Account System Research Articles

Digitalization of accounting processes at small and medium-sized business enterprises

The article highlights and analyzes trends in the use of information systems in accounting. The main advantages of using software products in the work of accounting staff are revealed. Transformation of professional skills of an accountant requires from him today not only knowledge of accounting methods, but also the ability to quickly and fully master modern technologies for collecting, processing and exchanging information. The history of development and formation of information systems is investigated. The main reasons for the beginning of the use of software products in enterprises in order to simplify and optimize the accounting process in different areas of accounting are outlined. The essence of the concept of "digitalization" is revealed. The orientation of the company's development strategy on digitalization is a prerequisite for its effective work and increase competitiveness. The authors reviewed software solutions of domestic and foreign developers, as well as among them a number of those that can be used by small and medium enterprises to digitize and simplify accounting. Software products greatly facilitate the process of enterprises and their accounting. Information systems speed up the process of information processing, summarization and storage, which in turn reduces the workload of the specialist. Every accounting program is evolving and improving. Given the recent changes in the country, the market of information systems and technologies has increased many times by domestic developments, which, in turn, compete with foreign software products. The information systems market has become attractive for world-class companies that develop lightweight versions of their own programs, as well as adapt them to the needs of Ukrainian users.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ МЕТОДИКИ АУДИТУ ПРИБУТКУ

In the article the necessity of receiving of high-quality information about the income of a subject who manages different groups of users for the acceptance of administrative decisions is considered. It is set that the audit of reflection of income indexes in accounting will allow information users to get a confidence in her authenticity. The improvement of audit income methodology will contribute in the efficiency rise during the verification with the aim of offering an independent opinion of an accountant. A conceptual model is worked out with the purpose, which represents key moments of audit of income authenticity in the different forms of accounting: the retained earnings in Balance, forming of net income in Report on financial results, rightness’s of his taxation in the Tax return and legality of the use in Report on a property asset. The indicated model serves as basis for development of the detailed program of audit of income. In the program concrete tasks are determined on all stages of verification, for which the list of methods and accountant’s procedures are selected. Moreover, information sources are selected for research of a problem and working documents. Such program must become the detailed organizationally-methodical instruction for every performer with definitions of tasks implementation. Greater part of enterprise’s income is formed from the main activity, as a difference between a net profit from realization and realized unit cost. Therefore, it is possible to set authenticity of forming of result of accountant’s basic activity after confirmation of terms of confession of profits and charges, rightness of their forming, reflection in the system of account and reports. During the test of correctness of income tax calculation, an accountant studies the object and rate of taxation, especially paying attention to enterprise’s activity terms that allow applying favorable tax treatments. The size of income depends on optimization of the tax loading that is the subject of the business entity’s personal interest. During the verification of profit-using operations constituent documents and annual protocols of founders’ gatherings are investigated in detail that allows learning the sanctioned directions of the enterprise’s income using, check exactness of the realizable withholdings and rightness of the done book-keeping records. At the same time, it is important to pay attention not only to quantitative indexes, but also to analyze quality of income, since this information will be useful for decision making of all groups of the interested users.

ACCOUNTING ANALYSIS ON EURASIAN COUNTRIES BY APPLYING THE EDGEWORTH’S BOX

Accounting systems record transactions of goods, services, and products exchanged between units of activities in an economy. The exchanges made are also exchanges of valuations between the accounts as parts and counterparts of their accounting record. The national accounts systems report the activity carried out by a nation in a period, and the financial statements are a synthesis of the decision-making adopted. The paper analyzes the Eurasian economies by showing their accounting equilibria in an Edgeworth box. The measurement of their positions explains the level of risk adopted in a period, which can be transmitted visually to those who participate in the development of a common project. The analysis justifies that the financing of an economy must maintain a productive capacity to obtain a monetary saving greater than the economic result of the period. This criterion indicates whether the activity carried out is a position of growth, risk, or migration. According to the explanatory level of the economic and financial behavior of analyzed economies, the Edgeworth box has become the laboratory of the research developed in the paper, and accounting is considered a positive science of the social sciences.

