Accrual Method Research Articles

The Role of Adopting International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) in Achieving Financial Sustainability for Universities

The research objective is to determine whether using the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) has any impact on assessing the financial sustainability of public universities. The research assesses the role played by financial sustainability in maintaining, expanding and how well the services are executed through public universities. Additionally, considering the occasional and future challenges of the information that supplied by the accounting system. The government accounting system applied in Iraqi public universities suffers from the lack of information for those in charge of setting financial policies up in those universities when assessing financial sustainability. To achieve the objective of the research, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to a sample of holders of postgraduate degrees who have sufficient academic qualifications and experience, the sample included 126 academics and professionals. The analysed results reveal that financial sustainability has a great role in elevating the quality and sustainability of the university learning outcomes in public universities. Also, the current government accounting system that is based on the monetary basis suffers from several deficiencies in assessing financial sustainability. The results also show that IPSAS implementation based on the accrual method would contribute to the evaluation of the public university financial sustainability by providing information, which reflects the financial situation and the outcome of the activity in a fair manner by means of improving both the relevance and credibility of representing accounting information and the objectivity of financial statement informational content.

Economic impacts of regulatory decisions on reit dividend distribution

Real estate investment trusts (REITs) have recently gained prominence in the capital market. From an accounting point of view, the Maxi Renda Trust (MXRF11) has been the subject of recent discussions and contradictory decisions within the scope of the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM) regarding the calculation basis for the dividend distribution. In this context, we sought to investigate the economic impacts of fair value measurement under the framework of CVM’s decisions in the Maxi Renda Trust and to verify how the theory of regulation can explain regulatory body decisions. The trust income for the period from 2015 to 2021 was restated based on the cash basis, used by the trust, and the accrual method, determined by the CVM, in order to identify differences in the amount of income that would be distributed with the change in the methodology issued by the regulatory agency. Also, an analysis of CVM’s decisions and the trust’s administrator’s arguments was also conducted, to identify elements that could be correlated with the regulatory body’s performance under the aspects of the theory of regulation. As a result, it was demonstrated that there is an economic impact on the minimum income calculated to be distributed by the trust between the two methodologies (cash and accrual), with smaller amounts for distribution considering the accrual basis, which exclude revenues and expenses that do not transit through cash, as is the case of fair value measurement. CVM’s decisions may have resonance in the public interest theory so that the regulatory body’s performance was aimed at protecting the investor, even though it may have suffered pressures exerted by interest groups or even captured by the regulated parties since it changed the initial understanding of the case. Besides the theoretical contribution, with the possibility of expanding studies on the applicability of accounting standards related to the measurement of fair value in investment trusts and their economic impacts, the study applied to the Maxi Renda Trust provides a better understanding of the topic to subsidize investors regarding decision making on investments in this type of trust.

Impact of Financial Distress on Earnings Management with the Moderating Role of Audit Quality: Evidence from Pakistan

The core aim of the financial reports is to provide a firm’s annual results of financial performance and position to stakeholders on time. Several accounting scandals led to the default of many large-scale corporations, leading to investors’ lack of confidence in the reliability of financial information and also putting a question mark on the effectiveness of internal control mechanisms and external audits. Business managers of financially distressed firms use the choice of accrual accounting methods which gives them leverage to misuse their powers and expropriate stakeholders by showing good financial results. So, this study fills this gap by investigating the presence of Financial Distress (FD) and its effect on Earnings Management (EM) with the moderating role of Audit Quality (AQ). The sample of this study contains the data of 96 non-financial listed companies for the period 2017-2022 on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). This study uses the discretionary accruals as a proxy for the EM and Z-score for FD. The results and analysis find that FD and EM have a significant positive relationship, which reveals that corporate managers of distressed companies do EM while AQ weakens this relationship. This study recommends that professional bodies, regulatory authorities, and corporate governance institutions must design policies that restrict corporate managers from getting involved in earning management practices, especially in the time of FD.

