Accounting System Research Articles

Research on Main Innovations and Implementation Path of the New Chinese Higher Education Financial Regulation

The recently introduced Financial System for Institutions of Higher Learning, hereinafter referred to as the "new system," represents a significant stride towards reform and efficiency in China's higher education sector. Crafted with precision, this system aims to blend the unique characteristics of higher education institutions with the principles of reform while keeping a problem-oriented perspective at its core. One of the core goals of this initiative is to boost operational efficiency. This is achieved by seamlessly integrating the new System with updated budget management regulations, the government accounting system, and state assets management procedures. This alignment with financial guidelines for public institutions is a strategic move towards fostering greater financial stability and sustainability. The genesis of these financial and economic reforms can be traced back to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Over time, these reforms have evolved in four key dimensions, signaling a profound transformation in how financial management and governance operate within the higher education realm. The effective implementation of the new system is poised to elevate the standards of financial management and governance efficiency within higher education institutions, thereby furnishing a dependable foundation for the pursuit of high-quality developments in the realm of higher education.

СТРАТЕГІЧНИЙ УПРАВЛІНСЬКИЙ ОБЛІК В СИСТЕМІ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ ЕФЕКТИВНИХ УПРАВЛІНСЬКИХ РІШЕНЬ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВІ

The article examines the specifics of the role of strategic management accounting in the process of making effective management decisions at the enterprise in modern conditions. The mechanism of the use of the tools of strategic management accounting by enterprises to ensure the achievement of competitive advantages in the market, as well as to increase the productivity of the management system, is considered. The relationship between strategic management accounting and the process of management decision-making is studied, taking into account that an effective strategic accounting system can become a key factor for successful business development. The main aspects of strategic management accounting are studied, including the definition of strategic goals, the collection and analysis of information, the development of key performance indicators and the identification of strategic alternatives. The influence of modern information technologies on the development of strategic management accounting and the possibilities of their implementation in practice are considered. It was determined that the use of strategic management accounting can provide enterprises with a systematic improvement in the quality of management decisions, reduce risks and increase the efficiency of business processes. The importance of strategic management accounting for ensuring the successful functioning of modern enterprises has been proved, and recommendations for improving this process have been formed. The key aspects of the internal and external environment that affect strategic management accounting are considered, including such factors as changes in legislation, the competitive situation on the market, changes in consumer demands, new technological trends, as well as the mechanism of their influence on the decision-making process and accounting. It was determined that strategic management accounting is a relevant tool for business entities in modern conditions of uncertainty and dynamic changes in the business environment, as it enables enterprises to be flexible and respond to changes in a timely manner, while creating conditions for achieving defined strategic goals. The importance of implementing strategic management accounting in modern business as a key factor in making effective management decisions in order to ensure the sustainable development of enterprises in dynamic conditions of market competition and uncertainty is proven.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the Accounting System of Saudi Companies

As a major player in the world market, Saudi Arabia has seen substantial adoption of artificial intelligence AI) technology in its commercial environment. This study intends to thoroughly examine the specific effects of AI on Saudi business accounting systems. This paper offers comprehensive knowledge of the consequences of AI application in the accounting sector through a thorough examination of the body of existing literature. It examines how traditional accounting methods are affected by AI-driven automation, data analysis, and decision-making processes in the Saudi Arabian environment. The viewpoints and experiences of first-hand participants in integrating AI into Saudi enterprises’ accounting systems are provided by this study through a survey distributed to important stakeholders, such as accounting professionals, technology specialists, and business leaders. This study also emphasizes how incorporating AI technology into accounting procedures may affect workforce dynamics, skill needs, and organizational structure as a whole. One of the most significant research findings is the ability of AI to process enormous volumes of data quickly and accurately, allowing for improved financial analysis, risk assessment, and forecasting. This facilitates wiser and more strategic business decisions. AI also simplified accounting processes and decreased the need for human labor, saving Saudi enterprises money. As a result, resource allocation was optimized and overall financial performance was enhanced.