An Approach to Economics-Environmental Relations from Expanding the Input-Output System

In the last few decades, the relationship between economy and environment has become the concern of many scholars, there have been many studies linking economic development and environmental pollution. Even the United Nations has introduced an economic-environmental linkage framework such as System of Environmental-Economics Accounts (SEEA) that is compatible with the System of National Accounts (SNA). This study attempts to provide a theoretical framework based on Miyazawa’s ideas on interregional model and demographic-economic model in order to improve the integration between economy and waste.

E-GOVERNMENT AND BUREAUCRATIC CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA: SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES

This paper explored the successes and challenges of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) adoption in the combat against bureaucratic corruption in the Nigerian public service. This study adopted a qualitative approach via in-depth interviews for data collection and thematic analysis. Interviews were conducted within purposively sampled public officials with over ten years of experience in the public service. Two major themes were identified; successes and challenges encountered in the fight against bureaucratic corruption with the use of ICT. It is discovered in this paper that ICT has played a significant role in the combat against bureaucratic corruption by increasing the revenue of the government through the Integrated Personnel Payroll Information System (IPPIS) and Treasury Single Account (TSA) systems. However, challenges faced in this regard can be attributed to the infrastructural gap, shortage of ICT skilled personnel, and resistance by the public officials. It is therefore recommended that for the little success to be sustainable, those challenges must be mitigated.

Active Political Participation of Citizens and Its Impact on Building Democratic Government System: The Case of Wolaita Zone

The main objective of this study is to assess the importance of active political participation of citizens and its impact on building democratic Government system: the case of Wolaita zone. Active political participation is currently becoming an important issue in the development endeavor of the To conduct this study mixed approaches of both qualitative quantitative data were employed. The questionnaire and interview were used to obtain the data. Whereas, the findings indicate that active political participation is important to build democratic, it creates an accountable and transparent administrative system, good governance as well as peace and stability in the Zone. Political participation establishes good governance like democratic and fair governance system. If there is democratic and fair governance, there is fair distribution of public services and equality between citizens. But the absence of political participation brings the absence of good governance. Political participation is one of the criteria or the guideline for a good governance system. So that the researcher concludes that all of the respondents have participated in political life and they have the experience of participation in the study area. This shows that they established a strong and good governance system by political participation in the area. The challenges of citizen’s non participation or peoples not participating in politics or in solving community problems mainly due to lower socio-economic status; individuals are not initiated to participate in the politics, limited time and money, lack of information and knowledge about the issue, lack of confidence and ability. The possible measures are recommended to promote active political participation of the citizens in the study area.

COVIDECONOMICS: The Evaluation of COVID-19 Economic Effects

COVIDECONOMICS: The Evaluation of COVID-19 Economic Effects

Computational Intelligence Approach for Municipal Council Elections Using Blockchain

Blockchain is an innovative technology that disrupts different industries and offers decentralized, secure, and immutable platforms. Its first appearance is connected with monetary cryptocurrency transactions, followed by adaptation in several domains. We believe that blockchain can provide a reliable environment by utilizing its unique characteristics to offer a more secure, costless, and robust mechanism suitable for a voting application. Although the technology has captured the interest of governments worldwide, blockchain as a service is still limited due to lack of application development experience, technology complexity, and absence of standardized design, architecture, and best practices. Therefore, this study aims to build an imperial example for a blockchain electronic voting (e-voting) application using digital identity management for fulfilling immutable, transparent, and secure distributed blockchain features. The paper reviews the current types of e-voting systems and discusses the standard processes. We propose a conceptual design for a blockchain providing a digital identity management service to secure the e-voting application results. The blockchain development process implemented in this study follows the Proof of Concept to verify the e-voting application’s function for illustrating the architecture and description of the application’s business process model. The development is based on the Ethereum platform, which allows the implementation of the Proof of Work consensus algorithm. The developed e-voting application saves time, requires fewer processes, and results in higher accuracy, more transparency, considerable voters’ privacy, and accountable system management. We expect that the e-voting blockchain application will impact governmental processes during the election, reduce spending, support digital transformation, and ensure fairness of results.