ВИТРАТИ І ВИДАТКИ: СУТНІСТЬ, ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОБЛІКУ ТА АНАЛІЗУ

State financing requires control over the availability and movement of budget funds, the implementation of estimates, therefore it can be argued that the most important objects of accounting and analysis of the activities of budget institutions are costs and expenses. The article presents a theoretical generalization and solution of the scientific task, which consists in the study of the economic essence, features of accounting and analysis of costs and expenses in budgetary institutions. It was determined that the demarcation of the essence of the researched concepts is based on the change in the forms of resource use in the process of functioning of the budget institution. Peculiarities of regulatory and legal regulation of cost and expenditure accounting are considered. It is emphasized that the term "costs" is disclosed in national and international accounting standards and other legal documents, and "expenses" – in regulatory documents regulating the budget process; expense accounting is conducted using the accrual method, and budget expenditures – using the cash method. It is indicated on which accounts and in which registers of analytical accounting the costs and expenses of budgetary institutions are recorded. The directions of classification of expenses and costs of budgetary institutions are revealed, taking into account the current budget classification (functional, departmental, economic, programmatic). It is emphasized that the purpose of controlling costs and expenses is to establish their legality, reliability and expediency and the correctness of displaying relevant economic transactions in accounting, and the main purpose of their analysis is to find reserves for reducing the costs of budget institutions. Methods of economic analysis of costs and expenses of budget institutions are disclosed and characteristics are presented, which allow to identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of labor, material and non-material resources, as well as budget funds used by budget institutions.

Enhanced Financial Reporting for Unfunded Obligations in the US Economy

This article looks at the critical need for better financial reporting on unfunded obligations in the federal government of the United States’ budgeting and accounting processes. A more comprehensive view is offered by financial records like the yearly Financial Report of the United States Government (FRUSG) published by the U.S. Treasury, which includes incurred debts and undeclared promises. Actions to alleviate the long-term financial discrepancy can be prompted by including these estimates into the regular budget decision-making procedures. The paper highlights the need of openness in future spending by examining particular cases of undisclosed liabilities and contrasting federal cash-based bookkeeping with accrual accounting methods used by public companies. Therefore, the article proposes an improved reporting framework that promotes responsible financial management, urging decision-makers to make informed decisions about the nation’s financial health by carefully examining crucial components and consulting experts on government accounting principles.

About the methods of the students competences analysis in distance and blended learning

The rapid development of distance and blended learning formats poses a serious problem for instructors to objectively and reliably assess students’ knowledge. Modern learning management systems often do not provide comprehensive information about the quality of learning in a convenient form for the teacher. A brief review of the leading distance learning systems used in universities of the Russian Federation allows us to make sure of this. The capabilities of popular learning management systems, their advantages and disadvantages in processing information about students’ progress are analyzed. According to the results of the analysis, the necessity of further custom data processing becomes obvious.The methodology of evaluating the quality of students’ knowledge is shown in the example of an own development — the Abins.NET learning management system created at Perm National Research Polytechnic University. The necessity of using a minimum of two independent criteria for evaluating the quality of learning by conducting a correlation analysis between the grade, work time, and bonus points is confirmed.The comparison of bonus points accrual methods in own-developed learning management system, iSpring, and WebTutor was carried out and the conclusion was made about the necessity of automated bonus management (accrual, write-off) according to the criteria that are predetermined by the developer. The conclusions and suggestions on the selection of significant criteria and their calculation when working with any learning management system to assess the success of university students’ learning are formulated.

Earnings Management in Indonesian Islamic Banking: Analyzing with Modified Jones Model

Company management follows earnings management to influence the earnings reported in the financial statements. This study aims to analyze whether there are earnings management activities in Islamic banking in Indonesia. The data taken for this study are the financial reports of Islamic Commercial Banks registered with the Financial Services Authority (OJK) for 2017-2021. Earnings management is measured by the discretionary accrual method using the Modified Jones Model. This research shows that the discretionary accruals (DAC) for Islamic Commercial Banks in 2017-2021 have a minimum result of -1.3614 and a maximum result of 0.2917. This shows that there have been earnings management activities in Islamic Commercial Banks in the last 5 years. To reduce earnings management, the Sharia Supervisory Board (DPS) is asked to be truly qualified in carrying out its duties so that profit management of Islamic bank financial reports can be reduced, readers of financial reports are not deceived, and investors are not harmed.

