Account Specific Conditions Research Articles

Analysis of the Interrelationship between Water Color and Coagulant Dose and the Possibility of Taking it into Account in Mathematical Modeling

The character of water chromaticity change in a water source, which is the main one for organizing water supply of a large urban agglomeration, is analyzed. It is shown that the correlation analysis characterizes the interrelationship between the coagulant dose and water chromaticity as noticeable (on the Cheddock scale), which predetermines the necessity to take into account water chromaticity as a parameter influencing the choice of coagulant dose. Variation series were constructed, empirical and theoretical functions of water chromaticity distribution by months were obtained. The possibility of modeling the reagent dose on the change of chromaticity taking into account specific conditions of practically constant influence of seasonal and random factors in the selected periods has been achieved. It is concluded that the chromaticity index makes a significant contribution to the value of the predicted value of coagulant dose.

A Modeling Study on the Effect of Interstate Mobility Restrictions on the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.

Mobility is a crucial element in comprehending the possible expansion of the transmission chain in an epidemic. In the initial phases, strategies for containing cases can be directly linked to population mobility restrictions, especially when only non-pharmaceutical measures are available. During the pandemic of COVID-19 in Brazil, mobility limitation measures were strongly opposed by a large portion of the population. Hypothetically, if the population had supported such measures, the sharp rise in the number of cases could have been suppressed. In this context, computational modeling offers systematic methods for analyzing scenarios about the development of the epidemiological situation taking into account specific conditions. In this study, we examine the impacts of interstate mobility in Brazil. To do so, we develop a metapopulational model that considers both intra and intercompartmental dynamics, utilizing graph theory. We use a parameter estimation technique that allows us to infer the effective reproduction number in each state and estimate the time-varying transmission rate. This makes it possible to investigate scenarios related to mobility and quantify the effect of people moving between states and how certain measures to limit movement might reduce the impact of the pandemic. Our results demonstrate a clear association between the number of cases and mobility, which is heightened when states are closer to each other. This serves as a proof of concept and shows how reducing mobility in more heavily trafficked areas can be more effective.

Pericarditis. Causes, Mechanisms of Development, Variants of Course and Therapeutic Approaches in Modern Conditions

Under physiological conditions, the pericardial cavity contains serous fluid (15-50 ml), which belongs to the plasma ultrafiltrate and is visualized during echocardiography only in systole. The thickness of the pericardium in an adult averages 2 mm (1-3 mm). Inflammatory lesions of the pericardium with or without effusion into its cavity can act as an independent disease, and as a secondary manifestation of another pathological condition. Pericarditis of infectious (14-16%) and non-infectious (15-20%) nature, primary and secondary, acute, chronic and recurrent are commonly distinguished. The prevalence of acute and idiopathic recurrent pericarditis is 27.7 per 100,000 population and 5.4-8.1 per 100,000 population, respectively. Currently, idiopathic recurrent pericarditis belongs to polygenic autoinflammatory diseases, where an important role in the initiation of the pathologic process belongs to the inflammatory cytokine — interleukin-1 (β and α). The most characteristic manifestations of acute pericarditis are chest pain, dyspnea and fever. The article summarizes the main aspects of etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapy of pericarditis, including the peculiarities of its treatment taking into account specific conditions. A clinical case demonstrated a case of acute effusion pericarditis with recurrence, which was characterized by rapid progression of heart failure symptoms, as well as systemic manifestations (anemia, hypercytokinemia, marked muscle weakness). The results of echocardiography allowed to identify the presence of pericardial effusion. Steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antibacterial therapy led to the disappearance of pericardial effusion and normalization of the activity of inflammatory markers in serum. However, in the dynamics of observation the attempt to suspend glucocorticoid therapy again led to fluid accumulation in the pericardium, which required continuation of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Foundations of African Perceptions on Security and Violence. Overlapping the Need for Peace with the Narratives of Struggle, a Safe Way or an African Way?