Tri-Objective Optimal PMU Placement Including Accurate State Estimation: The Case of Distribution Systems

This paper presents a tri-objective Optimal Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) Placement (OPP) strategy that is focused on the minimization of i) the total number of PMU channels, ii) the maximum state estimation uncertainty based only on high-rate PMU data and iii) the sensitivity of state estimation to line parameter tolerances. The proposed formulation keeps into account system observability with and without contingencies due to single-line and PMU faults. Also, it includes the effect of possible zero-injection buses and a-priori constraints on both the number of PMU channels and the type of PMU measurements performed at each bus. Due to the nonlinear combinatorial nature of the proposed OPP problem, this is solved through a custom implementation of the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The analysis of the proposed OPP strategy is focused on distribution systems. The placement results obtained using four test systems of different size show that increasing the number of buses instrumented with PMUs and/or the number of PMU channels beyond given thresholds just leads to larger costs with negligible further reductions in both state estimation uncertainty and sensitivity to line parameters tolerances. Moreover, if PMUs with just two three-phase channels are used, we can avoid instrumenting between 30% and 40% of buses with a minor impact on state estimation performance even in the case of contingencies. This percentage can be slightly increased if multi-channel PMUs are used. However, this choice generally is not profitable.

ФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ПРО ІНВЕСТИЦІЇ В ФІНАНСОВІЙ ЗВІТНОСТІ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The economic situation of our state requires adequate decisions on the direction of investment processes to achieve a positive economic and social effect. Making sound management decisions is impossible in the case of distorted information about economic, including investment activities of the enterprise. Topical issues of information on investments in the reporting of construction companies were investigated The article presents the results of a study on the issue of disclosure in the reporting of construction companies of information on investments in scientific and practical publications of Ukraine for 2006-2020. As a result, we concluded that this issue remains unresolved and therefore is relevant. The purpose of this article was to systematize and summarize the results of research on accounting issues to disclose information about investments to improve the system of indicators of financial reporting on investment activities of economic entities in the construction industry. The article proposes to reflect the costs of staff development, modernization and implementation of new information systems in accounting and financial reporting as part of intangible assets under the following conditions: potential benefits, availability of control and the possibility of monetary measurement. Recommendations for improving the accounting and analytical support of management of construction companies with information about the volume of capital investments and sources of their financing are provided.

Особенности учёта системы ограничений по использованию ресурсов при распределении средств управления космическими аппаратами

Проведен анализ особенностей учёта системы ограничений по использованию средств управления космическими аппаратами (КА) при их распределении. Показано влияние различных видов ограничений на возможность включения в план распределения средств поступивших заявок на использование средств управления КА без изменения их характеристик. Представлена математическая постановка задачи учета ограничений по использованию отдельных средств управления при РСУ КА. Приведена классификация конфликтных ситуаций, вызванных ограничениями по использованию средств управления КА. The features of taking into account system of restrictions on using ground stations during their scheduling are analyzed. The influence of various types of restrictions on possibilities of including received requests on using ground stations into schedule are shown. The mathematical formulation of taking into account restrictions on using separate ground stations during their scheduling is presented. The classification of conflict situations caused by restrictions on using ground stations is given.

Modelling the predictors of e-service use among information systems users

PurposeThis paper sought to validate a proposed e-service use model that takes into account system's environment and user factors as plausible determinants of an information system's (IS) use that are not accounted for by previous IS use models. The aim is to establish the applicability of the model for e-services and IS design, implementation and use.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a quantitative approach to data collection and analysis. Using a systematic multi-stage random sampling, data were collected from 400 university e-library users and analysed using regression analysis to test the hypothesised relationships.FindingsInternal system factors (particularly service quality), user satisfaction, e-service environment factors and user factors (gender, programme of study, level of study and computer/IT self-efficacy) predicted the use of e-services. These findings are partly similar to and partly different from those of the earlier studies, suggesting that more studies are needed to test the comprehensive model of e-services’ use.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a replicated study and as such made use of a similar population. These findings, therefore, cannot be generalised to other organisations with users of different demographic profiles.Practical implicationsFirst, the use of the services provided through an IS is predicted by factors other than user satisfaction, system, service and information qualities. Second, system administrators, designers, library administrators and managers must ensure that these factors are considered during the design, implementation and use of ISs.Social implicationsThe paper argues for the need to design e-services and ISs with consideration for user attributes that may lead to social exclusion if not considered. This is because the environment where an IS is hosted can be a driver of e-services use, especially if management provides the enabling environment in terms of optimal staffing, training, user support and periodic e-service evaluation.Originality/valueThis paper extends research effort in understanding the predictors of use of ISs beyond the traditional system's attributes (information, service and system qualities) to include system environment and user factors.

