Accounting Procedures Research Articles

АНАЛИЗ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ В РОСТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В РАЗРЕЗЕ БЫСТРОРАСТУЩИХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ

This article presents the results of a study of the state of entrepreneurial activity in the Rostov region. In accordance with the procedure and methodology of statistical accounting of the Federal State Statistics Service, fast-growing enterprises are singled out as part of active enterprises, including gazelle enterprises and mouse enterprises. "fading" enterprises are also considered separately. The enterprises of the greatest research interest are gazelles - a subgroup of fast–growing enterprises whose age does not exceed five years, with an average annual increase exceeding 20% per year over a three-year period. It is on the basis of this category of active enterprises that the bulk of the increase in value added and the number of new jobs created is formed. The article presents a dynamic and structural analysis of active enterprises in the Rostov region as a whole, as well as with an emphasis on diagnosing the potential and development trends of gazelle enterprises. Conclusions are drawn regarding the state and prospects of the development of the business sector in the region, recommendations are given to the executive authorities in terms of assistance and increasing support for fast-growing companies. In Russia, a number of measures are currently in place at the federal level to support domestic private high-tech and fast-growing companies. But at the regional level, on the basis of a systematic approach, fast-growing companies are not supported. The main conclusions of this article can be taken as a justification for the need to develop an appropriate regional policy to support gazelle enterprises.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN SAK EMKM DALAM MENYUSUN LAPORAN KEUANGAN UMKM

Seeing the importance of applying accounting for UMKM, the IAI as a professional organization as well as a compiler of Financial Accounting Standards (SAK) through the Financial Accounting Standards Board (DSAK) composes accounting standards that are consistent with the characteristics of UMKM. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that, (1) Bookkeeping carried out on UMKM is still limited to business reports which are prepared not in accordance with financial accounting standards, but the entity considers them as financial statements. (2) The entity has not conducted accounting procedures in accounting. (3) UMKM have not implemented SAK-EMKM. (4) The entity has not been able to present financial statements in accordance with the SAK-EMKM.

Сущность синергетического подхода к управлению доходами и расходами в холдингах в условиях санкционных ограничений и неопределенности

New approaches to the management of income and expenses of holding-type production enterprises are being investigated in order to increase the efficiency of their work during the introduction of sanctions restrictions and economic uncertainty. The impact of the imposed sanctions and restrictions on the problems arising from the management of enterprises associated with the violation of the usual logistics links with suppliers of materials, components and high-tech equipment, the refusal of foreign customers to fulfill their obligations under already concluded contracts and the discussion of new contracts is revealed. All this leads to a decrease in sales revenue, an increase in costs, and a change in the structure of the company’s expenses. It is determined that economic uncertainty complicates the choice of scenarios for the development of economic activity, causes the need to adjust the accepted tactical and strategic management concepts of enterprise development. Managers have to identify sources of revenue growth by integrating production, warehouse, and transport companies into the perimeter of the holding. The distinctive features of the holdings are formulated and the reasons that motivate the management to integration transformations are identified. It is revealed that some of the mergers and acquisitions are not effective due to the lack of a clear understanding of the further joint interaction of the combined enterprises. At the stage of the integration plan, it is necessary to form hypotheses about the presence of interconnections in the group structure – technologies, supply, product quality control, storage, management infrastructure, sales, etc.; sources of interconnections – common types of products, common technologies, sales channels, generalized buyers, common management functions; possible forms of joint activities – joint production technologies, joint storage, joint transportation; joint use of the competencies of the staff of the parent company. In this regard, it becomes urgent to search for a new approach to managing income and expenses at production holdings, which requires improving accounting procedures based on the management of the holding as a system of enterprises with synergetic properties that can influence changes in the scale of income and expenses.