"Would western defined security be an African security and would this reproduce, or develop, from indigenous African ontologies, so that African understanding of security and violence could actually bestow to the global peacekeeping actions? Considering this research question, focused on the understanding of security and violence in an African postcolonial and maybe de-colonial taxonomy, the present paper invites to reflect on the evolution of the concepts of security and violence in African scholarships, their connections with the sustainable African social development narratives that seem to monopolize the space of debates in African Studies. Moreover, the intentions are to explore the disruptions between the need for peace and the narratives of struggle in the context of a critical resistance to the global connecting and disconnecting biases that define the conceptual “security” and “violence”. This content analysis and critical look on the becoming of the term of violence, at the base of a typical evolution of the term security, in African literature or African focused debates, might contribute to defining that security and violence are floating terms, their understanding in an African taxonomy should be Africanized, being highlighted that security includes violence as inner boosting element, that allows for the two to be in a strange relationship, recalling for attentive consideration and critics on the application of Western inspired peacekeeping actions that do not take into account specific conditions such as territory and culture. Keywords: violence, security, (de) coloniality, resistance, signifier"

Обеспечение эффективности осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг в ФСИН России на основе учета сезонного и регионального факторов

The article discusses the importance of taking into account seasonality and regional characteristics when making purchases at the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. The seasonal factor has a significant impact on prices and availability of goods, works and services, while regional specifics introduce additional variables into the procurement process. The necessity of taking into account seasonal fluctuations in demand and prices when planning and conducting purchases is indicated. This allows you to organize procurement processes more efficiently, reduce the risk of shortages of goods and services during periods of increased demand, and optimize procurement costs. The importance of taking into account regional peculiarities in procurement is emphasized. Different regions may have their own specific requirements and needs, so adapting procurement procedures to regional specifics allows for more efficient execution of tasks and customer satisfaction. It is concluded that taking into account seasonal and regional factors will improve efficiency, take into account specific conditions and requirements, as well as reduce risks and improve the quality of purchased goods, works and services in the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.

სამშენებლო კომპანიების ფინანსური მდგომარეობის ანალიზი და მისი სრულყოფის მიმართულებები

The best way to objectively evaluate the proper functioning and financial results of construction companies is to analyze their financial situation. As a result of the analysis of the actual situation, it is possible to make a forecast about the future stability of the company, or on the contrary, based on the mentioned information, expected threats can be avoided. The purpose of the present study is to develop directions for improving the financial condition of construction companies and to formulate appropriate conclusions and recommendations based on the practical analysis of the financial condition of these companies. There are a number of serious gaps in the regulations in the construction sector, which require timely completion. The analysis of the current processes in the construction sector reveals that the field is currently developing on its own. It is necessary to fully introduce modern construction regulations in Georgia and to regulate the construction field. It is important that continuous and active work in this direction is carried out. Regulation of the construction sector should be implemented through the coordinated work of state agencies, international organizations, construction industry and academia. It is important to fully realize the importance of international standards and make decisions with the participation of a properly informed construction sector. In our opinion, for the state regulation of business, it is necessary to correctly analyze the country's development indicators, take into account specific conditions and determine the possible directions of business development. A rational coordination of strategic and operational goals should be implemented and an organic relationship between the market and the state should be established, as a result of which the relations between the state and the construction market will be causally interconnected. Based on the analysis of the results of the research carried out by us, it is possible to formulate the main conclusions and recommendations of the existing problems identified in the research process: • Preparation and analysis of financial statements will provide significant assistance to the construction companies themselves (both management and owners) in objective assessment of past activities and making correct forecasts, therefore the financial services of construction companies should permanently analyze the main indicators of financial statements, study changes in these indicators and negative Taking preventive measures in case of detection of trends. • The ability to analyze financial statements will increase the interest of potential investors in terms of investing in a specific company, which in itself will help construction companies to find an alternative source of financing, that is why companies should provide presentation of financial statements in the language of business; • The availability of financial statements will allow stakeholders to calculate average risk-weighted figures for this particular area so that investors can conduct comparative analysis. Therefore, companies should ensure that audited financial statements are published publicly; • Preparation and submission of financial statements will promote business transparency, which is part of corporate responsibility to the people who buy construction products. Therefore, we consider it expedient to implement special trainings for raising the qualifications of financial managers and accountants of the construction sector, which will be drawn up directly taking into account the specifics of the field and will help the personnel working in this field to carry out reliable and legally compliant activities. According to the results of the research, we evaluated the solvency of "Anagi" LLC and "Ace Georgia" LLC and we can conclude that "Anagi" LLC is characterized by a steadily increasing development trend according to each of the indicators given above, while the financial indicators of "Ace Georgia" LLC do not allow making reliable forecasts. Since the company is characterized by a downward trend and its financial result for the considered three years is a loss. In the process of searching for the causes of these radically different results, we came to the conclusion that if the organization perfectly produces not only financial statements, but also management statements, its successful operation is not threatened. In this process, management reporting information is important especially because it allows the company's management to develop relevant financial policies to achieve the company's financial stability and profit maximization.