PENGAKUAN PENDAPATAN DAN BEBAN PADA PT. IMM SAAT MASA PANDEMI 2020-2021

COVID-19 has a broad impact on the Indonesian economy. One is in the automotive sector, which suffers negative consequences such as inhibiting production processes due to social constraints that lead to a shortage of auto components and rising sales prices. Vulnerable market conditions make rising component prices a serious problem that must be addressed with good planning in order to avoid prolonged losses. In the mitodst of an unstable economy, recognition of income and burden becomes very important and crucial. The company’s policy plays a decisive role in recognising accrual profits and accrual burdens, affecting the financial statements, especially the company's profit and loss report. This study aims to explain and analyse the recognition of PT's income and burden. IMM during the early pandemic period in 2020 and compared it to 2021. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and analysis of PT financial statements. by IMM. To improve the validity of the research, the triangulation technique of the source is used in the financial statements for 2020 and 2021 PT by IMM. The results of this study showed that PT. IMM records the recognition of revenue and expenses based on referring to PSAK rather than SAK ETAP, and is recognized using the accrual basis method where the financial statements in 2021 demonstrate an increase and better compared to the year 2020.

THE EFFECT OF THE FRAUD TRIANGLE IN DETECTING FRAUDULENT FINANCIAL REPORTING IN INDONESIAN BANKING SECTOR COMPANIES

This research aims at finding out the influence of factors in fraud triangle theory towards fraudulent financial reporting in banking companies in Indonesia. Research sample was chosen by using some criteria that consist of banking sector companies registered and listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange & Bank Based on Business Activity II, III, IV group from 2017 to 2019. These criteria chose 37 banks as sample processed by e-Views 12 and Microsoft Excel application. Fraud triangle theory divides three fraud factors: pressure, opportunity, and rationalization. Pressure factor includes external pressure and financial target. Opportunity factor is reflected by monitoring variable, and rationalization factor consists of auditor change and accrual method variable. Research results show that independent variables gave significant impact to dependent variable, except for monitoring and auditor change variable.

The Journey of Indonesian Government Accounting

From 1974 to today, Indonesia has undergone many periods of financial management reform. Financial management reform is necessary for a country to attain excellent governance. The crisis that happened in 1997 prompted the adoption of good Governance in Indonesia. The 1997 financial crisis revealed the inadequate management of public finances up until that point. Thus, the Indonesian government began to recognize excellent governance gradually. Government Accounting Standards are the first step towards achieving excellent Governance (SAP). In Government Regulation 71 of 2010, Accrual-based SAP is the proper SAP for implementing good governance. Government Regulation No. 71 of 2010 implements Law No. 17 of 2003 About the Financial Country. Using the accrual method is anticipated to enhance the transparency of financial reporting and the government's public accountability. This type of qualitative descriptive research seeks to comprehend how the transition from pre-reform to the post-reform application of Government Accounting Standards happened. Through a literature search, the data for this investigation were acquired

SISTEM AKUNTANSI PENERIMAAN DAN PENGELUARAN KAS PADA ARSIP NASIONAL REPUBLIK INDONESIA

The accounting system has several parts including the cash receipts accounting system and cash disbursement accounting system. The research objective is to analyze the Cash Receipt and Disbursement Accounting System in the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia. In general, there are two accounting methods, namely the cash method and the accrual method. Where these two methods are often used because they relate to the accounting principles of the Cash Receipts Accounting System at ANRI using the accrual method. The research method used is qualitative with data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and literature study. The results show that the recording of ANRI transactions uses the accrual method because with the accrual basis method, government reports become accountable and transparent in presenting information regarding accountability for implementing the state revenue and expenditure budget (APBN)

Implementasi Green Accounting di RSUD Bendan Kota Pekalongan

Green accounting provides an overview of protecting the environment by combining environmental benefits with environmental costs such as waste management. The purpose of this study is to find out how the implementation of green accounting in Bendan Hospital and how the accounting treatment starts from identifying, recognizing, measuring, presenting, and disclosing the costs of waste management applied at Bendan Hospital. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach. The object of research is Bendan Hospital, Pekalongan City. The results of this study indicate (1) Bendan Hospital has identified the costs incurred for waste management but have not been identified specifically. (2) Recognition of each cost incurred for waste management using the accrual basic method. (3) Measurement of waste management costs in monetary units, namely rupiah multiplied by waste per kilogram. (4) Bendan Hospital presents these costs in the budget realization report and operational report. (5) Bendan Hospital has not reported environmental costs related to waste management specifically.

