Income Accounting Research Articles

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF ELEMENTS OF THE SIMPLIFIED ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING SYSTEM BY SMALL ENTERPRISES

Introduction. The development of a simplified accounting and reporting system has a significant impact on tax legislation, which involves the use of simplified tax regimes for small businesses. The entry into force in 2011 of the Tax Code of Ukraine affected the composition of the elements of the simplified accounting and reporting system, which led to the emergence of new and the possibility of refusing to use the traditional elements of this system. Purpose. The article aims to formulate criteria and elaborate algorithm for selecting elements of a simplified accounting and reporting system by small enterprises. Method (methodology). In the process of research, method of system approach, method of analysis and synthesis, method of generalization and comparison have been used. Results. It has been established that within the simplified accounting and reporting system its subsystem appeared. This subsystem is created for simplified accounting of incomes and expenses. The main elements of such a system are the Simplified Financial Statement of the Small Business Entity and the accounting registers that are identified by the "Methodological Recommendations for the Application of Small Business Registers" No. 720. They are created without the use of the Account Schedule and double entry. The expediency of using the concept of "simplified accounting and reporting system for non-payment of VAT" has been substantiated. The defining criterion for conduction of simplified accounting of incomes and expenses is the lack of registration of a small enterprise by a VAT payer. The algorithm of the choice of the small business entity for the elements of the simplified accounting and reporting system depending on the taxation system has been developed. The possibility of generating this system of information for calculation of tax, statistical and other forms of reporting has been considered in the research.

Models, Measurement, and “Universal Patterns”

Development economics in the 1950s and 1960s, as Jan Tinbergen and Irma Adelman saw it, was a “groping in the dark.” Besides the limited knowledge of dynamic mechanisms, the lack of data was a severe problem for any attempt at modeling, whether macroeconomic, input-output, or in the tradition of national income accounting. As concerns the three main figures of this article—the empirical researchers Tinbergen, Hollis Chenery, and Adelman—each developed his or her own approach to modeling: modeling in stages, modeling to capture universal patterns, and factor analysis, respectively. Tinbergen, Chenery, and Adelman shared a common inductive methodology, which might rightly be called “measurement without theory,” in the sense that there was no economic theory that could help them in organizing the available messy and often unreliable data. Chenery saw a role for abstract mathematical models as helping inquirers to rise above such impediments, even if only temporarily, or to gain focus, as was the case with his making technical progress an exogenous variable. Tinbergen’s models of the “first stage” were also intended to make planning for development tractable, but without mixing planning with such focusing devices. Adelman, for her part, preferred to search for and identify factors of development.

ANALISIS PENGAKUAN, PENGUKURAN, DAN PENGUNGKAPAN PENDAPATAN MENURUT SAK ETAP PADA PT. METTA KARUNA JAYA

The goal with every company is trying to gain the advantage or profit which is the maximum. Income the main of its trade comes from the sale of the goods so that the account of sales is used instead of the account of income. Problems main for income is a defining moment was this recognation of income. On the principles of recognation of income, generally income is recognized at the time be realized or can be realized and produced. Not just a matter of recognation, but also concerning the measurement and disclosure income. When entering the income in the report, the financial not correspond with the standard that applies, then there would be a mistake information for the internal and external company. This research aims at knowing of correspondence recognation, measurement, and disclosure income according to Standard Accounting Financial Entities Without Accountability Public on PT. Metta Karuna Jaya. The method of research that use is descriptive kualitatif with the use of data primary and data secondary. The result of the research show that the revenue stream PT. Metta Karuna Jaya comes from the sale of goods, the company’s recognizes revenue in accordance with the SAK ETAP based on accrual basis, measuring income in accordance with the fair value that can be accepted, and disclose revenue in accordance SAK ETAP in the report profit loss company.Keywords : revenue, recognation, measurement, disclosure, SAK ETAP

