Account Specific Conditions Research Articles

THE FEATURES TO TAKE IN CONSIDERATION WHILE PLANNING THE EMPLOYMENTOF A MECHANIZED INFANTRY BATTALION AS A STABILIZATION FORCE UNIT

Based on the analysis of the provisions of regulatory documents and existing approaches to the planning of the service support to the elements of the mechanized infantry battalion under their participation in stabilization actions, problem questions were formulated and suggestions were made in order to create the stock of detergents to wash clothing items in the laundry department of the service support platoon; estimating possible losses in personal, weapons, military equipment and other materials, as well as taking into account specific conditions under which the assigned mission is to be accomplished. The main factors that influence the consumption of supplies and resources are determined taking in consideration the tasks the elements of the mechanized infantry battalion carry out under their participation in stabilization actions such as increasing the protection of the state border, defense of the state border, isolation of the crisis area, conducting anti-sabotage struggle, protection and defense of key installations and communications, providing safety of the avenues of approach, implementation of restricting activities; providing humanitarian aid. Specific measures are foreseen to create additional stocks of supplies within the combat units and on the vehicles of the service support platoon, regarding the tasks assigned to the elements of the mechanized infantry battalion and specific conditions for their implementation. The suggestion was made to use the experience of mechanized infantry units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations which participated inthe antiterrorist operation (operation of the joint forces) to planservice support considering the tasks performed by the elements of the mechanized infantry battalion which participated in stabilization actions.

Proposal of the tram car bogie conception with advanced suspension and steering system

Abstract On the city railways, as a result of routine operation, significant track load take place. This is manifested by formation of track geometry deviation, rail heads wear and by the track clearance widening. Therefore the guiding forces in rail-wheel contact are increased and the situation is getting worse. Authors consider this situation firstly as a result of non-suitable bogie conception used by vehicles in operation, it means not as a poor quality of track building. This paper is focused to propose of a new tram car bogie conception, which take in to account specific conditions of the city railways, which for is the bogie intended. Presented bogie conception is characteristic by frame to wheelsets mounting by only three bearing boxes and by presence of mechanism for setting wheelsets to the radial position when passing track curves. This is a new, non-conventional solution, for which a number of patent applications have been filed. In this days, simulation analysis of vehicle ride equipped with proposed bogies are taken. Based on first obtained results, it is assumed multiple life extension of track and vehicle curve-passing resistance minimizing. Also significant reduction of ecological load to the environment caused by this transport system is expected.

Special Regimes of Economic Activity: Prospects for Use in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation

Purpose: investigation of the possibility of applying special regimes of economic activity on the territory of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Methods: the research methodology is based on methods of generalization, analogy, comparative and system analysis; the rules for assessing the effectiveness of the operation of special economic zones were used. Results: the expediency of applying special regimes of economic activity in the Arctic zone of Russia is considered. Mechanisms for establishing and operating such special economic regimes as special economic zones, territorial development zones, territories for outpacing socio-economic development, industrial parks, technoparks and clusters have been studied. The possibility of linking the supposed support zones of development in the Arctic with special modes of economic activity is considered. Conclusions and Relevance: the current trends in the social and economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, the need to diversify the region's economy and attract investment determine the appropriateness of using such economic regimes that will contribute to the achievement of the objectives of state policy in the Arctic, taking into account specific conditions for managing the macroregion. The study allows us to conclude that at present there is no clear separation between the indicated regimes. Their effectiveness and effectiveness is not directly dependent on the number of benefits provided. At the present time, any of the existing special regimes in our country can be established on the territory of the Arctic zone of Russia. The adoption of such a decision should be based on a strategic vision for the development of the whole circumpolar region and its individual territories, and also be accompanied by an assessment of the falling incomes, planned tax revenues and the volume of benefits provided within a particular regime of economic activity., Moscow, Russian Federation

Modern trends in innovative development ofoil and gas producing region

Abstract: When forming the regional innovation system, everyone should take into account specific conditions and the possibility to develop regional economic complexes. Modern development of oil and gas producing region implies an increase in cooperation between all participants of the innovation process. The most promising organizational form of such an association in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra is Yugra Technopolis. It aims to strengthen the interaction of research and industrial sectors, to improve the commercialization of scientific research results

Роль информации в управлении гражданским обществом: философские и правовые аспекты

