. KCFed incorporates Federated Learning principles to ensure privacy protection during the model training process. Additionally, by leveraging the Knowledge-based Clustering Mechanism (KCM) and Knowledge Accumulation Mechanism (KAM), KCFed aims to improve the performance of fault diagnosis models by clustering similar tasks and accumulating useful prior information. To evaluate the effectiveness of KCFed, we conducted experiments using data collected from industrial robots performing 12 different tasks, resulting in a diverse set of 48 states. The experimental results demonstrate the promising performance of KCFed in improving fault diagnosis accuracy while preserving privacy in a federated learning setting.

Physicochemical characteristics of grease-trap wastewater with different potential mechanisms of FOG solid formation, separation, and accumulation inside grease traps

This work investigates the physicochemical characteristics of grease-trap wastewater discharged from a large community market. It proposes potential mechanisms of fat, oil, and grease (FOG) solid formation, separation, and accumulation inside grease traps. Sixty-four samples, i.e., the floated scum, suspended solid-liquid wastewater, and settled sludge, were collected from the grease-trap inlet and outlet chambers. A lower pH of 5-6 at 25-29 °C inside the grease trap than those reported under the sewer conditions (pH 6-7) was revealed. A significant difference in solid and dissolved constituents was also discovered between the inlet and outlet chambers, indicating that the baffle wall could affect the separation mechanism. The sludge samples had 1.5 times higher total solids (TS) than the scum samples, i.e., 0.225 vs. 0.149 g g−1 TS, revealing that the sludge amount impacted more significantly the grease trap capacity and operation and maintenance. In contrast, the scum samples had 1.4 times higher volatile solids (VS) than the sludge samples, i.e., 0.134 vs. 0.096 g g−1 VS, matching with the 64.2 vs. 29.7% of carbon content from CHN analysis. About 2/3 of the free fatty acids (FFAs) with palmitic acids were the primary saturated FFAs, while the remaining 1/3 of unsaturated FFAs were found in the solid and liquid samples. Although up to 0.511 g g−1 FOG can be extracted from the scum samples, none from the sludge samples. More diverse minerals/metals other than Na, Cl, and Ca were found in the sludge samples than in the scum samples. Grease-trap FOG solids and open drain samples exhibited similar physicochemical properties to those reported in the literature. Four potential mechanisms (crystallization, emulsification, saponification, and baffling) were presented. This work offers insights into the physicochemical properties of grease-trap wastewater that can help explore its FOG solid formation, separation, and accumulation mechanisms inside a grease trap.

Integrated Untargeted Metabolome, Full-Length Sequencing and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Fruit.

As a highly economic berry fruit crop, blueberry is enjoyed by most people and has various potential health benefits, many of which are attributed to the relatively high concentrations of flavonoids. To obtain more accurate and comprehensive transcripts, the full-length transcriptome of half-highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum/angustifolium cultivar Northland) obtained using single molecule real-time and next-generation sequencing technologies was reported for the first time. Overall, 147,569 consensus transcripts (average length, 2738 bp; N50, 3176 bp) were obtained. After quality control steps, 63,425 high-quality isoforms were obtained and 5030 novel genes, 3002 long non-coding RNAs, 3946 transcription factor genes (TFs), 30,540 alternative splicing events, and 2285 fusion gene pairs were identified. To better explore the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in mature blueberry fruit, an integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome was performed on the exocarp, sarcocarp, and seed. A relatively complete biosynthesis pathway map of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and proanthocyanins in blueberry was constructed. The results of the joint analysis showed that the 228 functional genes and 42 TFs regulated 78 differentially expressed metabolites within the biosynthesis pathway of phenylpropanoids/flavonoids. O2PLS analysis results showed that the key metabolites differentially accumulated in blueberry fruit tissues were albireodelphin, delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, and delphinidin 3-O-sophoroside, and 10 structural genes (4 Vc4CLs, 3 VcBZ1s, 1 VcUGT75C1, 1 VcAT, and 1 VcUGAT), 4 transporter genes (1 VcGSTF and 3 VcMATEs), and 10 TFs (1 VcMYB, 2 VcbHLHs, 4 VcWD40s, and 3 VcNACs) exhibited strong correlations with 4 delphinidin glycosides. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in blueberry fruit.