Use of population-based electronic databases for the identification of patients with synchronous colorectal cancer and liver metastases potentially eligible for a surgical trial.

Some population-based recruitment methods, such as registries and databases, have been used to increase enrolment in clinical trials by identifying eligible participants based on baseline characteristics; however; these methods have not been tested in surgical trials, in which accrual occurs before surgery. We evaluated the use of population-based electronic databases to identify patients who potentially could be accrued to the Simultaneous Resection of Colorectal Cancer with Synchronous Liver Metastases (RESECT) trial and compared it to the traditional methods used to accrue patients (e.g., multidisciplinary rounds, letters to community surgeons) for that same trial during the same period. An electronic database (ePath) was interrogated every 2 weeks for patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer from Feb. 1, 2017, to Mar. 30, 2019. A radiologic image database (OneView) was reviewed to identify those with liver metastases (level 1 screening). Reports were interrogated to identify potentially eligible patients for the RESECT trial (level 2 screening). A hepatobiliary surgeon reviewed radiology images to identify eligible patients for the trial (level 3 screening). The primary outcome was patient eligibility for the ongoing RESECT trial. The population-based method identified 90 (11.2%) of 803 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer over the study period. Among the 90 patients, level 2 screening identified 60 (67%) potentially eligible patients for the RESECT trial. Of the 90 patients, 18 (20%) were eligible after radiographic image review (level 3 screening). Traditional accrual methods identified 38 patients with liver metastases, 27 (71%) of whom were identified as potentially eligible on level 2 screening, and 14 (37%) of whom were deemed to be eligible on level 3 screening. Twenty-six patients were identified by both methods. Twelve patients were identified by population-based methods alone, and 8 patients by traditional methods alone. Six eligible patients were identified by both methods. Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. A population-based electronic database method of patient accrual was able to identify eligible participants for the RESECT trial. However, optimal accrual likely requires the use of traditional methods as well.

Implementasi Metode Accrual Basis Pada Sistem Informasi Keuangan

The financial recording system is carried out in the school diary, so it takes time to recap the revenue or expenditure records in order to find out the amount of funds that have been received or spent. This is less time efficient in presenting financial statements. This study aims to apply the accrual basis method to the financial accounting information system of MIS Nurul Huda Sei Paham and build a web-based financial accounting information system at MIS Nurul Huda Sei Paham. This research uses the research and development method or commonly known as R&D which has several stages, namely potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision, product trials, product revision, trial use, final product revision, and mass production. However, this research only reached the product trial stage. System testing uses a questionnaire which is divided into 3 parts, namely expert experts, field tests and prospective users. From the results of the expert questionnaire assessment, a value of 3.8 was generated which indicated a fairly valid category, the field test questionnaire assessment resulted in a value of 4.0 which indicated a valid category and an assessment of a questionnaire of 10 prospective users resulted in a value of 80 which indicated an effective category. it can be concluded that the financial accounting information system using the accrual basis method at MIS Nurul Huda Sei Paham has run well according to school needs and can help present financial reports quickly.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ БИОГАЗА ИЗ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ ОТХОДОВ С ВЫСОКОЙ БИОДОСТУПНОСТЬЮ, АКТИВИРОВАННЫХ МЕТОДОМ ПАРОВЗРЫВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ

The research was carried out in order to obtain new data on effective methanogenesis during fermentation of lignocellulose raw materials activated by steam blasting. Vegetable agricultural waste - wheat straw and spelt husk are used as raw materials. Activation of pre-crushed and moistened (in the medium "acetic acid-water" in a ratio of 1:19) to 130...140% of the raw materials were carried out on a steam-explosive hydrolysis unit at a temperature of 160, 190 and 220 ° C for 5 minutes. After analyzing the component composition of the initial and activated raw materials according to standard methods, the samples were subjected to microbiological treatment in the presence of the enzyme preparation SUKAZYM ZH-1002 (Shandong, China) in powder form. Conditions for methane fermentation: the concentration of the substrate is 166 g / l, the hydromodule is 1:6, the consumption of the enzyme preparation is 0.05 g / g of the substrate, pH 6.5 ...7.5, temperature 32...35°C, without stirring and without oxygen access, duration - 46 days. The amount of gas produced was determined by the volume method daily, as well as by the accrual method. The content of CO2, CH4, N2 and H2 was determined on a GAMMA-100 gas analyzer; the calorific value was determined on a differential scanning calorimeter DSC 823e. Steam-explosive activation of agricultural plant waste increases the bioavailability of raw materials, which allows generating 1.4...1.8 times more biogas on the activated substrate compared to samples without treatment. The optimal temperature for steam blasting of wheat straw and husk of spelt can be considered 190 and 160 ° C, the duration of methane fermentation is 44 and 40 days. accordingly. With these parameters, the maximum biogas yield of 137.3 and 141.7 ml per 1 g of substrate is achieved with a methane content of 56 and 54 vol. %. The calorific value of biogas is 6692 and 6214 kcal/m3, respectively.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ И СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ НАЛОГОВОГО УЧЕТА ДОХОДОВ И РАСХОДОВ МЕТОДОМ НАЧИСЛЕНИЯ НА ПРИМЕРЕ КОММЕРЧЕСКОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ

A well-organized tax accounting of income and expenses carries the goal of correctly calculating the financial results of the organization and further reliably determining the amounts to be paid to the budget. That is why the organization must constantly improve the tax accounting system, focusing on the current legislation, the needs of accounting services and modern technologies. The purpose of this work is to study the procedure for organizing tax accounting of income and expenses by accrual method, to develop measures aimed at improving the tax accounting of a commercial organization. The subject of the study is the process of tax accounting in terms of the formation of the tax base for income tax. The object of the study is the activity of a commercial organization for the organization and maintenance of tax accounting of income and expenses by accrual method. Special attention at the moment should also be paid to the innovations provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation in terms of filling out and submitting a tax return on corporate income tax. In the scientific work, the tax registers of accounting for income and expenses related to sales, as well as non-operating income and expenses, have been studied. The calculation and analysis of the efficiency of taxation of profits and costs were carried out. the main coefficients – indicators of the tax burden. The problems of tax accounting related to a specific commercial organization are analyzed, as well as measures to overcome them are proposed. Additional registers have been developed that should be introduced into the accounting process of an economic entity

PENGUKURAN KINERJA: SEBUAH PENGAKUAN DAN PENGUKURAN PENDAPATAN PERUSAHAAN

This study aims to determine whether the method of recognizing and measuring income according to PSAK No. 23 has been applied by pest management service companies in Surabaya. The research method used is qualitative by using case studies to describe how pest management companies measure income using the recognition and measurement method of income according to PSAK No. 23. Research on Surabaya's pest management service providers is done using the accrual basis method. By selling services that have been recorded as revenue and are certain to be realized, the study findings show that the firm recognizes revenue in line with PSAK No. 23, financial accounting rules. The amount of money collected from clients less costs is used to calculate revenue. The fair worth of the advantages that the firm has got or will get is used to calculate income.
 
 Keywords: Recognition, Measurement, Revenue, PSAK No. 23

Features of the formation of reserves for dubious debts in tax accounting by medical organizations

The article is devoted to the specifics of the formation by medical organizations of a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting and tax accounting regarding receivables arising from the sale of products or services. Analysis of the norms of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation made it possible to determine that the creation of a reserve is the right of taxpayers who recognize tax income and expenses by the accrual method, which does not prescribe the obligation to fulfill it. The procedure for creating the amounts of created reserves is determined. It is noted that сontributions to the reserve of medical organizations are taken as part of non-operating expenses falling on the last day of the reporting (tax) period (for example, a calendar month or a year), and depend on the period of occurrence of non-fulfillment of contractual obligations by counterparties. It is emphasized that the total amount of provisions for the reporting period, taken for the fulfillment of tax purposes, has a maximum amount and cannot exceed 10% of the taxpayer’s revenue excluding VAT. Practical examples of the determination of the amount of reserves are given, allowing to identify the logic and specifics when forming a reserve for doubtful debts by healthcare organizations. Simulated situations describes the timing and limit amounts of reserves formed by medical companies.