Pendampingan Pembuatan Nomor Induk Berusaha dalam Rangka Pengembangan UMKM

Branta Pasisir Village is a village with a livelihood as a fisherman, entrepreneur, etc. One aspect that is very important in business development (MSMEs) is the existence of business legality. NIB is a business identity number used by business actors to obtain business licenses. The Field Work Lecture activity was carried out by the KKN 14 group due to a lack of knowledge and the importance of NIB in Branta Pasisir Village in making Business Identification Numbers. The goal to be achieved from this Real Work Lecture program is to provide assistance to UMKM actors in Branta Pasisir Village regarding account creation and procedures for managing legality through Online Single Submission (OSS). The method used consists of 3 stages, namely observation or survey, counseling or socialization related to NIB, and implementation of assistance and creation of NIB. UMKM that are willing and successful in being registered for making an NIB so that they can obtain a legality certificate

Evaluation of the Implementation of the Fixed Asset Accounting Security Procedure System in the Regional Government of Bogor Regency

The Bogor Regency regional government must present detailed financial reports describing asset values, regulated in Government Accounting Standard Regulation No. 7 of 2010. On the other hand, the problem in regional asset management is the lack of orderly administration and legal order which has resulted in regional assets, especially regional fixed assets, not being able to be properly and accurately inventoried, the lack of previous technology, which is still limited makes some of the data owned by the Government Regions are not valid, coupled with Human Resources (HR) which are still very limited. The research aims to examine the implementation of the Fixed Assets Accounting Systems and Procedures and the safeguarding of fixed assets that the Government of Bogor Regency has implemented. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, which is a method that describes the problems or cases raised based on existing facts based on specific facts and then examines them to solve problems and draw general conclusions. The Bogor Regency Government 2013 launched the Regional Goods Cycle Information Technology Application (ATISISBADA), which implements Fixed Assets Accounting Systems and Procedures and safeguards fixed assets. The technology-based fixed asset information system assists administration or online administrative/inventory recording that coordinates the Management of Regional Property in Bogor Regency, which has 40 Districts and 38 SKPDs or Regional Apparatuses with a large number of assets in the Bogor Regency Government with a considerable value. The conclusion of the research on securing regional property on fixed assets in Bogor Regency is good regarding procedures or implementation of regional property management, especially on physical, administrative, and legal security.

Perceptions of Non-Government Organisations Managers About International Financial Reporting Standards in NGOs Sector: A Case Study of a Large NGO in Durban, South Africa

The role of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) in the growth of organisations has expanded significantly in recent literature. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are crucial in global affairs and have different operating contexts, but it is unclear how their use of IFRS is of sufficient quality to satisfy various stakeholders' interests. On this question, this article investigated the managers' perceptions of IFRS practices and quality in a large NGO in Durban, South Africa. A qualitative approach was employed, and data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 24 purposively selected participants. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed. Robustness analysis was performed using conventional thematic content analysis. Evidence from this study showed that despite adopting IFRS accounting and financial procedures, the managers of the selected NGO found it difficult to have quality financial statements due to IFRS for SMEs failing to fit NGOs' operating context. This article established NGOs managers' perceptions of the role of IFRS in managing diverse NGOs stakeholders' interests, provided recommendations applicable to similar NGOs globally and contributed to the scholarly debates for policymakers and practitioners on using IFRS for SMEs in NGOs. This study has also provided a very robust plan for future researchers.

Technologies and trends of accounting, reporting and control in the conditions of development of the digital environment of public administration

The article deals with topical issues of accounting, reporting and control, including technologies, trends in budgetary institutions in the context of the transition of institutions to the scheme of providing accounting procedures for centralized accounting. Legal iterations, problems of state regulators in the field of research, including the regulatory framework, ensuring the methodology of accounting for documentation on electronic document management, are updated, while special attention is paid to the impact of electronic document management on the process of internal audit in the digital environment. The paradigm of technological sovereignty in legal iterations of digital transformations in the national project “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” is proposed. In the course of the research, general scientific and specific methods were used, among which one can distinguish the method of scientific abstraction, institutional method, methods of analysis (systemic, legal, functional, structural, economic) and synthesis, accounting method, logical method, classification method. The research results reflect the depth of the specifics of systematization, interpretation of conceptual trends in the development of the digital accounting environment reflected in the regulations of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, including centralization, accounting methodology, reporting and control in the public sector. The algorithm of optimal inclusion of the public sector in the interoperable mechanism of development, control and maintenance of smart control, electronic duplicates, “digital storages” is presented. The features of the introduction of modern information and communication technologies into the system of functioning of budgetary institutions and electronic document management systems in the current conditions of socio-economic development of society are noted. The research results will be useful to a wide range of readers interested in the processes of digitalization and centralization of accounting of budgetary institutions.