APPLICATION OF LOGISTICS METHODS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION OF OVERSIZED CARGO

In this article, the authors consider the main technical and operational indicators of cargo transportation on the example of KLAAS LLC. The features of unimodal, intermodal and multimodal delivery technologies are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages for specific conditions of cargo transportation are revealed.
 Purpose: is to analyze the features of various cargo delivery schemes, to justify the choice of a scheme for specific conditions of transportation.
 Method or methodology of the work: statistical analysis, synthesis were used in the article.
 Results: the factors influencing the choice of cargo transportation scheme are determined, the features of various schemes and the possibility of combining them in the process of transportation are analyzed, taking into account specific conditions.
 Scope of application of the results: research activity on the development of new approaches in the field of organization of transportation and transport services.

Применение автоматического парового стерилизатора для обеззараживания отходов иммунобиологического производства, контаминированных патогенными биологическими агентами

One of the ways to neutralize immunobiological production waste is their treatment in sterilizers with saturated water vapor under pressure. Currently, medical and pharmaceutical industries and laboratories use sterilizers with sterilization and disinfection programs preset by manufacturers. Decontamination modes are defined in Federal sanitary rules, norms and hygienic standards, SanPiN 3.3686-21, while the parameters of preliminary phases of the cycle must be tested experimentally and validated for specific conditions. Within the frames of this study, we have tested the modes of disinfection of an automatic steam sterilizer by the example of waste products from the production of cholera vaccine and anti-rabies immunoglobulin manufactured by the FSSI Russian Anti-Plague Institute «Microbe» of the Rospotrebnadzor. The wastes are used nutrient media, carcasses of laboratory animals (rabbits) and consumables. The chamber was loaded with «clean» objects in quantity and configuration, repeating the loading of material with pathogenic biological agents (PBA). The mode of inactivation inside the chamber and the objects was controlled by physical, chemical and biological methods. Based on the results of the experiments, corrective actions were taken to change the program and design of containers for autoclaving. It was concluded that the default disinfection programs set by manufacturers do not fully take into account specific conditions and need to be adjusted with further validation. It is necessary to develop standard operating procedures for personnel involved in the decontamination of pathogenic materials, in which should be stated the order of placement of objects and the means of control in the containers with PBA and the sterilizer chamber. Keywords: steam sterilizers, pathogenic biological agents, disinfection with saturated water vapor, phases of the steam disinfection cycle, validation.

Analysis of existing approaches to group control of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle

To ensure coordination and effective interaction between groups of autonomous mobile robots, there are several approaches that can be used to achieve common goals and solve problems in autonomous systems and robotics. These approaches include the Known Field and Leader-Known method, the behavioral approach, and the consensus-based strategy. Each of these methods has its own characteristics and advantages, and they can be used depending on specific conditions and tasks in the context of autonomous systems and mobile robots. The main field and leader-aware approach is based on simulating the motion of particles in a potential field, where one of the works can act as a "leader" and the others follow it. This method provides movement towards a given target and avoids obstacles on the way to passing distances and directions. The behavioral approach involves the use of a set of rules and algorithms that initiate the behavior of everyone in the group. Each robot has its own "behavioral" rules that are used to respond to specific conditions and conditions. This approach provides flexibility and adaptability in different scenarios and efficiency for teams working in a variety of settings. The consensus-based approach is based on the idea of achieving suitability and synchronizing work with each other in a group. Robots exchange information and interact with each other, in order to achieve overall consistency in their movement and activities. This method allows for collaborative coordination and execution of tasks that require interaction between robots. The choice of a specific approach depends on the purpose and requirements of the tasks, and also takes into account specific conditions. In many cases, a combination of these methods can be an effective solution for solving complex problems and achieving the most effective interaction between robots. All this contributes to the further development of autonomous systems and ensures their ability to work as a unified group in various fields, including transport, logistics and other important industries.