Tracking unaccounted greenhouse gas emissions due to the war in Ukraine since 2022

Accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are mandatory for Parties under the Paris Agreement. Emissions reporting is important for understanding the global carbon cycle and for addressing global climate change. However, in a period of open conflict or war, military emissions increase significantly and the accounting system is not currently designed to account adequately for this source. In this paper we analyze how, during the first 18 months of the 2022/2023 full-scale war in Ukraine, GHG national inventory reporting to the UNFCCC was affected. We estimated the decrease of emissions due to a reduction in traditional human activities. We identified major, war-related, emission processes from the territory of Ukraine not covered by current GHG inventory guidelines and that are not likely to be included in national inventory reports. If these emissions are included, they will likely be incorporated in a way that is not transparent with potentially high uncertainty. We analyze publicly available data and use expert judgment to estimate such emissions from (1) the use of bombs, missiles, barrel artillery, and mines; (2) the consumption of oil products for military operations; (3) fires at petroleum storage depots and refineries; (4) fires in buildings and infrastructure facilities; (5) fires on forest and agricultural lands; and (6) the decomposition of war-related garbage/waste. Our estimate of these war-related emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide for the first 18 months of the war in Ukraine is 77 MtCO2-eq. with a relative uncertainty of +/−22 % (95 % confidence interval).

Poverty and Wealth without a Ladder? An Appraisal of the Stages of Progress Method among Agro–Pastoralists in Ethiopia’s Lower Omo Valley

Is it possible to measure wealth and poverty across settings while being faithful to local understandings? The stages of progress method (SoP) attempts to do this by building ladders of wealth in locally relevant terms and using these in comparisons across groups. This approach is potentially useful among pastoralist populations where monetary income and standard asset inventories may be misleading, and where people are discriminated against by the state and neglected by formal systems of accounting. On the basis of fieldwork among Nyangatom agro–pastoralists in Ethiopia, we expose some problematic assumptions of the SoP method. Participants did not endorse ladder-like stages from poverty to wealth distinguished by material assets, nor did they reach consensus on the definition of a poverty line. We caution that the SoP method carries risks of facipulation, and instead we advocate for multidimensional measures of prosperity based on locally relevant forms of wealth.

Evaluasi Kinerja Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Pada Laporan Keuangan

One of the important things in a company is its accounting system, where accounting is an information system that records, identifies, communicates and collects financial data that is useful in decision making. Through the existence of technology that continues to develop in each era, the availability of information systems has added value to processes, production, quality, management, decision making and problem solving as well as competitive advantages that will be beneficial for business activities. This research uses qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The type of data used is secondary data with a library study data collection method. The results of this research found that other studies showed similar results, namely that the performance of the accounting information system had an influence on decision making in financial reports.

Current state of regulatory regulation of accounting (financial) reporting: problems and prospects for development and improvement

The regulatory framework plays the main role in the system of efficient organization and competent accounting, as well as in the formation of financial statements that meet the needs of management, the requirements of regulatory bodies and other interested parties. In this article, a detailed study of the current state of regulatory regulation of the formation of financial statements was carried out, the most important problems affecting the process of development and improvement of legal regulation of the compilation, verification and co–treatment of the interests of specific groups of users were identified, a system of local regulations (standards) was proposed, regulating the development of internal regulations and accounting standards and the formation of financial and non7financial reporting. The importance and relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the development of an effective regulatory framework should be based on the disclosure of financial statements in all material aspects, which can subsequently stimulate the companies to increase business transparency. The results of the study can be used by management structures to build effective economic policies.

The role of artificial intelligence in developing the accounting system in Jordanian Islamic banks

The current study aims to determine the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in developing the accounting system (AS) in Jordanian Islamic banks. Currently, Islamic banks in Jordan are included in the research population. Using a quantitative research approach, 128 workers of Islamic banks in Jordan were chosen as a sample for this study. The study used a survey questionnaire instrument that was created based on past relevant literature and studies to collect the required data. The results indicated that there is an influence of AI (big data, intelligent agents, expert systems and automation processes) on the development of the AS in Jordanian Islamic banks. Accordingly, the study recommends that to improve AS tasks and reduce associated costs, accountants and accounting companies should always increase their understanding of artificial intelligence.

Enhancing Environmental Statistics Based on The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012 (SEEA) in the Republic of Uzbekistan

This paper advocates for the implementation of the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) as a crucial tool for enhancing the system for collecting and analysing information. The text discusses the challenges and opportunities in environmental statistics in Uzbekistan, emphasizing the importance of integrating official statistics, policy, and science to foster a green economy. It highlights the National Strategy for the Development of Statistics (2020-2025), which aims to improve environmental data collection and analysis. Despite these efforts, issues such as incomplete data, lack of public access, and inadequate coordination among state bodies persist. The study explores the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, a tool that measures the relationship between the environment and the economy, offering insights for sustainable development. Uzbekistan’s potential implementation of the SEEA is outlined, with a focus on improving environmental management, informing policy, and meeting international standards. The roadmap for the SEEA’s implementation includes stages such as methodology development, data collection, and monitoring, aimed at enhancing decision-making processes and fostering sustainable natural resource use.