Evaluation of Accounts Receivable Accounting and Its Relation to the Presentation of Financial Statements (Case Study at PDAM Tirta Silaupiasa, Asahan District)

Credit sales are one of the ways companies do to expand and enlarge sales results. The company made credit sales which then resulted in receivables. The purpose of this research is to find out the sales process that occurs in the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) Tirta Silaupiasa, Asahan Regency. Sales made by the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) Tirta Silaupiasa, Asahan Regency, namely sales on credit, is a policy carried out by the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) Tirta Silaupiasa, Asahan Regency to customers, with the aim of increasing sales volume. While the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) Tirta Silaupiasa Asahan Regency itself uses the method of recording losses, namely by using the accrual basis method in accounting records in accordance with SAK-ETAP, this aims to minimize losses that usually occur. In addition, in the accrual basis method in accordance with SAK-ETAP, an estimate of the amount of losses on receivables that is charged to the customer in question is carried out at the end.

Implementation of 2008 System of National Accounts (2008 SNA) In Georgia – Main Changes And Challenges

In the process of active globalization, an important task of the economic agenda of any country is to ensure mutual comparability of statistical indicators. This can be achieved through the implementation of internationally approved methodologies and modern standards. The System of National Accounts is at the top of the economic pyramid. The implementation of SNA 2008 was envisaged by the Association Agreement with the European Union. In 2008, the United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development jointly released The System of National Accounts, 2008 (2008 SNA). This update better reflects the changing economic landscape and the advances in methodological research, data sources and compilation methods and provides clarification on a number of issues not clearly stated in the 1993 SNA. Timely, relevant and comprehensive national account information is a significant intellectual asset for any country, and serves important functions. Like any asset the national accounts depreciate with time. Therefore, periodic new investments are crucial, to ensure that they continue to provide high quality services to their users. Implementing 2008 SNA improved the relevance of a country’s national accounts information. In the new version of SNA, changes were introduced in various directions: updates in calculation methods, improvement of data sources, introduction of an international approach to the coverage of the economy and other methodological changes, which include the introduction of new classifications, the use of the accrual method for taxes, a change in the base period (instead of 2010, the base period 2015 is used instead of the period) and many others. Updated calculation methods were introduced in the following direction: Changes in the Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM); Improving the calculation of Imputed Rent of Own Occupied Dwellings; Capitalization of costs related to Research and Development (R&D) and others. The factor of improving the data source should also be emphasized. In this regard, it is worth noting: updating the structure of intermediate consumption on the basis of a special surveys; Special survey conducted in various sectors of economy, such as agriculture, construction, hotels and restaurants and ect. Other methodological changes include also the use of new classifications, change of the base year (2015 instead of 2010). During the implementation of new standards and methodologies, many countries face a number of challenges. In many ways, national accounts data represent an important part of a country's economic history. Of course, it is more acceptable for users to have a continuous and consistent time series, which simplifies its use in economic modeling. However, as already mentioned, this process is associated with certain difficulties, among which access to historical rows of updated data sources is noteworthy. In such cases, they need to develop models that put new concepts and methodologies into historical perspective. In order to harmonize with the indicators of the previous period, Georgia has recalculated the historical data series since 2010. The introduction of the new methodology and the above-mentioned updates caused changes in the total volume of GDP. During the implementation of new methodologies and standards, and therefore the recalculation of historical dynamic series, another important challenge is to inform users about all changes and how each change affected the main macroeconomic indicators. At the same time, users should understand that the change of methodologies and their implementation in practice is an ongoing process by which the country strives to comply with international standards. This is vitally necessary to ensure continuity of the country's integration into the world economic system and future sustainable development. Keywords: The System of National Accounts 2008, Financial Intermediate Service Indirectly Measured (FISIM), Non-observed economy, Research and Development (R&D).