The rationality of adaptive decision-making and the feasibility of optimal growth planning

Rationality, the premise of economics, is an ideal behavioral norm. In the real world, however, intertemporal decision-making is based on adaptive behavioral principles from companies to individual households. It bases on managerial accounting procedures, whereby action plans are formulated and implemented, differences from actual results are recognized, and revisions accumulate over time. We take the intertemporal decision-making problem of households’ consumption/saving (investment) planning in this paper. And we compare the validity of rationality and adaptability as decision-making principles. First, rational decision-making in the optimal growth model leads to a unique path. However, optimal growth planning is practically unstable on the saddle-point path and can only realize if it assumes rationality leading to perfect foresight. On the other hand, the growth paths guided by budget-controlled adaptive decision-making are diverse and distributed in the myriad around the optimal growth path. This redundancy creates stability in the management and operation of the plan. Because through the trial-and-error process of planning and actual comparison, we can implement a more advantageous plan while allowing for multiple next-best goals, including the optimal growth path. Moreover, the numerical results show that the sequentially adaptive consumption/investment planning is comparable to the optimal growth plan on a social welfare basis calculated by accumulating consumption utility and is practically manageable. For example, paths that exceed 0.9 as a ratio to the optimal growth plan are reachable from the initial planning stage at a ratio of 0.58. Based on the above results, we can now analyze intertemporal economic problems with this realistic, practical, and simple method, replacing dynamic optimization ones.

Intensive and Extensive Margins of Export Diversification as Strategies for Sustainable Economic Growth: Evidence from the Nigerian Economy

Two opposite strands of literature analysing export diversification’s role in promoting sustainable growth have evolved in international economics and development, namely, the intensive and extensive margins of exports. This study empirically investigates which of the margin is more useful towards promoting sustainable growth using annual time series data of Nigeria for the period 1960–2021. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and innovative accounting procedure were employed. The ARDL results reveal that both margins significantly enhance growth in short and long run. However, importance of the extensive margin, in aggregate, dominates that of the intensive margin. Likewise, the results from innovative accounting procedures reveal that although both margins contribute positively to growth, the contribution to growth of extensive margin dominates over that of the intensive margin. These results, thus, lend credence to the extensive-margin exposition, which postulates that the export of extant commodities to new market destinations or export of new commodities to new and/or old market destinations plays a relatively more important role in export growth/diversification and, ultimately, sustainable growth. The study recommends that governments should develop and implement economic policies aimed at enhancing exports of value-added commodities—due to their relatively high income and price elasticities over primary commodities—to maximise the benefits in the extensive margin. JEL Codes: F10, F14, O10, O12, O50, O55

Undergraduates and Political Science Research: Insights from Research Assistants in a Minority-Serving Institution Lab

ABSTRACTThis study examines undergraduate research experiences at a minority-serving institution (MSI) in a political science laboratory. Students contributed to projects in a collaborative research lab at the University of California Riverside that involves undergraduate and graduate students in projects related to health and politics. Adopting a participatory approach to research, the study’s research participants also are coauthors who co-created the research protocols; collected the data; transcribed, coded, and analyzed the data; and wrote up the findings. Our analysis of 12 in-depth interviews with current and former undergraduate research assistants (RAs) found that their work in the lab challenged their perceptions of what research is and what it means to do research; shaped their path to pursue graduate studies; developed their social and professional skills; and offered an inclusive and humanizing experience with graduate students and faculty members. Challenges that the RAs mentioned included time management, bureaucratic accounting and payroll procedures, and feelings of self-doubt; the lab’s culture of inclusion and independence mitigated some of these challenges. Our findings align with the scholarly literature that suggests collaborative research opportunities can have beneficial outcomes, particularly for students from groups that are underrepresented in doctoral programs.