Green GDP accounting system from the perspective of resources and environment and a case study of Chongqing

Abstract Green GDP represents the net positive effect of national economic growth. The positive effect of national economic growth will be enhanced if there is a higher percentage of green GDP in GDP. From the perspective of resources and environment, this paper introduces SEEA-2012 accounting system with indirect calculating methods of green GDP in China, within which the value of natural resource depletion, environmental pollution damage and environmental quality degradation are included. In order to reasonably select valid indicators and data so as to get accurate accounting results, different valuation methods and operational formulas in economics are adopted to construct a new accounting system model, and the green GDP of Chongqing City in 2018-2020 is accounted for. Results show that the green GDP of Chongqing in recent three years is 1,838.889 billion Yuan, 1,964.724 billion Yuan and 2,111.2 billion Yuan, respectively, and proportions of green GDP in traditional GDP are 90.30%, 91.01% and 89.44% respectively. By studying and analyzing the dependence of Chongqing on natural resources and the ecological environment in the process of economic development, this paper provides theoretical support for the sustainable development of the urban economy and environment, provides a reference basis for the local government to formulate economic development planning, and also provides a reference for the construction of green GDP accounting system in similar ecological areas.

Navigating digital transformation in accounting system: Challenges and opportunities

The primary objective of this study was to assess the challenges associated with the digital transformation process in the accounting systems of companies listed on the Khartoum Stock Exchange, focusing on the perspectives of senior management, financial management, and technology management. These departments were considered integral due to their profound understanding of digital transformation processes, requirements, and existing as well as anticipated challenges. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study utilized a questionnaire to gather data from 315 individuals within the study population. The results revealed a favorable inclination among Khartoum Stock Exchange-listed companies towards digital transformation, manifested through a notable automation of accounting procedures, the cultivation of a digital culture, and the adoption of strategic approaches for digital transformation. However, the study identified several challenges, including insufficient technological infrastructure at the national level, the absence of a clear national strategic plan for digital transformation, and limited financial resources allocated to digital transformation in accounting systems. The study also proposed a set of solutions to address these challenges, categorized into national and corporate levels.

The impact of digitalization in accounting systems on information quality, cost reduction and decision making: Evidence from SMEs

Accounting systems have experienced significant developments, including sophisticated software applications, automation, big data, data analytics, and so on. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of digitalization of accounting systems on the quality of accounting information and the effectiveness of management decision making in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a developing country, Indonesia. Based on the innovation diffusion theory, the hypothesis states that digitalization of the accounting system can improve accuracy and timeliness, cost reduction, and decision making. Data were obtained from questionnaire surveys to SMEs who had implemented the digitalization of the accounting systems. The results showed that the digitalization of the accounting systems had a positive effect on the accuracy and timeliness of accounting information and cost reduction. Furthermore, these two variables had a positive effect on the effectiveness of SME management decision making.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ОБЛІКУ БІЗНЕС-СУБ’ЄКТІВ АГАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ НА ЗАСАДАХ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The concept of sustainable development is one of the most vital for the domestic agricultural sector. Achieving the goals and objectives of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas requires improving the accounting and analytical support of agricultural management; the leading role is the organization of accounting. The article examines the essence of accounting for sustainable development and the place of organization in the accounting system of business entities in the context of sustainable development. At the expense of the principle of transparency is supplemented by a set of accounting principles, based on which the system of accounting and analytical support of agricultural management should be organized. The main shortcomings of the organization of accounting of agricultural formations at the present stage have been identified. The key advantages of the transition to the accounting model for sustainable development in agriculture are outlined. Among them are better opportunities for resource recovery, risk management, improved management, and increasing the investment attractiveness of agribusiness. A set of the main tasks of accounting for sustainable development in business entities of the agricultural sector has been substantiated. The priorities and composition of reporting prepared by the requirements of sustainable development standards and integrated reporting of enterprises (IR) are studied. The key features of corporate governance inherent in structures that use the principles of sustainable accounting and information support in their practice are defined. The directions of improvement of the organization of accounting based on the concept of sustainable agricultural management are substantiated, among which the following should be highlighted: supplementing the information and analytical basis with ESG data; supplementing methodological and practical provisions related to the recognition, valuation, and features of accounting for assets, liabilities, and financial results; supplementing internal management reporting with data on the social responsibility of agricultural business; increasing the agricultural company's information security, transparency, and openness. It is concluded that the organization of accounting based on sustainable development is an effective tool for improving management practices in the context of long-term social values.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TREASURY SINGLE ACCOUNT ON GOVERNMENT FINANCES BY THE GOVERNMENT OF SIERRA LEONE

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TREASURY SINGLE ACCOUNT ON GOVERNMENT FINANCES BY THE GOVERNMENT OF SIERRA LEONE