Combined Contaminant Levels from Local Harvested Food Items in the Norwegian–Finnish–Russian Border Region

This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary study with the aim of assessing the potential combined risk from consuming locally harvested food products in the Euro-Arctic region of Norway, Finland, and Russia. The three important contaminant groups—radioactive substances, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs)—were measured in food samples such as berries, mushrooms, fish, birds, reindeer, and moose; they were sampled in 2013–2015. To assess the combined pollution levels and investigate the trends, similarities, and variations between different contaminant groups, subsequent multivariate statistical analysis was performed. The results showed that, in general, the levels of radioactive substances, toxic elements, and POPs were below the permitted EU maximum content in food products. However, statistical analysis revealed some correlations, similarities, and peculiarities between the accumulation of different contaminants in various species, which allowed for a better understanding of the mechanisms of accumulation and interaction between different contaminant groups. It also gave a better insight into the possible added risks and helped pinpoint species that could serve as reference markers for the accumulation of different contaminants in food. Mushrooms, fish, and reindeer were found to be important markers in the combined risk assessments for the contents of metals and radioactive substances. Further research, as well as the development of methodologies for combined assessments, are recommended.

Pore Water Conversion Characteristics during Methane Hydrate Formation: Insights from Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Measurements

Understanding the conversion characteristics of pore water is crucial for investigating the mechanism of hydrate accumulation; however, research in this area remains limited. This study conducted methane hydrate formation experiments in unconsolidated sands using an in-house low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system. It focused on pore water conversion characteristics and influencing factors such as initial water saturation and sand particle sizes. Results show that methane hydrate formation enhances the homogeneity of the effective pore structure within sand samples. The conversion rate of pore water is significantly influenced by differences in heat and mass transfer capacity, decreasing as initial water saturation and sand size increase. Pore water cannot be fully converted into hydrates in unconsolidated sands. The final conversion ratio of pore water in water-poor sand samples nears 97%, while in water-rich sand samples, it is only 65.80%. Sand particle size variation has a negligible impact on the final conversion ratio of pore water, with ratios exceeding 94% across different particle sizes, differing by less than 3%.

ZnPc based multifunctional devices designed as fast capacitors, rectifiers, infrared detectors and microwave resonators adequate for 6 G technology applications

Herein Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) based multifunctional devices are fabricated and characterized. The device fabrication included formation of an Au nanosheets onto n-Si wafers and coating these nanosheets with 500 nm thick ZnPc layer. Silver and platinum were used to form a Schottky and an ohmic contacts with n-Si and ZnPc, respectively. The device hybrid structure (Ag/n-Si/Au/p-ZnPc/Pt; abbreviated as ASZ) is composed of Ag/n-Si Schottky arm and p- and n- layers forming pn junction separated by Au nanosheets. Electrical and photoelectrical measurements on the ASZ devices have shown their ability to perform as conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (CMOS). These CMOS devices showed light and frequency controlled charge accumulation, depletion and inversion mechanisms within the range of 1.0–50 MHz. The flat band and threshold voltages of the ASZ capacitors are engineered by the imposed ac signal frequency and by infrared (IR) light. In addition, ASZ devices performed as biasing controlled IR photosensors and as current rectifiers. A rectification ratio of 103, IR light sensitivity of 39, specific detectivity of .96 ×109 Jones and current responsivity exceeding 9.0 mA W−1 are recorded at biasing voltage of 4.5 V. Moreover ASZ devices displayed microwave resonator characteristics presented by negative capacitance effect, resonance –antiresonance phenomena and high microwave cutoff frequency. The latter is larger than 10 GHz nominating the device for 6 G technology applications.