Application of the Internet of Things and 6G Cellular Communication to Optimize Accounting and International Marketing

Digitalization of marketing forms preconditions for personalization and individualization of advertising promotion of goods (works, services). Databases about consumer preferences and market situation are at the disposal of major international corporations, which makes it difficult for advertisers and admen. It is envisaged that the development of technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) and 6G cellular communication should change the situation in the field of processing and using information for accounting, management and marketing purposes. The purpose of the scientific research lies in optimization of accounting and international marketing in terms of determining income, expenses and, accordingly, profits from the lease of commercial and advertising space in all international participants of lease relations on the basis of information generated by innovative technologies of the Internet of Things and cellular communication of the sixth communication generation. In particular, the method of using technologies of the Internet of Things and 6G cellular networks was developed for obtaining information about the movement of visitors of commercial establishments and their consumer preferences. The procedure for recognition and accounting of all market participants’ income, expenses and, accordingly, financial results from the lease of commercial and advertising space has been developed, including operators of commercial establishments, advertisers, admen, and leasers. The organization of accounting the lease of commercial and advertising areas as part of international economic activity of enterprises has been optimized by providing international access to information and software and technical resources of the Internet of Things and cellular communication. Management decisions have been made as a reaction to information from a database about visiting commercial establishments. Based on the authors’ proposals, the order of circulation of accounting and management information and funds from buyers to operators of trade networks, trade establishments, advertising agencies and, finally, producers of goods (works, services) are proposed through the systems of international information relations that form a closed cycle of economic activity at the global level and require further scientific research.

Weaving and Layering Funding: A Territorial Health Agency's Guide to Effective Health Financing.

State and territorial health agencies can optimize programmatic funding through braiding and layering strategies. The Commonwealth Healthcare Corporation, a territorial health agency located on the Pacific Island of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), restructured its Non-Communicable Disease Bureau into 4 new units. Existing funding streams were braided and layered to support the restructuring. A shared vision of strengthening crosscutting connections to improve population health outcomes helped guide the restructuring process. Vision planning with leaders and funding partners, establishing buy-in within agency and external partners, and assessing immediate impacts were a few of the steps taken by the agency to ensure a successful restructuring. The immediate impact of the restructure has been positive. In both the CNMI and select states that have undertaken similar efforts, braiding and layering funding has facilitated more streamlined processes, coordinated approaches across programs and funding partners, and provided deeper levels of trust in partnerships. Although it is still too early to draw long-term assessments in the CNMI, the agency projects that coordinated funds will strengthen its foundational capabilities and promote a more community-centered, collaborative, and effective approach to public health. Restructuring the Non-Communicable Disease Bureau through braiding and layering funds gives the agency the flexibility it needs to more effectively address the social determinants of health and local population health priorities through a client-centered approach, ultimately improving health outcomes for the commonwealth. The agency experienced several challenges throughout the restructuring process that offer lessons learned for addressing effective health financing. For example, ample time is needed at the beginning of the braiding and layering process to establish policies and procedures for efficient accounting, documenting, and reporting. In addition, ongoing support and training opportunities for programmatic teams can smooth out the transition from siloed to braided and layered funding structures. These lessons, in addition to key elements mapped out by experienced state health agencies, can guide and prepare other agencies interested in implementing innovative funding mechanisms.

Simplified Accounting Procedures for Small-Scale Banks: Insights from Bank Sampah Cangkringan Berseri

This research aimed to investigate the accounting process used at Bank Sampah Cangkringan Berseri, Kec. Sukodono, Kab. Sidoarjo, Indonesia, from transaction analysis to financial report preparation. The data collection process involved triangulation techniques, including interviews, observation, and documentation. The data were analyzed for validity, reduced, classified, and presented. The findings indicated that Bank Sampah Cangkringan Berseri did not take a profit-sharing approach but instead took the difference between the selling price to collectors. The accounting records were kept in simple formats to facilitate easy understanding by other administrators. The research revealed that the bank only used a few accounting stages, including transaction analysis, original evidence collection, journal entry recording, ledger recording, and financial reporting. This simplified process was due to the bank's small scale, which did not require a balance sheet, adjusting journal entries, and a trial balance. The implication of the research is that small-scale banks can adopt simplified accounting procedures to reduce operational complexity and costs.
 Highlights:
 
 
 Bank Sampah Cangkringan Berseri did not take a profit-sharing approach but instead took the difference between the selling price to collectors.
 