FORMATION OF THE REGION TAX POTENTIAL WITH INCOME ACCOUNT IN THE NON-OBSERVED ECONOMY

The article considers the issues of formation of the region tax potential taking into account incomes in the non-observed economy. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the author's methodology for assessing the tax potential, taking into account income in the non-observed economy. It is substantiated the expediency of using indirect methods of measuring the incomes of the non-observed economy for calculating the tax potential of a constituent of the Russian Federation In accordance with the author's methodology consumer spending can be an indicator of the aggregate income of both registered and unregistered. The shadow incomes of the population can be estimated as the excess of total expenditures over the real disposable income of the population. More calculations have shown that the regions of the Central Federal District have significant amounts of unused financial resources, which can be a source of growth of tax revenues of regional and local budgets in the event of their withdrawal from the shadow turnover. With regard to the alcohol market for the method of discrepancy we consider it appropriate to use the indicators of production and wholesale turnover of alcohol products in the Russian Federation. It is concluded that using the proposed approaches to assessing the tax potential of the region, state authorities at different levels will be able to more effectively monitor regional budgets and increase the effectiveness of fiscal and fiscal mechanisms for sustainable development. Commitment to the qualitative characteristics of the region tax potential, taking into account income in the non-observed economy, will increase the efficiency of using the aggregate tax potential. Tax revenues serve as a quantitative expression of the actually achieved level of the tax potential of the territory. The tax potential ensures the formation of fiscal flows in order to maintain a dynamic balance between the key areas of socio-economic development of the territories and through feedback mechanisms influencing trends of sustainable regional development.

Development of the system of management accounting of costs of the railway transport complex

In order to improve the efficiency of long distance transport, it is necessary for all participants in the process to optimize the costs of infrastructure services by introducing advanced technologies for the organization of the transportation process, the maintenance and repair of infrastructure, the quality of passenger service. In addition, it is necessary to improve the management accounting of costs for this type of activity. At present, the attribution of the costs of the owner of the railway infrastructure is regulated by the procedure for the separate accounting of incomes and expenditures by subjects of natural monopolies in the sphere of railway transportation. The article analyzes the dynamics of costs in the provision of infrastructure services in the long-distance, the need to improve the existing procedure for recording costs for a group of articles of the passenger economy, both in the long-distance and in suburban communications, is justified. A new tool for allocating costs by type of activity was proposed on the basis of the survey. The application of the proposed cost accounting mechanism for a group of articles related to passenger service at railway stations will allow forming a financial result more accurately and fairly by production processes and activities, and to reduce the unprofitability of Russian Railways when providing long-distance infrastructure services.

Discussion on the Influence of Replacing the Business Tax with a Value-Added Tax on Accounting Calculation

In order to meet the requirements of social development in the new era, our economy has achieved a series of reforms, the related tax system and the value added tax system are constantly adjusted to meet the requirements of economic development. The most direct embodiment of the tax system and value added tax reform is the implementation of replacing the business tax with a value-added tax, which also has an influence on the accounting calculation of enterprises in the implementation process. This paper focuses on the influence of replacing the business tax with a value-added tax on enterprise income tax, enterprise cash accounting and profit accounting, enterprise income accounting, and puts forward the measures to implement the replacing the business tax with a value-added tax of replacing the business tax with a value-added tax.

BALANCING ACT: ADJUSTMENT OF CHINA'S ECONOMY TO SECURE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

This paper uses income accounting techniques to assess, counterfactually, the implied impact over the last 10 years of a hypothetical government policy to constrain investment growth in order to raise the share of consumption in GDP and to bring about a balance on current account. We find that both target variables are very sensitive to changes in investment and that a policy of careful reform is called for. In the light of this finding, we review Chinese government policy pronouncements and activity with a view to assessing their appropriateness.

The consumption response to positive and negative income shocks

A set of newly-added questions in the 2011–2014 Bank of England/NMG Consulting Survey reveals that British households tend to change their consumption by significantly more in reaction to temporary and unanticipated falls in income than to rises of the same size. Household balance sheet characteristics such as high debt-to-income ratios and small liquidity buffers, concerns about credit market access and higher subjective risk of lower future income account for a sizable share of this spending asymmetry. Our findings have important implications for predicting the response of aggregate consumption to expansionary and contractionary macroeconomic policies.