СИСТЕМА ОБЛІКУ І АНАЛІЗУ ІНЦИДЕНТІВ ЯК ЗАСІБ ЗНИЖЕННЯ ВИРОБНИЧОГО ТРАВМАТИЗМУ

Purpose. The search for methods for the formation of comprehensive statistics of industrial injuries at the enterprises of Ukraine and the creation of a system of measures to reduce the level of injuries and incidents based on it. Methodology. To achieve the goal of the study, methods of information collection and generalization, critical analysis, analytical methods (analysis of injury statistics in a number of countries), system analysis methods (for formulating theoretical and applied generalizations) have been used. Results. The relevance of determining the root causes of incidents and injuries without loss of work capacity using the "injury pyramid" has been considered. On the basis of data from the International Labor Organization on the level of industrial injuries, it has been assumed that there is a significant percentage of hidden injuries in Ukraine and that employers are not interested in keeping records of microinjuries and incidents. The application of the "incident accounting and analysis system" has been proposed as a method that allows employers and labor protection services of enterprises to form comprehensive statistics about the state and working conditions at the enterprise. Based on the collected data, employers will be able to identify the causes of injuries and directly influence the causes of their occurrence. Scientific novelty. The novelty of the research consists in the first substantiated possibility of using record cards and incident analysis as a means to reduce the level of industrial injuries. Practical significance. Preservation of the life and health of employees in the process of work is a priority of work safety specialists. Decision-making regarding the implementation of labor protection measures should be based on reliable data. The use of the proposed incident accounting and analysis system allows identifying the root causes of production incidents and may become the basis for making informed decisions for their elimination. Keywords: occupational injuries, injury pyramid, accounting and analysis of incidents, occupational safety, level of injuries.

ФИНАНСОВЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ: ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ УЧЕТНОЙ И АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКИ

When forming the financial results of organizations, an important aspect is to maintain economic security at a sufficiently high level. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to conduct permanent analysis and forecasting of various types of threats, both external and internal, as well as various risks. It should be added that the provision of accounting and analytical support comes to the fore, since it allows you to increase control and show the actual level of achievement of planned results. If the desired result is obtained, the company notes an increase in profits. The resulting profit, in turn, allows you to replenish the financial resources of the organization and create the basis for expanding production (service provision) capabilities, as well as meet the financial and social needs of staff and management. It should be noted that profit is a kind of indicator that allows you to assess the cost recovery, return on capital, sales level, etc. This paper reveals the various points of view of Russian scientists on the definition of "financial result", examines the factors and conditions that influence it. The emphasis is placed on the fact that an important aspect of increasing the effectiveness of stability in the field of national economy and the growth of sustainability is the application and subsequent modernization of the accounting and analytical support system. The author's classification of threats to the economic security of an enterprise is given, based on the study of the works of economists conducting research in this field. The connection of accounting and financial reporting with the economic security of the enterprise is established. At the end of the study, it is concluded that the way the accounting and analytical system is organized affects the economic security of individual enterprises and institutions, and the social and economic spheres of the state, and hence the economy in the world. In this regard, accounting policy plays a significant role in shaping the financial results of organizations, therefore it is necessary to permanently analyze its impact and, if necessary, make adjustments.

Customer Profitability Analysis in decision-making-The roles of customer characteristics, cost structures, and strategizing.

This study investigates the interplay between strategic goals and calculative practices, specifically Customer Profitability Analysis (CPA). Drawing on practice-based theories, the research aims to understand how managers strategize with CPA, including the balancing of financial and strategic objectives and the interplay of institutionalized practices with individual practitioners' actions. The study uses a qualitative, revelatory, and exploratory case study approach at the sub-organizational level in a manufacturing company. The researchers compare CPA practices across six departments, guided by a phenomenological research design. Data collection methods include informal conversations, qualitative observations, written documentation, numerical evidence from the accounting system, and interviews. The study offers four novel findings to the field. First, it highlights how managers employ procedural and interactive strategizing to reframe CPA practices. The sophistication of CPA practices increases with unevenly distributed customer volume, high customer-specific, controllable overhead, customer-to-customer interaction, and service complexity. Conversely, the sophistication of cost-focused CPA practices tends to decrease with diverse strategic goals. Additionally, CPA become more effective through the utilization of non-financial information, employee empowerment, localization, and strategic alignment. Second, CPA can be adapted through integrative strategizing where managers avoid using it as a financial benchmark for strategic initiatives. Third, accountants actively seek intermediary roles to incorporate arguments from strategy and marketing to balance strategic objectives-contrary to their portrayal as myopic guardians of profitability. Fourth, the localization of CPA practices to front-line employees compensates for a lack of sophisticated CPA practices. Future research should, investigate the adaptation of calculative practices in different cultures, and industries. Exploring additional contextual factors such as uncertainty, management characteristics, and linguistic framing of practices would be beneficial. Examining the interactions in utilizing CPA practices between front-line staff and customers would shed light on their effectiveness. Lastly, investigating the role of consultants in diffusing such practices would offer valuable perspectives.