 
 The research revealed that the bank only used a few accounting stages, including transaction analysis, original evidence collection, journal entry recording, ledger recording, and financial reporting. This simplified process was due to the bank's small scale, which did not require a balance sheet, adjusting journal entries, and a trial balance.
 
 
 The implication of the research is that small-scale banks can adopt simplified accounting procedures to reduce operational complexity and costs.
 

BANK GUARANTEE PROCEDURE

The article studies some aspects of the procedure of bank guarantees, the mechanism of its implementation, the characteristics of some types of bank guarantees, its specific features in the structure of banking services, procedure of accounting of bank guarantees, and relationships among principal, bank-guarantor, and beneficiary. The specific aspects of bank guarantees were analyzed and scientific conclusions were formed

METHODOLOGY OF AUDITING INSURANCE ORGANIZATIONS

Based on the characteristics of insurance organizations, this article considers the processes of organizing accounting and, as a result, organizing audits. Also, the article describes the procedure of accounting of insurance organizations, analysis processes, comprehensive assessment of insurance organization's activities, the concept of insurance audit according to international practice. In addition to the above, the article provides a comparative opinion of scholars on financial reporting. Organization of audits in insurance organizations, application of analytical procedures for generalization of audit results, and results of effective audits were discussed. In addition, the article provides important conclusions and practical recommendations on the methodology of auditing insurance organizations, thereby revealing the essence of the scientific article

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ: ПОДХОДЫ, МЕТОДЫ, ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

Technological changes form the basis of modern economic development, however, in order to study their influence and features, as well as to develop control actions, it is necessary to adequately measure the level of technological effectiveness of the economy. The purpose of the study is to identify the limitations of existing approaches and methods for measuring technological development, indicating what prospects there are in terms of their improvement or the development of new ways to assess the level of manufacturability and emerging technologies. The methodology is based on the economic theory of technological development, statistical approaches to measuring the level of technological effectiveness of the economy, performance assessment, and comparative analysis is applied. The result is reduced to a reasonable position that the existing methods for measuring the level of manufacturability essentially do not reveal the true content of this concept, do not reflect the manufacturability of the economy. Thus, it is required to revise and introduce new accounting, measurement and statistical procedures covering the issues of technological development. The measuring apparatus for technological modes, the “knowledge economy” also requires perfection, which is proposed in this study. By modes, it is important to measure the distribution of policy instruments and the structure of technologies in each mode, for which accounting for specific types of technologies and the construction of technological maps can be used. The “knowledge economy”, which symbolizes a high level of technological development, needs to be measured in its purest form by the volume of sectors responsible for the creation, transfer, replication and application of advanced knowledge. Evaluation of productive jobs needs to be revised — from measuring wages in the workplace, as it is today, to measuring the level of its automation and intellectualization.

The Impact of Managerial Accounting Techniques on Small and medium Enterprises to Achieve Profits within the Amman Capital City of Jordan

This study was aimed at looking into how managerial accounting methods affect small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs') ability to turn a profit in Jordan's capital city of Amman. The specific objective was to identify the different MATs used by SMEs in Jordan, the extent to which these management accounting techniques (MATs) impact the profitability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and to identify challenges faced by SMEs. Amman while using MAT. The number of SMEs in Amman is 1400. To obtain the sample, the multi-organizational inspection method is utilized. Following the selection of these 30 SMEs, population strata were divided into two categories: small (10–19 employees) and medium initiatives. This was done through the use of rigorous testing procedures (20 - 99 employees). The managers of these organizations filled out 100 questionnaires, of which 77 were carried out by men and 23 by women. However, 200 surveys were completed by the personnel of these SMEs (148 men and 52 women). The public is found to benefit from competition in the market and owner/manager involvement. The researchers have provided some recommendations in light of the findings that will assist Jordanian small and medium-sized businesses in turning a profit by utilizing managerial accounting procedures.