Применение биотического индекса <i>Qmci</i> для оценки загрязнения рек горной, предгорной и прибрежной территории курорта Сочи

This paper discusses the QMCI biotic index application, developed for the regions with tropical and subtropical climate and adapted to the studied area, in order to assess the aquatic environment quality within the river sections in the mountain, submountain and coastal clusters on the example of the river Mzymta and its tributaries. Index values were determined on the basis of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of macroinvertebrates communities. For the index adjustment to the region's conditions, the individual tolerance of each aquatic organisms' taxon (genus, species) found in the studied watercourses was identified using the Chessman-Stark approach, taking into account the Caucasus endemics. It was revealed that the biotic index QMCI is a reliable biomarker of various degrees water pollution caused primarily by excessive input of organic eutrophication agents, taking into account specific conditions of biocenoses development in the pluvial regime rivers. The research demonstrates the index values dynamics changes from upstream stations located in the specially protected areas (reference samples), to stations experiencing occasional impact, and further to the river's mouth stations, where the anthropogenic pressure has a complex and stable character. The QMCI biotic index can serve as a tool for introducing regional environmental standards of natural waters quality assessment on the Russian Black Sea coast and adjacent mountain territories, as it has some advantages over analogous biotic indices developed for watercourses of other geographical regions: the possibility of adaptation to different types of river biotopes and seasonal variations.

Open class as a way to motivate the use of interactive methods in gynecology

The main requirement for the lesson is to achieve the goal. It is legitimate to consider an open occupation in the logic of the organization of the activity process as such. The “case study” method promotes the development of students’ ingenuity, the ability to solve problems taking into account specific conditions in the presence of factual information. The main goal of any project is the formation of various key competencies, which in modern pedagogy are understood as complex personality traits, including interrelated knowledge, skills, values, as well as the willingness to mobilize them in the necessary situation.

Algorithm for Optimizing the Parameters of the Combined Power Supply System for Electrical Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In addition to the existing algorithms, an algorithm has been developed to optimize the parameters of a combined power supply system for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with an electric motor, which allows taking into account specific conditions and modes of use of UAVs. The characteristics of chemical power sources are given, which should be taken into account when choosing the most preferred type of chemical power source. A scheme for distributing energy consumption in the UAV power supply system has been developed and the features of its functioning have been noted.

FEATURES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT USAGE IN THE COURSE OF TRAINING MASTERS OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

The article reveals the peculiarities of project management usage in the course of master of professional education training. The theoretical aspects of project management as a technology of education transformation are considered. The relevance of using project management in the course of the selected category of specialist training is substantiated. The main advantages of the project approach as a methodological basis for the transformation of professional education, which allows establishing a balance between academic knowledge and practical skills of higher education graduates, have been studied.
 «Project management» in education is interpreted as a managerial activity of a teacher-manager, aimed at creating favorable conditions for the development and implementation of projects as a specific professional activity oriented toward a short-term goal. Social and cultural design is considered an innovative, creative activity of future teachers of professional education, aimed at identifying the causes of socio-cultural problems, analyzing the actual state of the object, and developing ways and means of achieving the project goal. The key indicators of fluency in project management methods are determined as follows: knowledge of the principles and methods of project management (planning, organization, drawing up execution schedules, control over the implementation of project stages, management of progress to achieve the goal, tracking results); experience in the field of management, namely the application of management skills in creating a team and its activities to achieve the organization goals, taking into account specific conditions.
 Conclusions have been made that the specified technology provides positive dynamics for the levels of professional competence of higher education seekers, the head of the educational program, and the head of the educational institution. It gives grounds for the assertion that the success and competitiveness of the educational institution can be ensured by using project management methods in the course of training future masters of professional education. This approach will contribute to the innovative development of educational institutions in a constantly changing educational environment.