In article an attempt to define a place and information role in a difficult legal mechanism of formation and development of institutes of civil society taking into account application to this problem of cybernetic approach is made. In the system of civil society consisting of a set of elements interacting with each other (certain people, their organizations, communities), changing and supplementing each other, the perception, processing and information transfer is that basis which forms their behavior on near and far prospect. In other words, correctly picked up information — is the concrete administrative model applicable to the individual (or social group) taking into account specific conditions and circumstances. The right as information component also is, in the broadest sense, administrative model in which by means of certain information (scientific and legal, the current legislation, comments to the legislation, speeches of politicians, jurisprudence, etc.) the behavioural program of society, civil society depending on circumstances is corrected. At first the relations in society have to arise and be created, and then come a phase of their regulation by the law. The dual social and legal nature of a phenomenon of civil society in Russia consists that, on the one hand, it grows not "from below", and is formed "from above", at will of the state having opportunity to operate development of civil society by means of information, perceived by its institutes, on the other hand, civil society represents the difficult open social system which development qualitatively depends on development of elements making it. Dialectic possibility of such development is provided by information which elements of system exchange and which completely can´t be controlled by the state.

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are molecular nanomachines allowing Gram-negative bacteria to transport and inject proteins into a wide variety of target cells1,2. The T6SS is composed of 13 core components and displays structural similarities with the tail-tube of bacteriophages3. The phage uses a tube and a puncturing device to penetrate the cell envelope of target bacteria and inject DNA. It is proposed that the T6SS is an inverted bacteriophage device creating a specific path in the bacterial cell envelope to drive effectors and toxins to the surface. The process could be taken further and the T6SS device could perforate other cells with which the bacterium is in contact, thus injecting the effectors into these targets. The tail tube and puncturing device parts of the T6SS are made with Hcp and VgrG proteins, respectively4,5.The versatility of the T6SS has been demonstrated through studies using various bacterial pathogens. The Vibrio cholerae T6SS can remodel the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic host cells by injecting an "evolved" VgrG carrying a C-terminal actin cross-linking domain6,7. Another striking example was recently documented using Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is able to target and kill bacteria in a T6SS-dependent manner, therefore promoting the establishment of bacteria in specific microbial niches and competitive environment8,9,10.In the latter case, three T6SS-secreted proteins, namely Tse1, Tse2 and Tse3 have been identified as the toxins injected in the target bacteria (Figure 1). The donor cell is protected from the deleterious effect of these effectors via an anti-toxin mechanism, mediated by the Tsi1, Tsi2 and Tsi3 immunity proteins8,9,10. This antimicrobial activity can be monitored when T6SS-proficient bacteria are co-cultivated on solid surfaces in competition with other bacterial species or with T6SS-inactive bacteria of the same species8,11,12,13.The data available emphasized a numerical approach to the bacterial competition assay, including time-consuming CFU counting that depends greatly on antibiotic makers. In the case of antibiotic resistant strains like P. aeruginosa, these methods can be inappropriate. Moreover, with the identification of about 200 different T6SS loci in more than 100 bacterial genomes14, a convenient screening tool is highly desirable. We developed an assay that is easy to use and requires standard laboratory material and reagents. The method offers a rapid and qualitative technique to monitor the T6SS-dependent bactericidal/bacteriostasis activity by using a reporter strain as a prey (in this case Escherichia coli DH5α) allowing a-complementation of the lacZ gene. Overall, this method is graphic and allows rapid identification of T6SS-related phenotypes on agar plates. This experimental protocol may be adapted to other strains or bacterial species taking into account specific conditions such as growth media, temperature or time of contact.