PENGARUH AKTIVA PAJAK TANGGUHAN TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA PERUSAHAAN INDUSTRI MANUFAKTUR BASIC INDUSTRI YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

Agent conflicts that result in opportunistic management that will result in reported earnings, which will cause the company's value to decrease in the future. Deferred tax assets occur when accounting income is less than fiscal profit due to temporary differences. The smaller accounting earnings than the fiscal profit resulted in the company being able to postpone taxes in the future period. However, if the fiscal profit may not be available in sufficient quantities to be compensated with the balance of the tax loss carry forward, or where possible the realization of future tax benefits with a probability of less than 50 per cent, deferred tax assets are not recognized and the company will record the reserves Deferred tax assets.
 Other problems also arise when the company has a large accounting income (Book Income) in comparison with the fiscal (Taxable Income) earnings in the financial statements. Problems in these conditions include companies, especially companies that have Go Public on its management will conduct earnings management as a fraud (fraud) relation in tax payment or reporting tax payable on the company.
 Companies that have a higher account income (Income Income) than a fiscal profit (Taxable Income) tendency to manage earnings at the company will be high in order to avoid large tax payments.
 This research is feasible to find empirical evidence whether the ownership of the deferred tax of the company or the difference between the Company's Book Income and Taxable Income affects Profit Management. The results of the research found that Deferred Tax Assets did not affect the Earning Management, Size did not affect the Earning Management, Growth (growth) did not affect the Earning Management, Leverage has no effect on Earning Management, Simultaneously Deferred Tax Assets, Size, Growth and Leverage Has no effect on earnings management for basic manufacturing industries for 2014 and 2015.
 Keyword: Deferred Tax Asset, Profit Management (Earning Management), Size, Growth, Leverage.

Life-Cycle Earnings, Education Premiums, and Internal Rates of Return

What do the education premiums look like over the life cycle? What is the impact of schooling on lifetime earnings? How does the internal rate of return compare with opportunity cost of funds? To what extent do progressive taxes attenuate the incentives to invest in education? This paper exploits Norwegian population panel data with nearly career long earnings histories to answer these important questions. We provide a detailed picture of the causal relationship between schooling and earnings over the life cycle, following individuals over their working lifespan. To account for endogeneity of schooling, we apply three commonly used identification strategies. Our estimates show that additional schooling gives higher lifetime earnings and steeper age-earnings profile, in line with predictions from human capital theory. These estimates imply an internal rate of return of around 10 percent, after taking into account income taxes and earnings-related pension entitlements. Under standard conditions, this finding suggests it was financially profitable to take additional schooling because the rates of return were substantially higher than the market interest rates. By comparison, Mincer regressions understate substantially the rates of return. We explore the reasons for this downward bias, finding that it is driven by Mincer’s assumptions of no earnings while in school and exogenous post-schooling employment.

Decomposing the Macroeconomic Effects of Natural Disasters: A National Income Accounting Perspective

There is an unresolved debate as to whether natural disasters present true obstacles to a country's economic growth and development, given that the empirical evidence is rather heterogeneous. In this paper we explore whether aggregate analyses are likely to mask different responses of the components (export and import, government consumption, investment and private consumption) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). To this end, we assembled a panel data set of hurricane strikes and national income accounting data for 21 Caribbean countries for the period 1970–2011. We used a panel Vector Autoregressive (VARX) model to take account of the direct impact of the storm shocks and any feedback mechanisms. Our results suggest that the responses on each GDP component differ widely, where we find some effects on export, import, public consumption, investment and private consumption. However, the differences in timing and directions of these impacts demonstrate why it may be difficult to find any clear and large net aggregate impact of hurricanes and natural disasters in general on GDP.

Outpatient Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis in the United States: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study.