Role of Anterior Nasal Packing in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery: Italian Survey

Nowadays, the endoscopic endonasal approach to sellar and parasellar region tumors is a common technique in neurosurgery, and surgical nuances, complications, and management strategies are shared in a multidisciplinary setting between neurosurgeons and ear, nose, and throat surgeons. Due to the heterogeneity of its variations, the role of the anterior nasal packing in endoscopic endonasal approach to the skull base surgery (EESBS) has not yet been unanimously accepted and no consensus or guidelines on its use exist. A survey containing 10 questions about indications, management advantages, and pitfalls of the use of anterior nasal packing in EESBS was created by using an online open-source tool (SurveyMonkey). The questionnaire was sent to 39 Italian neurosurgical departments, which routinely adopt the endoscopic endonasal approach. Almost half of 39 selected centers (19; 48.7%) answered our survey. The main results can be summarized as 1) anterior nasal packing after EESBS is considered useful by 84% of participants, 2) prevention of epistaxis is the principal indication for anterior nasal packing, 3) the type of approach and skull base reconstruction influence the use of anterior nasal packing, and 4) nasal discomfort is considered the principal negative aspect of nasal packing. Our study identified that anterior nasal packing is commonly adopted in certain conditions, namely when extensive nasal dissection is performed. Furthermore, the choice to adopt or not the anterior nasal packing should be tailored taking in account specific conditions, such as acromegaly and Cushing disease. It represents an important factor in reducing postoperative sinonasal complications of EESB.

ECONOMIC ESSENCE AND SIGNS OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT

The article is devoted to theoretical aspects of marketing management of enterprise as a scientific category through comprehensive study of marketing management conceptual foundations, adapted to modern business conditions. The features of theoretical and practical principles of formation and development of marketing concepts are given due to scientific and technological progress and informatization of society. Theoretical aspects of concepts of marketing management and its application in the activities of enterprises and organizations are highlighted. The development of marketing management concepts will allow forming a set of interrelated methodological approaches to practical implementation of specific provisions, in accordance with modern conditions and trends in the development of economic entities during economic transformation. It is proved that the question of definition and terminology is very important for any theory, because definitions, terms, provisions at the heart of any reasoning and logical constructions can affect their final result. Generalization of scientific provisions allowed providing a definition of "marketing management". Marketing management is a type of activity that involves enterprise analysis, planning, implementation and control carried out by all its units in the interaction and coordination of interests on the basis and principles of marketing to achieve high efficiency, development and consolidation in a competitive environment that allow to achieve set goals. These goals are to increase profits, meet the needs of the target audience, increase market share, etc. It is emphasized that the introduction and use of marketing mechanisms in integration with management allow to make decisions based on the comparison of real opportunities with market demands, desired values and aspirations of existing and potential consumers. Marketing management as a purposeful activity to regulate company's position in the market through planning, organization, motivation and control, taking into account specific conditions, aims to achieve the company with a clear focus on the consumer. The obtained results make it possible to identify the main trends in the development of marketing management with the use of specific technologies in management system of enterprises and organizations.

METHODS OF PREPARATION AND PLUGGING MATERIALS APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY WHEN WATERPROOFING WORKS ON OIL WELLS PERFORMING

It is well known that many oil wells in the Volga-Ural Region have a high water cut degree. For the fields of PJSC TATNEFT, the average water cut is 70 %. Sometimes this value reaches 98 %! There are many reasons for this water cut level, including depreciation of the entire underground part of the well, non-compliance with technologies and the low-quality materials application in the well construction, operating rules violation. The resulting water flow between the aquifers and oil well horizons leads to a high water cut in the produced product and very often constitutes the greater amount in the produced fluid composition. To eliminate such crossflows, waterproofing works are carried out to separate the layers, which must be performed as efficiently as possible. Despite the large plugging compounds assortment and the variety application technologies, the success of waterproofing works remains low in many cases. The materials composing the plugging solutions do not always turn out to be of the required quality, and the work technologies, as a rule, are of a recommendatory nature and require amendments taking into account specific conditions. In this regard, a number of new materials, structure-forming agents and injection techniques have been proposed, which increase the waterproofing screen resistance to the formation waters breakthrough.