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are molecular nanomachines allowing Gram-negative bacteria to transport and inject proteins into a wide variety of target cells1,2. The T6SS is composed of 13 core components and displays structural similarities with the tail-tube of bacteriophages3. The phage uses a tube and a puncturing device to penetrate the cell envelope of target bacteria and inject DNA. It is proposed that the T6SS is an inverted bacteriophage device creating a specific path in the bacterial cell envelope to drive effectors and toxins to the surface. The process could be taken further and the T6SS device could perforate other cells with which the bacterium is in contact, thus injecting the effectors into these targets. The tail tube and puncturing device parts of the T6SS are made with Hcp and VgrG proteins, respectively4,5. The versatility of the T6SS has been demonstrated through studies using various bacterial pathogens. The Vibrio cholerae T6SS can remodel the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic host cells by injecting an "evolved" VgrG carrying a C-terminal actin cross-linking domain6,7. Another striking example was recently documented using Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is able to target and kill bacteria in a T6SS-dependent manner, therefore promoting the establishment of bacteria in specific microbial niches and competitive environment8,9,10. In the latter case, three T6SS-secreted proteins, namely Tse1, Tse2 and Tse3 have been identified as the toxins injected in the target bacteria (Figure 1). The donor cell is protected from the deleterious effect of these effectors via an anti-toxin mechanism, mediated by the Tsi1, Tsi2 and Tsi3 immunity proteins8,9,10. This antimicrobial activity can be monitored when T6SS-proficient bacteria are co-cultivated on solid surfaces in competition with other bacterial species or with T6SS-inactive bacteria of the same species8,11,12,13. The data available emphasized a numerical approach to the bacterial competition assay, including time-consuming CFU counting that depends greatly on antibiotic makers. In the case of antibiotic resistant strains like P. aeruginosa, these methods can be inappropriate. Moreover, with the identification of about 200 different T6SS loci in more than 100 bacterial genomes14, a convenient screening tool is highly desirable. We developed an assay that is easy to use and requires standard laboratory material and reagents. The method offers a rapid and qualitative technique to monitor the T6SS-dependent bactericidal/bacteriostasis activity by using a reporter strain as a prey (in this case Escherichia coli DH5α) allowing a-complementation of the lacZ gene. Overall, this method is graphic and allows rapid identification of T6SS-related phenotypes on agar plates. This experimental protocol may be adapted to other strains or bacterial species taking into account specific conditions such as growth media, temperature or time of contact.

Upravljanje gorskih nevarnosti in tveganj v zavarovanih območjih: primer Triglavskega narodnega parka, Slovenija

Further regional and spatial development of the Republic of Slovenia is based on a wide share of protected areas that pose significant demands for spatial planers. As an example of links between spatial planning and management of protected areas, in this paper we deal with the Triglav National Park (TNP) in NW Slovenia, particularly with the proposal for its 2014–2023 management plan and to which extent this plan takes into account specific conditions that arise from risk areas due to natural hazards as a significant water management expert foundation for planning the use of space. The paper explicitly demonstrates that the determination of hazard and risk areas in Slovenia is truly necessary, and that only a detailed determination of hazard and risk areas in scales 1:1000 to 1:5000 makes possible detailed spatial planning and thus also the management of protected areas. From the discussion, it also follows that the proposed TNP management plan should be upgraded in the field of research by establishing a Scientific (research) council at the TNP Administration, and by establishing a specific targeted research program focused on research in TNP.

Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-1879

The origin and evolution of the nineteenth-century Zulu Kingdom are used to examine two competing state formation theories: Robert Carneiro's circumscription theory and Elman Service's theory of institutionalized leadership. Both theories partly clarify Zulu political developments: Carneiro's explains the origin and territorial expansion of the Zulu empire, while Service's can account for the beginning differentiation of political roles in the Zulu state. Two alternative explanations of the causes of Zulu state formation are discussed to integrate the diverging theoretical perspectives of Carneiro and Service. First, the role of the Zulu king, Shaka, should be considered politically relevant only inasmuch as Shaka's wars of conquest were instrumental for the unification of the Zulu Kingdom. Second, further developments in Zulu politics involved limited structural change from dispersed tribes to a unified military state. The analysis of political formations, including their origin and further transformation, should not be conducted in unilinear evolutionary terms, but from a multidimensional processual perspective. (State formation, circumscription theory, institutionalized leadership, Zulu Kingdom) The development of the Zulu Kingdom is one of the most remarkable and extensively documented case studies in the history of state formation. The rise of the Zulu empire over a relatively short period of time, its powerful expansion over a wide territory, the overwhelming violence and terror involved, and the brutal European overthrow of the regime have long attracted scholarly attention from historians, anthropologists, and sociologists of African political systems. In this article, two theories of state formation are applied to the development of the Zulu Kingdom: Robert Carneiro's circumscription theory (Carneiro 1970) and Elman Service's theory of institutionalized leadership (Service 1975). These theories represent two influential perspectives in the historical study of state formation, but they have not yet been carefully tested in light of the Zulu case. This is particularly remarkable given the widely acknowledged analytical merit of both theories as well as the historical significance of the evolution of the Zulu political structure. This essay therefore undertakes an examination that may prove valuable to assess the strengths and limitations of two theories of state formation in light of a significant episode in the history of African indigenous politics. I also seek to advance ideas that may aid in breaking through all too commonly held conceptions of state formation processes due to a nearly exclusive orientation on European political processes. My analysis rests on the assumption that political systems developed autonomously in precolonial times in Africa (and elsewhere) that were of sufficient complexity to be discussed in terms of state formations, yet that have to be explained by theoretical models that take into account specific conditions of time and place which set them apart from their European counterparts. After outlining the main theses of Carneiro's circumscription theory and Service's theory of institutionalized leadership and deriving testable propositions from a comparison of both, I present a brief history of the Zulu Kingdom from its formation to the European destruction of the empire (1808-1879) and trace the factors that can account for the evolution of Zulu politics in terms of Carneiro's and Service's state formation theories, indicating the strengths and limitations of the theories. Two alternative explanations of Zulu political processes will also be considered: the role of the Zulu kings, particularly Shaka; and the nature of Zulu political developments from dispersed tribes to a unified political entity. These lead to a discussion of the applicability of Carneiro's and Service's state formation theories to the case of the Zulu Kingdom. I conclude by suggesting the need for a multidimensional processual framework of political developments that combines coercive and integrative mechanisms to explain the dynamic nature of political formations and transformations. …

