Changes In Accommodation Research Articles

Temporal changes in accommodative responses to periodic visual motion

When we shift our gaze to stare at objects at various distances, not only eye positions but also lens accommodation changes. Usually, visually induced accommodation responses (AccRes) present longer latency than accompanying eye movements, resulting in a brief period of an unfocused retinal image after each gaze shift. Unfocused periods may be extended further when the eyes are under predictive control in response to a temporally periodic visual stimulus. It has been shown that phase lag of the AccRes shortened when the visual target motion was temporally periodic, contributing to reduction of the unfocused periods. However, how rapidly the phase lag shortening is acquired or how long the shortened phase is maintained has been unknown. Presently, we aimed at clarifying the acquisition and maintenance characteristics of the AccRes adaptation. Experiments employing periodic accommodative stimuli revealed that the phase lag is shortened and the gain is temporarily (for 1.3–4 s) increased as early as in the 2nd cycle of the stimulation. Moreover, we show that the adapted AccRes persist for at least 0.25 s in addition to the latency (0.35 s) in the dark after removing periodic visual stimulation. These results add new insights into the temporal characteristics of AccRes adaptation and its maintenance that would play an important role in our daily visual experiences.

Tectonic and climatic controls on the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous stratigraphic architecture of the Xuanhua basin, North China

AbstractArguments for recognizing autogenic vs. allogenic signals in the stratigraphic record are still far from settled, as is the decoding of unsteady allogenic responses to climate vs. tectonic forcing. We offer the case of late Mesozoic Xuanhua basin in the western Yanshan fold‐and‐thrust belt of North China to make these points. The study area is an intramontane basin that has allowed detailed structural, sedimentological, and provenance analyses in a kilometre‐thick succession (the Tuchengzi Formation) of alluvial fan, fluvial, lake‐delta and lacustrine deposits. Extensive geological mapping provided confidence of near‐basinwide later correlation of strata, revealing two large‐scale upward‐coarsening (CU) successions each 80–240 m thick, with prominent vertical changes from lacustrine through deltaic and fluvial to alluvial fan deposits. Two intervals of thrust‐related growth strata identified in the Tuchengzi Fm suggest that the CU successions were the signals of tectonic uplift and accommodation change related to Likouquan and the Mapu thrusting. In the lower CU succession, there is a stacking (30+) of small‐scale (3–16 m thick) upward‐fining cyclothems that are argued to have been generated by alternating wet‐dry climate cycles. The wet half‐cycle is argued to have initiated with high sediment and water discharge of flood‐generated mass flows into the lake and ended with accumulation of lacustrine mudstones as lake level rose. The lake deposits include the maximum flooding during the wet half‐cycle. The dry half‐cycle was characterized by continued lacustrine deposits, but increased evidence of subaerial exposure (rooting, paleosols, and mudcracks) argued to result from falling of the lake level under dry conditions.

Examining the Validity of a New Method for the Objective Assessment of Binocular Accommodative Facility (2Q-AF Test): A Comparison with ± 2.00 DS Lens Flippers

ABSTRACT Purpose Recent technological advances have permitted to objectively record the accommodative response while shifting between two different levels of accommodation. This study is aimed at examining the concurrent validity of a new objective method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of binocular accommodative facility, which is named 2Q-AF test, in comparison to the ±2.00 DS lens flippers. Methods Fifty-six individuals took part in this study (36 healthy young adults [24.4 ± 3.2 years] and 20 children [12.2 ± 0.4 years]). Participants randomly performed the 2Q-AF and the ±2.00 DS lens flipper tests. For the 2Q-AF test, a binocular open-field autorefractor was used to record the magnitude of accommodative response during a 60-sec period, while participants repeatedly changed fixation from a 5 m to a 40 cm chart when clarity of vision was achieved at each level. Due to the advantages of the proposed method, we have determined the number of cycles and the 2Q-AF score, with the latter also considering the accuracy of changes in accommodation. A standard procedure was followed for the ±2.00 DS flipper test. Results Our data exhibited a moderate association between the number of cycles with the ±2.00 DS lens flippers and the number of cycles in the 2Q-AF test in the group of young adults (p = .005, r = 0.46 [0.15–0.68]) and children (p = .007, r = 0.58 [0.19–0.81]), whereas a stronger relationship was observed when considering the number of cycles with the ±2.00 DS lens flippers and the 2Q-AF score (young adults: p < .001, r = 0.83 [0.69–0.91]; and children: p < .001, r = 0.78 [0.52–0.91]). Conclusions The current findings show that the 2Q-AF test is a valid method for accommodative facility assessment, as suggested by its good levels of reliability and validity. This method allows to examine the accommodative facility in qualitative terms and solve most of the limitations associated with the ±2.00 DS lens flipper test.

Trajectory of Change in Parental Accommodation and Its Relation to Symptom Severity and Impairment in Pediatric OCD.

Family accommodation (FA) has been shown to relate to poorer treatment outcomes in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), yet few studies have examined the trajectory of change in FA throughout treatment and its relation to treatment outcomes. This study examined change in FA in relation to change in symptom severity and impairment in 63 youth receiving a family-based intervention for early-onset OCD. FA, symptom severity and functional impairment were assessed at baseline, week 5, week 9, and post-treatment (week 14). Results suggested that changes in FA in the beginning stages of treatment preceded global symptom improvement (but not OCD specific improvement) whereas changes in functional impairment preceded changes in FA. In the latter half of treatment, changes in FA preceded improvement in global and OCD specific symptom severity as well as functional impairment. These findings highlight the importance of reducing FA, especially in the later stages of treatment, in order to optimize treatment outcomes in early-onset OCD.