Geological conditions, genetic mechanisms and accumulation patterns of helium resources

Based on the methodology for petroleum systems and through the anatomy and geochemical study of typical helium-rich gas fields, the geological conditions, genesis mechanisms, and accumulation patterns of helium resources in natural gas are investigated. Helium differs greatly from other natural gas resources in generation, migration, and accumulation. Helium is generated due to the slow alpha decay of basement U/Th-rich elements or released from the deep crust and mantle, and then migrates along the composite transport system to natural gas reservoirs, where it accumulates with a suitable carrier gas. Helium migration and transport are controlled by the transport system consisting of lithospheric faults, basement faults, sedimentary layer faults, and effective transport layers. Based on the analysis of the helium-gas-water phase equilibrium in underground fluids and the phase-potential coupling, three occurrence states, i.e. water-soluble phase, gas-soluble phase and free phase, in the process of helium migration and accumulation, and three migration modes of helium, i.e. mass flow, seepage, and diffusion, are proposed. The formation and enrichment of helium-rich gas reservoirs are controlled by three major factors, i.e. high-quality helium source, high-efficiency transport and suitable carrier, and conform to three accumulation mechanisms, i.e. exsolution and convergence, buoyancy-driven, and differential pressure displacement. The helium-rich gas reservoirs discovered follow the distribution rule and accumulation pattern of “near helium source, adjacent to fault, low potential area, and high position”. To explore and evaluate helium-rich areas, it is necessary to conduct concurrent/parallel exploration of natural gas. The comprehensive evaluation and selection of profitable helium-rich areas with the characteristics of “source-trap connected, low fluid potential and high position, and proper natural gas volume matched with helium’s” should focus on the coupling and matching of the helium “source, migration, and accumulation elements” with the natural gas “source, reservoir and caprock conditions”, and favorable carrier gas trap areas in local low fluid potential and high positions.

Equilibrium Fractionation of Stable Strontium Isotopes During Adsorption to Mn Oxides

AbstractUnderstanding the stable strontium isotope fractionation between seawater and ferromanganese crusts/nodules is crucial for reconstructing seawater Sr isotopic history. This study explores stable Sr isotope fractionation during adsorption to manganese oxides, as preliminary experiments indicated their higher Sr adsorption capacity compared to iron oxides. We observed that equilibrium in concentration and isotopic composition can be achieved within a day. The lighter isotope (86Sr) is preferentially adsorbed, with the fractionation extent showing no significant change with respect to reaction time, pH, or Sr concentration under low ionic strength conditions (−0.14‰). Equilibrium fractionation processes, rather than Rayleigh fractionation, more accurately represent the isotopic composition trends of dissolved and adsorbed Sr. Experiments in synthetic seawater demonstrated greater Sr isotope fractionation (−0.20‰) compared to low ionic‐strength solutions. This fractionation during adsorption by manganese oxides in synthetic seawater is consistent with the isotopic discrepancy between seawater and ferromanganese nodules, suggesting that Mn oxide adsorption is the primary mechanism for Sr accumulation in ferromanganese deposits. These results imply that ferromanganese deposit Sr isotopic compositions could be proxies for reconstructing seawater Sr isotopic history, which is influenced by carbonate burial and continental weathering, reflecting the global carbon cycle changes.

Integrated transcriptomic and WGCNA analyses reveal candidate genes regulating mainly flavonoid biosynthesis in Litsea coreana var. sinensis

Litsea coreana Levl. var. sinensis (Allen) Yang et P. H. Huang is a popular ethnic herb and beverage plant known for its high flavonoid content, which has been linked to a variety of pharmacological benefits and crucial health-promoting impacts in humans. The progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid accumulation in this plant has been hindered due to the deficiency of genomic and transcriptomic resources. We utilized a combination of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) sequencing to generate a de novo hybrid transcriptome assembly. In total, 126,977 unigenes were characterized, out of which 107,977 were successfully annotated in seven public databases. Within the annotated unigenes, 3,781 were categorized into 58 transcription factor families. Furthermore, we investigated the presence of four valuable flavonoids—quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactoside, and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside in 98 samples, using high-performance liquid chromatography. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified two co-expression modules, MEpink and MEturquoise, that showed strong positive correlation with flavonoid content. Within these modules, four transcription factor genes (R2R3-MYB, NAC, WD40, and ARF) and four key enzyme-encoding genes (CHI, F3H, PAL, and C4H) emerged as potential hub genes. Among them, the R2R3-MYB (LcsMYB123) as a homologous gene to AtMYB123/TT2, was speculated to play a significant role in flavonol biosynthesis based on phylogenetic analysis. Our findings provided a theoretical foundation for further research into the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis. Additionally, The hybrid transcriptome sequences will serve as a valuable molecular resource for the transcriptional annotation of L. coreana var. sinensis, which will contribute to the improvement of high-flavonoid materials.