Resiliency-based restoration optimization for dependent network systems against cascading failures

Due to the increasing importance of large-scale and complex network systems and the potential for massive cascading failures in these real-world systems, modeling of system resiliency and optimization of restoration strategies to mitigate system performance loss caused by diverse disruptions is of significant interest among researchers and practitioners. Although society has experienced many incidents that demonstrate the influence of cascading failures aggravated by dependencies inside network systems, existing resiliency-based restoration optimization research rarely if ever jointly considers the impact of system dependencies on cascading failures. In this paper, different restoration prioritization strategies are applied to network systems subject to cascading failures that take into account system dependencies. By conducting case studies on synthetic networks and the U.S. airport network system, the effects of restoration strategies are evaluated using a system resiliency metric and two system performance measurements. The influence of system dependency characteristics and the interplay between them and restoration strategies on system resiliency regarding cascading failures are also investigated. This work demonstrates the distinct effects of restoration prioritization actions against cascading failures to mitigate the performance loss in network systems with different properties. It also provides insights about restoration improvement by considering dependency impacts to effectively reduce the intensity and extent of cascading failures.

Multiplier effects by sector: an input-output analysis of the Greek economy

This study presents sectoral output, gross value added and employment multipliers for the Greek economy based on the most recent Input-Output tables of 2015, which were compiled according to the European System of Accounts (ESA) 2010. Our analysis utilises the Leontief model, in both the “open” and “closed” variations with respect to households’ consumption, which allows to assess, at a disaggregated sectoral level, the direct and indirect production effects, as well as the induced consumption effects caused by exogenous changes in the final demand of each sector. The multipliers offer an up-to-date and systematic ranking of sectors according to their economy-wide potential impact owing to their technological features and inter-sectoral linkages.

A New Way to Measuring the GDP in the COVID-19 Crisis: The Input-Output Electronic Online Transactions Monitoring System (IOEOTM-System)

This paper proposes a new national account system to calculate the GDP in the COVID-19 crisis. The new national account approach is entitled "The Input-Output Electronic Online Transactions Monitoring System (IOEOTM-System)." The IOEOTM-System is based on the interaction among four main strategic sectors (producers, sellers, logistic, and final consumers) by "i" number of strategic sub-sectors under the uses of "j" number of goods and services. The main idea is to generate an alternative national account system for the COVID-19 crisis under the total electronic transactions online accounting daily, monthly, and yearly to elaborate the economy's final output under the GDP-Surfaces construction.

The impact of public–private partnerships on public accounts: The Portuguese roads sector

AbstractThe accounting and reporting of public—private partnerships (PPPs) is a matter of extensive debate and is associated with a compelling incentive to follow the PPP route for the construction of public infrastructures, rather than traditional public procurement, even if the PPP route is not affordable and fails to achieve value for money in comparison to traditional public procurement. The aim of this study is to empirically evaluate the so‐called hidden debt hypothesis. Using a novel dataset for the Portuguese roads sector, we studied the annual reports of the operators since the adoption of International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) 12 from 2010 up until 2017. Our results show a lack of transparency in the reporting of PPPs in public accounts, as well as a material difference between our simulation of the impact of (International Public Sector Accounting Standards) IPSAS 32 in public accounts, and also the impact resulting from the application of the European System of Accounts, according to which official debt figures are calculated. The paper also presents evidence of the effects of the financial bailout on PPPs accounting. Overall, the results show that public debt is understated from 1.96% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010 (3,519 million euros), to 3.99% of GDP in 2014 (6,907 million euros) and an average of 11,027 million euros of fixed assets for the period 2010–2017 are not reported in the Portuguese State Accounts. The results highlight the need for a closer alignment between national accounts and accrual accounting based on IPSAS standards.