To describe the uptake of outpatient DVT treatment in the United States and understand how comorbidities and socioeconomic conditions impact the decision to treat as an outpatient. The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort study recruited 30,329 participants between 2003 and 2007. DVT events were ascertained through 2011. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the correlates of outpatient treatment of DVT accounting for age, sex, race, education, income, urban or rural residence, and region of residence. Of 379 venous thromboembolism events, 141 participants had a DVT without diagnosed pulmonary embolism and that did not occur during hospitalization. Overall, 28% (39 of 141) of participants with DVT were treated as outpatients. In a multivariable model, the odds ratio for outpatient versus inpatient DVT treatment was 4.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-13.79) for urban versus rural dwellers, 3.29 (95% CI, 1.30-8.30) for white versus black patients, 2.41 (95% CI, 1.06-5.47) for women versus men, and 1.90 (95% CI, 1.19-3.02) for every 10 years younger in age. Living outside the southeastern United States and having higher education and income were not statistically significantly associated with outpatient treatment. Despite known safety and efficacy, only 28% of participants with DVT received outpatient treatment. This study highlights populations in which efforts could be made to reduce hospital admissions.

English

Agricultural credit has been argued to be very important for sustainable agricultural development and poverty reduction in rural areas. This study seeks to identify and to analyze the determinants of smallholder farmers’ access to and use of credit in Suakoko district, Bong County, Liberia. This research is quantitative using a survey questionnaire distributed to 105 smallholder farmers. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and causal analysis was performed using a binary Logit regression model. Results from regression indicate that 39% of the farmers were credit users. The marginal effects of bank account and other sources of income show significant and positive effects on access to credit. However, education, occupation and group membership are significant but have negative effects on access to credit by smallholder farmers. The results also show that 38% of credit users applied credit received for agricultural activities, while the rest utilized it for non-agricultural activities. It is recommended that a policy should be established to ensure older farmers gets adult literacy while younger farmers get formal education. Moreover, the government should issue a policy aimed at increasing opportunities for off-farm activities through creation of jobs and motivating self-employment. Finally, the government should promote the creation of development groups geared towards providing collateral support for members and also serve as guarantors for farmers to receive banks credit/loans in order to increase agricultural productivity in the study area.   Key words: Credit access, rural, farmers, smallholder, Suakoko district, Liberia.

Public Policy and ICTs for Higher Education of Disabled Students in Indonesia

The Indonesian government’s policy on inclusive education determined that students with all type of disabilities (physical, mental and social) should be mainstreamed into general schools regardless post-secondary schools/colleges/universities. As a result, those disabled graduating from vocational high school should be satisfied with non-formal occupation. By improving their scientific enquiries through ICT aid, they could pursue further education in accounting, management, architecture, design graphics, translator, etc and enjoy formal occupations for a much better income. This paperexamines to what extent the government policies have or have not effectivelypromoted the rights of the disabled to higher education and training via the use of information communication technology. This paper draws on a survey of fivehigh schools for the disabled at Central Java and Yogyakarta with total of 170 students. It was found that there is no Presidential Decree or Ministerial Decree on post-secondary education /higher education of the disabled. Even the Presidential Decree No 75 of 2015 was oriented to the national action plan for the disabled (2015-2019) such as implementing the respect, protection, fulfillment, enforcement, and promotion of human rights in Indonesia.

Long-Term Effects of Extended Unemployment Benefits for Older Workers

This paper examines the long-term effects of extended unemployment benefits that older unemployed can collect until retirement in Finland. We consider a reform that increased the age threshold of this scheme from 55 to 57 for people born in 1950 or later. Our regression discontinuity estimates show that postponing eligibility by two years increased employment over the remaining working career by seven months. Despite the corresponding reduction in unemployment, we find no evidence of significant effects on mortality or receipt of disability and sickness benefits, nor on the spouse's labor supply. We also compute the fiscal impact of the reform taking into account income taxes and social security contributions paid and benefits received. The reform increased net income transfers by 15,000 Euros over the 10-year period for an average individual.

Change in Persistence of Accounting Income Informations after K－IFRS Adoption

Change in Persistence of Accounting Income Informations after K－IFRS Adoption

Electricity demand response to price changes: The Portuguese case taking into account income differences

In this paper we study the behavior of electricity use in Portuguese households using microdata from five independent surveys. Our sample covers the period from 1989 to 2010, which was characterized by major changes in the country. We adopt the pseudo-panel methodology creating 350 cohorts based on the size of the household, the type of location (rural or urban), the region, and the income quintile. Our results show relatively high medium/long-run own price elasticities indicating that an increase in the electricity price due to, for instance, policy intervention would, in fact, decrease electricity use. Cross price elasticities indicate that electricity and gas are substitutes. Additionally, the income quintiles analysis shows significant differences in the elasticities depending on the income group. Hence, political interventions in the electricity sector may have important redistributive effects.