Characteristics of Surface Charge Accumulation on Spacers and Its Influencing Factors

Charge accumulation usually happens on the surface of spacers under DC operation, which is susceptible to inducing surface flashover. In order to explore the surface charge accumulation mechanisms and the influences of dielectric conductivity, gas ion mobility, and temperature field on the surface charges, a time-varying charge density model at the gas–solid interface of spacers was established. The results of the simulation show that the discontinuity of the current density between the spacer bulk side and the gas ion flow is the fundamental reason for the charge accumulation on the spacer surface. Additionally, the value of current density fluxes at the interface continues to decrease with the change of the electric field, and the progress of charge transfer gradually stabilizes. Moreover, the dielectric conductivity directly affects the charge accumulation process, and there is a critical conductivity in which the effect of charge conduction in dielectrics counteracts that of gas-phase charge deposition, theoretically. When the conductivity is higher than the critical conductivity, the solid-side charge conduction is the main source of the surface charge accumulation, while the gas-phase charge deposition on the gas side plays a dominant role when the conductivity is lower than the critical conductivity. The charge accumulation is not significantly affected by gas ion mobility when the temperature is evenly distributed. However, under the temperature field with gradient distribution, the current density fluxes at the interface change, causing the polarity reverse of the accumulated charge. In the high-temperature region, the volume current density surges simultaneously with the conductivity, leading to a higher density of surface charge accumulation. Lastly, the design of spacers needs to keep the current densities on both sides of the interface as similar as possible in order to avoid excessive charge gathering in localized areas.

Insight into sodium selenite-induced metabolic reprogramming in response to main seleno-amino acid enrichment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using metabolomics

Conversion of inorganic selenium (Se) to its organic form by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) has attracted significant attention, for organic Se has higher nutritional value with less negative effects. However, the mechanism of transformation and accumulation of organic Se at the metabolic level remains unclear. We investigated the metabolic response to sodium selenite supplementation in culture medium at 0, 5, 15, and 45 mg/L in two S. cerevisiae strains using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry-based untargeted method. In total, 455 metabolites were detected, and a separation trend was clearly observed between Se-treated groups and controls. In depth, metabolic pathways involving amino acid, nucleotide metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle were significantly affected. Furthermore, high inorganic-Se supplementation effectively decreased the seleno-amino acid proportion in total Se, inhibited cell growth, and decreased glutathione levels. These results provide novel insights into the Se-enrichment process of S. cerevisiae.

Forms and types of accumulating the khomus culture in the conditions of the author’s cultural and educational platform: experience and search

The article identifies the forms and types of accumulating the khomus (Sakha mouth harp) culture, in particular, the experience of systematization, determination of teaching methods and intensification of efforts aimed at preserving and transmitting the traditions of khomus musical heritage. The results of the author’s project and research activities as a folklore collector, philologist, teacher and educational program developer are substantiated. The ways of preserving, developing and popularizing the performing local tradition of playing the khomus are determined, an analysis of the forms and types of organizational pedagogical work on the reconstruction of the Vilyui (Suntar) school of playing the khomus is presented. The study also examines the problem of preserving and further developing traditional culture, the functioning of the mechanism of reproduction, transformation and accumulation of the accumulated local ethnocultural heritage of the Sakha people in the khomus culture. The theoretical and methodological basis were the works of E.S. Markaryan, I.E. Alekseev-Khomus Uibaan, A.P. Bozhedonova, A.A. Grigorieva, G.S Popova, etc. The results of the study can be applied in developing the scientific foundations of the ethnocultural content of khomus performing traditions in the sections of regional cultural studies, musical folklore and Yakut traditional music, as well as in testing the conditions, forms and means necessary for the development of educational programs for a traditional school of playing the Yakut khomus.