О НЕДОСТАТКАХ НОРМАТИВНОЙ РЕГЛАМЕНТАЦИИ ДОГОВОРНО-ПРАВОВОЙ РАБОТЫ, ПРОВОДИМОЙ ОРГАНАМИ ВНУТРЕННИХ ДЕЛ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Contractual and legal work carried out by the bodies of internal affairs of the Russian Federation is quite a voluminous area of activity, as it is regulated by a wide range of rapidly changing legislation. This work has a protective nature and is carried out for the proper implementation of the tasks and powers entrusted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. For the most part, such units as rear, accounting and legal service of law enforcement agency are involved in contractual-legal work.
 Currently, there are a number of shortcomings in the implementation of this direction of work, which is confirmed by the negative judicial statistics on claims related to the contractual activity of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. In this regard, it is necessary to further investigate the causes that contribute to violations of contractual legal work and to develop measures aimed at their elimination. The author proposes ways to address the causes under consideration, in particular, it is advisable to develop and adopt a departmental order governing the unified procedure for preparation, execution, coordination, registration, accounting and storage of procurement documents, draft agreements (state contracts), additional agreements to an agreement (state contract), agreements on termination of an agreement (state contract), protocols of disagreements.

Possibilities of Science in Innovative Development: “Measuring Technologies”

The purpose of the study is to identify the main conditions that ensure the influence of science on innovation, especially in terms of technological innovation. Comparative and structural analysis, application of measurement procedures, and evaluation of empirical data constitute the methodology of the study. The results of the study can be reduced to a number of provisions confirmed by analysis. Firstly, in Russia, in the course of permanent reorganizations, the institutional, informational, funding, and even personnel potential (due to a reduction in the number of researchers) was greatly weakened. Thus, the impact of scientific knowledge on the innovation process was clearly reduced, although the thesis that innovations are always results of scientific activities is difficult to dispute. Secondly, we should not talk about it as a direct relationship, but through the time lags. It is they who become a stumbling block in the conducting and planning current scientific and technological policy. Thirdly, the author has showed the main problems of technological innovation in Russia, identified in the course of many years of author’s research, supporting the important conclusion about the lack of an accurate representation and measurement of the level of technological effectiveness of the economy. The author has also proposed to solve this problem by detailing and improving accounting and statistical procedures in the field of technology, e. g., by means of technological maps, as well as by introducing an indicator as technology coverage of relevant objects (enterprises, regions, etc.). The current piece measurement of technologies does not consider coverage. Such an omission causes a significant distortion in the assessment of the technological level, as well as in further studies of the relationship between basic science, R&D, and technological development.

Control and Management of Funds at the Health Service: Empirical Evidence from Ghana

The goal of the research is to evaluate the control and management of funds for the Ghana Health Service. The precise goals were to examine the relationship between budget practices and control and management of funds, to analyze the relationship between financial accountability and control and management of funds, and to assess whether the financial control system affects the control and management of funds. The survey method was used in an investigation a total of 100 employees from the Atua Government Hospital's population of 323 were used in the study. A panel data regression was used to analyze the questionnaire with a carefully constructed model. The result showed that budgetary practices have a substantial impact on the control and management of funds. This indicates that as improved financial procedures are implemented the amount of excellent healthcare given increases. The report also found that the Atua Government Hospital had high budgetary practices. It is advised that the administration of the Atua Government Hospital follow the proposed control measure standard matrix which will serve as a blueprint standard procedure to help the Atua hospital and other hospitals in Ghana to develop a budgeting accounting procedure in the areas of plans and budgets, Finally, it is recommended that the management of the Atua Government Hospital should develop a plan to review their financial management practices regularly to meet global standards.