База данных измерительных систем для экомониторинга выбросов тепловых электрических станций

According to the Russian environmental legislation, all sources of atmospheric pollution at Category I industrial enterprises must necessarily be equipped with automatic systems for monitoring and accounting of marker pollutants emissions. Such industrial facilities include more than 100 thermal power plants. The list of marker pollutants has been established in the relevant industry information and technical reference books on the best available technologies (ITR BAT). The list of marker pollutants monitored at thermal power plants by automatic systems includes nitrogen oxides NOX, sulfur dioxide SO2, carbon monoxide CO, and solid fuel ash. The use of domestically produced measuring equipment for these purposes is set forth as a priority task. However, there is currently no systematic information about gas analysis systems available in the market. The measuring instruments are analyzed, and a database of domestic sampling and non-sampling gas analytical systems is set up, which includes the main methods and means of measuring pollutants emissions, the technical characteristics of which meet the requirements of regulatory documents, and which allows specialists to optimally choose measuring instruments for organizing a continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) at thermal power plants, taking into account specific conditions and requirements. The Microsoft Access Relational Database Management System (DBMS), which is a flexible database management system, is used to create the database. The developed database of measuring instruments for emission monitoring includes equipment from 33 Russian companies. The DBMS enables the user to organize data in tabular form and produce requests for selecting certain specified parameters. Both basic and additional criteria for selecting measuring instruments can be included in the request form. The developed DBMS takes into account the measured parameters of medium, the measurement method and means, compliance with BAT, measurement ranges and errors, estimated and warranty service life, mass and dimensional characteristics, and cost and complexity of maintenance, all serving for the convenience of selecting and implementing CEMS at thermal power plants. An example of the choice of measuring instruments from the proposed database for monitoring the marker pollutants emissions for the MPEI thermal power plant using the optimal choice algorithm is given.

Децентрализация энергетики: интеграция и инновации

<span>Рассмотрены основные тренды развития мировой энергетики: декарбонизация, диджитализация, децентрализация. Показано, что Россия не останется полностью в стороне от мировых тенденций. Децентрализация и цифровизация меняют отечественную энергетику</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span><span>–</span><span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span><span>даже без декарбонизации. Но выбор долгосрочной стратегии развития может пройти либо в новой парадигме либо в традиционном режиме. Показано, что существует возможность гармоничного встраивания распределенной энергетики в традиционную энергосистему там, где это экономически целесообразно с учетом конкретных условий. Новые технологии дополняют существующую систему, а не разрушают ее, но реализация такого подхода требует значительных усилий всех стейкхолдеров и изменения взаимоотношений всех участников.</span>

METHODS IN CRIMINALISTICS

The genesis and current condition of scientific approaches to defining methods in criminalistics are considered. It is noted that, despite the significant importance for the formation of the methodology of criminalistics science, no separate doctrine of its methods has been created yet. Conversely, scientists offer different definitions and classification constructions of methods of this science. There is not always a justifiable division of criminalistics methods into research methods and methods of practical activity. It is emphasized that the introduction of a single, unified, consistent classification of methods in criminalistics science is a prerequisite for the further effective scientific research in this area of knowledge and the solution of praxeological tasks in the activity of judicial investigative bodies, expert institutions, operational units. Finding out established approaches to the classification of methods in science of criminalistics will contribute to the final formation of the modern scientific criminalistics paradigm.
 In view of the results of the analysis of scientific approaches, it is proposed to divide the methods in forensics into two varieties, using the following terms: 1) methods of criminalistics that means methods of studying the subject of research of this field of knowledge, carrying out scientific research; 2) criminalistics methods, that is, the optimal methods of action of authorized subjects that are the result of the conducted research and recommended for practical use. Methods of criminalistics should be grouped into the following levels: philosophical, general scientific (methods of empirical research, methods of theoretical research, general logical methods), separate scientific (special) (borrowed, transformed, especially criminalistics). In turn, forensic methods can be divided into: methods of collecting, recording and investigating evidence; methods of using forensic and special techniques; methods of conducting individual investigative (search) actions; methods of designing and testing investigators, court, expert versions and construction of forecasting models, etc. The above points out that in the forensic scientific knowledge there is a complex, dynamic, subordinated system of numerous methods of different levels, spheres of action, directions, which are realized taking into account specific conditions and subject of research. At the same time, this system is open and constantly updated with new methods as a result of their development and renewing.

Подготовка учителя к преподаванию астрономии в системе общего среднего образования

The preparation of teachers for teaching an independent academic discipline «Astronomy» is currently very relevant. A single program of continuing education courses, professional retraining of astronomy teachers does not exist. Meanwhile, the program of such courses should not only take into account specific conditions in the region (the level of teachers’ training, the availability of equipment, resources, etc.), but also guarantee the formation of the necessary competencies for teaching astronomy in the context of the implementation of the GEF SOO. One of the options for the program is discussed in the article.