IT systems in accounting – the evidence from Polish companies

The use of IT systems in modern accounting has become a necessity for all companies. The basic function of modern business organisations is the efficient management of information and knowledge. During decision-making processes, managers require reliable and accurate information. Managers, for both tactical and operational goals, must have data from functional areas, like accounting, production, marketing or procurement. A properly functioning information system in an enterprise ensures the flow of information between all systems and subsystems, and between an enterprise and its surroundings. The aim of this paper is to present IT systems used in the area of accounting in Polish companies. The purpose of this paper is to determine the motives of choice – which software is the best for using in the accounting subsystem of given enterprises. The used methods in this paper are a questionnaire, comparisons and explanation. Some theoretical approaches are examined by analysis of the survey. The results rely on the questionnaire among the chosen Polish companies. This study was undertaken because of the continuous changes in information technology, accounting rules and the changed approaches to accounting (or bookkeeping). This study can be helpful for managers and accountants to possess better accounting information and to make better economic decisions. The accounts supporting software used by the surveyed companies in the paper were compared and analysed. The analysis of the questionnaire allowed finding out motives of choice of a particular solution. It showed how entrepreneurs get information about the accounting software and what type of software they have implemented in companies. In addition, respondents pointed out the pros and cons of the IT systems they implemented. Finally, the survey has shown that users of various accounting software or accounting applications cannot imagine their work without them, and all IT tools bring them benefits. Keywords: Information system, IT system, integrated management systems, IT-supported accounting, SMEs.

Transparent and Accountable Vehicular Local Advertising With Practical Blockchain Designs

Vehicular local advertising enables roadside retailers to provide timely and location-aware advertisements to on-road vehicular users to attract more in-store visits. However, the prevalence of the vehicular local advertising has raised increasing transparency and accountability concerns on the spatial keyword query process, such as why a vehicular user receives advertisements from specific spatial entities as well as the timely detection of the advertising misbehavior. In this paper, we develop a transparent and accountable vehicular local advertising system by utilizing the tamper-proof and open nature of the blockchain technology. Considering the large scale of the spatial-keyword database and the expensive computation and storage cost on the blockchain, we introduce two design strategies, digest-and-verify and divide-then-assemble . In specific, a large-scale spatial keyword database is digested and stored on the blockchain. The spatial keyword query is then conducted with modular executions of two off-chain spatial keyword query functions, the results of which are efficiently assembled and verified in an advertising smart contract. By doing so, expensive on-chain computation and storage overheads are significantly reduced at a cost of acceptable off-chain overheads. We define the security requirements of the vehicular local advertising system as Auditing Security and achieve the notion with the security analysis. We also conduct real-world experiments to show the efficiency of the blockchain-based vehicular local advertising system.

A sustainability scoreboard for crop provision in Europe

The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (SEEA AFF) offers the possibility to assess and report detailed accounts for primary industries while establishing important linkages with relevant ecosystem services, in line with the SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA). In this paper, crop products and crop provision as ecosystem service are coherently merged to build a sustainability scoreboard for selected crops in European countries. The sustainability scoreboard uses the SEEA AFF accounts for crop products with data inputs from FAOSTAT and the Integrated system of Natural Capital Accounts (INCA) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) for ecosystem services. The combined FAO-JRC accounting table described in this paper provides a common ground and measurement tool towards a sustainability scoreboard, useful to analyse how relevant economic, social and environmental components behave by country. This newly derived sustainability scoreboard presents significant differences with respect to analyses based on standard agricultural statistics. Lack of sufficiently accurate data remains the major limitation to current fuller implementation of the sustainability scoreboard. However reasonable assumption can be made that ongoing international data collection processes (including FAO questionnaires) integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis will supply in the near future additional relevant and applicable information.

Towards a System of Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Global Inequality Estimates from WID.world

Fil: Gonzalez Alvaredo, Facundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economia Politica de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Economicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economia Politica de Buenos Aires; Argentina