Évaluation et analyse de sensibilité du modèle CERES-Maize en conditions alsaciennes

Summary — Evaluation and sensitivity analysis of the CERES-Maize model in North-Eastern France. CERESMaize is a simulation model of maize growth and development, conceived and successfully used in the United States. In this study, CERES-Maize was tested under European conditions, then adapted to these conditions. Two field experiments were carried out for 2 years in North-Eastern France (Alsace) using 2 cultivars (LG11 and DEA) on a loamy soil. Yearly nitrogen fertilization was 150 kg·ha (N). No irrigation was performed. Calibration and validation of the model were conducted for each cultivar, followed by sensitivity analysis of the newly calibrated model for the LG11 variety. Genetic constants, ie growing degree days (base 8°C) from seedling emergence to the end of the juvenile phase (Ppotential kernel number (Gand potential kernel growth rate (Gare generally unknown for hybrids grown in Europe (table I). Their values were therefore estimated from data given for early hybrids grown in Southern Canada and from French experiments testing DEA and LG11 (table II). Results showed that predictions given by the non-calibrated model using estimated constants are generally very different from measured values (table III). Therefore, genetic constants and equations calculating leaf area were modified (fig 2). Then, validations taken from other data sets than those used for calibration showed a good agreement between observed and predicted values for plant development and grain yield (tables IV and VI). Growth variables are still slightly underestimated by the model. This might be due to the fact that parameters used for calculating conversion of radiation in dry matter and repartition of dry matter between organs are not correct as regards European conditions. The sensitivity analysis revealed a great sensivity of genetic and hydraulic parameters (figs 3, 5 and 6). The sensitivity depends on simulation conditions, especially on the occurrence of water or nitrogen stress (fig 3). Other soil characteristic parameters were not found to be as sensitive as albedo (fig 4). CERES-Maize can be used for simulation of maize growth, development and for grain yield prediction in European conditions. However, a thorough calibration of the model and further experiments to accurately determine parameters unknown in Europe (eg end of the juvenile phase) are required. Furthermore, some subroutines should be included to take into account specific conditions such as cold springs and hydromorphic soils.

Mechanism of the Processes of Formation of Lead‐Acid Battery Positive Plates

The processes involved in the formation of the positive lead‐acid battery plate in with sp gr 1.15 and 1.05 and in 0.7M were studied by x‐ray diffraction, wet chemical analysis, and microscopic observations. It was found that formation takes place in two stages. During the first one, and penetrate from the bulk of the solution into the plate. As a result of chemical and electrochemical reactions and basic sulfates of lead are converted to and . These compounds form zones which advance into the paste. Part of the hydrogen ions evolved during the reaction of formation of migrate from the plate in order for the latter to remain electroneutral. During the second period is consumed in the plate. Lead sulfate is oxidized to . Sulfuric acid originates and diffuses in a direction opposed to that in the first period. Taking into account specific conditions of the chemical and electrochemical reactions in porous electrodes a mechanism is suggested for the formation processes of the positive plate. Ion diffusion and migration are considered to be the rate‐limiting steps of the processes. The direction of advance of the and zones is explained in terms of this mechanism as well as the ratio during formation in the three solutions. The parameters which control the phase composition of the active material of the lead‐acid battery positive plate are listed.