СТАН СИСТЕМИ ОБЛІКУ ТА РОЗКРИТТЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ ПРО ОСНОВНІ ЗАСОБИ В ФІНАНСОВІЙ ЗВІТНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СУСПІЛЬНОГО ІНТЕРЕСУ

The accounting system for property, plant, and equipment adopted by an enterprise must effectively capture how the organization derives economic benefits from its assets. Given that accounting for property, plant, and equipment is a critical aspect of a public interest entity’s assets, it is characterized by a considerable degree of variability, and existing recommendations for accounting and disclosure according to international standards are often insufficient. Public interest entities are required by these standards to disclose information regarding key accounting estimates in their financial statements and may also provide any additional information that management believes would help users gain a more comprehensive understanding of property, plant, and equipment. Consequently, to enhance stakeholder trust, it is essential not only to justify and disclose key accounting estimates more thoroughly but also to present data on property, plant, and equipment that reflects management objectives and the organizational, technological, and economic characteristics unique to public interest entities. The aim of this article is to examine the current state of the accounting system and the disclosure of information related to property, plant, and equipment in the financial statements of public interest entities. The article explores selected accounting models for property, plant, and equipment and examines various grouping approaches for these assets. It also analyzes the depreciation policies and compares useful life terms with the tax code of Ukraine. Additionally, the article investigates the determination of the interest rate for future lease payments associated with right-of-use assets in lease agreements. Furthermore, it assesses the state of disclosures in financial statements regarding detailed information such as unfinished capital investments, prepayments for property, plant, and equipment, the cost of fully depreciated property, plant, and equipment still in use, the carrying amount of pledged property, plant, and equipment, profits or losses from the sale of property, plant, and equipment, losses from the write-off of property, plant, and equipment, and any revaluation surplus or deficit related to property, plant, and equipment.

Analysis of Carbon Footprint Assessment and Accounting System of Photovoltaic Industry under Dual-Carbon Background

With the intensification of global climate change and the growing demand for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), dual-carbon policies are on the rise globally, bringing new challenges and opportunities to the energy industry. Focusing on the photovoltaic (PV) industry, this study carries out a carbon footprint analysis in the context of dual-carbon to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current status of PV modules in terms of carbon emissions and emission reduction measures. This paper firstly summarizes the development of the PV industry, and deeply analyzes the relevant theories and methods of carbon footprint assessment and accounting system. Then, it systematically evaluates the carbon emissions of crystalline silicon PV modules throughout their life cycle, and based on this, it puts forward suggestions on strategies to reduce the carbon footprint. Finally, the opportunities and challenges that the PV industry may encounter in the process of moving towards a low-carbon future are discussed to provide a reference for decision-making and practice in this field.

Методичне забезпечення обліку логістичних витрат: проблеми та шляхи їх вирішення

Today, optimizing logistics costs based on their accounting and analysis is an essential tool for ensuring enterprises' competitiveness. The article aims to reveal the methodical principles of accounting for logistics costs and identify problematic aspects and directions for improving this process in Ukrainian enterprises. It was determined that Ukrainian researchers offer quite a lot of classification features for the grouping of logistics costs. Instead, in foreign literature, logistics costs are divided into types based on the processes that are the objects of management. In Ukraine, there is a problem of regulatory and legal support, which is manifested in the absence of an appropriate definition of the term “logistics costs” in accounting regulatory documents, separate accounts or sub-accounts in the current Chart of accounts intended for accounting for these costs, limitations of methodical support. The idea of introducing an individual account for logistics costs, proposed by many researchers, has not yet been implemented. All this complicates the accountant's work in identifying, classifying, and displaying logistics costs in the company's accounting system. At the same time, accounting and control tools (methods) are still available to the accountant, which collectively form the method of accounting for logistics costs at the enterprise, which covers their identification, measurement, analysis, monitoring and reporting. At each stage, the accountant implements appropriate methods and tools guided by his professional judgment. The work defines a list of measures that can ensure the improvement of the method of accounting for logistics costs at the enterprise. The key direction in improving the accounting for logistics costs is digitizing management processes because introducing innovative technologies makes logistics management more flexible, effective, and straightforward.