At the intersection of place, race, and health in Brazil: Residential segregation and cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Residential segregation is the spatial manifestation of entrenched socioeconomic and racial inequities and is considered a fundamental cause of racial inequalities in health. Despite the well-documented racialized spatial inequalities that exist in urban areas throughout Brazil, few empirical investigations have examined the link between residential segregation and health and considered its implications for racial health inequalities in this setting. In the present study, we used data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (2008–2010) to examine the association between economic residential segregation and two major cardio-metabolic risk factors—hypertension and diabetes. We also examined whether associations were stronger for historically marginalized racial groups in Brazil. Residential segregation was calculated for study-defined neighborhoods using the Getis-Ord Local Gi* statistic and was based on household income data from the 2010 IBGE demographic census. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations. In our sample, Blacks and Browns were more likely to live in economically segregated neighborhoods. After taking into account income, education, and other demographic characteristics we found that individuals living in the most economically segregated neighborhoods were 26% more likely to have hypertension and 50% more likely to have diabetes than individuals living in more affluent areas. Although Blacks and Browns living in highly segregated neighborhoods had higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes compared to Whites, we observed no statistically significant racial differences in the associations with residential segregation. Our findings suggest that residential segregation may be an important structural determinant of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Brazil. Moreover, the systematic and disproportionate exposure of Blacks and Browns to highly segregated neighborhoods may implicate these settings as potential drivers of racial inequalities in cardio-metabolic risk factors in urban settings in Brazil.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING (EMA) PADA RSUD DR.H.SLAMET MARTODJIRJO PAMEKASAN

The negative impacts caused by the hospital require the environmental accounting system as the control of the organization's responsibility because the waste management conducted by the hospital requires measurement, assessment, disclosure and reporting of waste management cost from the operational activities of the hospital is one of the interesting accounting problems for The Eirviromental Management Accounting (EMA) is a technique that emphasizes efficiency and effectiveness in the use of resources and is part of a wider management control system. This research method used qualitative method with case study. RSUD Dr.H. Slamet Martodjirjo Pamekasan has implemented Regulation of Minister of Trade Regulation No.64 of 2013 on the implementation of accounting based on full accrual in government in 2015 for example, has done the process of identification, recognition of measurement, recording, presentation and also disclosure. In RSUD Dr.H. Slamet Martodjirjo Pamekasan recognizes the environmental costs that occur as operational costs using the basic accrual method. Environmental accounting can support income accounting, financial accounting as well as internal business managerial accounting. Environmental accounting helps companies and other organizations raise their confidence and beliefs in relation to a more equitable assessment. Environmental accounting becomes important to consider as well as possible because environmental accounting is part or sub-accounting. Disclosure of policies relating to environmental management issues in the notes to the financial statements of RSUD Dr.Slamet Martodjirjo Pamekasan shows that the costs incurred for waste management are combined with similar accounts.Keywords :Eviromental Management Acoounting

On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting

Standard setters advocate a balance sheet approach to financial reporting, which views assets and liabilities as primary, and income as just the derivative change in net assets. This paper argues that income is conceptually and practically better described as ‘adjusted net cash flows,’ where the adjustments are the accounting accruals. One proof of that is seen in the existence of whole accounting systems like tax accounting and national income accounting, which emphasize the determination of income but have no balance sheets. The paper also argues that an income-based approach to financial reporting is by nature better suited to reflect the success of advancing cash to earn more cash, which defines what for-profit entities do. There are two main features of the income-based approach. One is attention on the cash flows as the natural foundation for financial reporting because they are precisely determined, and provide a clear link to firm valuation. The other is attention on the accounting accruals, which serve to adjust the raw cash flows to better show the current success of investing cash to ultimately earn more cash. Specifically, the paper argues for revenue recognition which is close to current practice, and for expense recognition which is aligned with the matching principle.