Recognition of Divergent Viral Substrates by the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease.

The main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is an ideal target for pharmaceutical inhibition. Mpro is conserved among coronaviruses and distinct from human proteases. Viral replication depends on the cleavage of the viral polyprotein at multiple sites. We present crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro bound to two viral substrate peptides. The structures show how Mpro recognizes distinct substrates and how subtle changes in substrate accommodation can drive large changes in catalytic efficiency. One peptide, constituting the junction between viral nonstructural proteins 8 and 9 (nsp8/9), has P1′ and P2′ residues that are unique among the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro cleavage sites but conserved among homologous junctions in coronaviruses. Mpro cleaves nsp8/9 inefficiently, and amino acid substitutions at P1′ or P2′ can enhance catalysis. Visualization of Mpro with intact substrates provides new templates for antiviral drug design and suggests that the coronavirus lifecycle selects for finely tuned substrate-dependent catalytic parameters.

Longitudinal trajectory and predictors of change in family accommodation during exposure therapy for pediatric OCD

Family accommodation (FA) is key in the maintenance of OCD. However, most studies are cross-sectional, and have not identified long-term trajectories and correlates of FA changes over treatment. This study investigated changes in clinician-rated FA over 10 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for 142 children with OCD, as well as several key predictors/correlates: (a) clinician-rated OCD symptom severity, (b) child- and parent-rated functional impairment, (c) parent-rated treatment expectancies, and (d) child- and parent-rated therapeutic alliance. Multi-level models indicated that FA changed significantly during treatment, with gains maintained over 6-months. Baseline clinician-rated OCD severity did not predict changes in FA. Significant interactions indicated that children with higher child- and parent-rated impairment exhibited greater FA improvements over treatment (versus children with lower impairment). Child- and parent-rated therapeutic alliance and parent-rated expectancies did not predict FA changes. Finally, FA mediated the relationship between OCD severity and parent- (but not child-) rated impairment. Reverse mediation models were also significant. Findings indicate that CBT can successfully reduce FA (a) even if children experience high OCD severity and interference in school, relationships, and family life, and (b) regardless of non-specific factors like treatment expectancies and alliance. FA reductions are an important mechanism mediating treatment response.

Effect of Low-Level Laser Irradiation on Accommodation and Visual Fatigue.

PurposeThis study used low-level laser irradiation on auricular points for the eyes of junior college teenagers with myopia to observe the changes in refractive errors and eye accommodation. According to the Sterner’s study, we used the relationship between the amplitude and subjective symptoms to assess the degree of improvement in visual fatigue caused by changes in accommodation.MethodsParticipants were 49 healthy junior college teenagers, with an average age of 16.04±0.80 years old, and the refractive errors of both eyes were between −1.50 D and −5.00 D. All participants underwent refractive error tests before and after class and after a 30-min break. In a 30-min break, all participants underwent two tests of with (experimental group) and without (control group) low-level laser irradiation on the auricular points. Then, refractive error tests were conducted to evaluate the participants’ eye accommodation.ResultsThe results revealed that with treatment of the auricular points with and without low-level laser irradiation, the refractive error of the participants’ binocular left and right eyes decreased by −0.12 D (−0.18 D) in the experimental grou and by −0.05 D (−0.02D) in the control group. For the amplitudes of accommodation (AA) examination, the AA of the participants’ binocular in the experimental group became 7.98 ± 1.35 D (7.65 ± 1.37 D). The AA of participants’ binocular can recover to the level before the class.ConclusionThe results indicated that low-level laser irradiation at auricular points restored the eye accommodation faster than did natural closing of the eyes.

Tracing marine flooding surface equivalents across freshwater peats and other wetland deposits by integrated sedimentological and pollen data

Large volumes of peatland deposits characterise the Holocene stratigraphy of the Po Plain. A combination of sedimentological and pollen-based paleoenvironmental analyses enables recognition and stratigraphic correlation of small-scale (2–5 m thick) packages of peat-bearing strata, stacked rhythmically in a retrogradational to progradational set and bounded by chronostratigraphically significant surfaces. Across these repetitive lithofacies successions, the proportion of facies-controlled palynomorphs is used as a diagnostic signature to characterise marine flooding surface equivalents (helophytes and hydrophytes) and shoaling-upward (terrestrialization) trends (trees and mesophilous herbs) that record systematic variations in groundwater table associated with increasing/decreasing accommodation. Paludification surfaces at the base of peats delineate the updip (freshwater) equivalents of brackish/marine flooding surfaces recognized at seaward locations atop peat layers (give-up transgressive surfaces). Peat beds exhibit maximum thickness in aggradational strata of the lowermost highstand systems tract, above the maximum flooding surface (MFS). An extrinsic control due to eustatic rise can be inferred for peat development in transgressive deposits: peats, in particular, reveal warmer climates at flooding surfaces (specifically around the MFS) that invariably coincide with rapid shifts to deeper depositional environments. Under highstand conditions, autogenic mechanisms affected base-level changes in the paralic swamps. At this stratigraphic level, peat-bearing strata primarily reflect subtle changes in accommodation due to distributary-channel avulsion, subsidence, and peat autocompaction. Detailed patterns of Holocene peat distribution on millennial timescales can help decipher multiple high-resolution accommodation cycles developed in the rock record on sub-seismic scales, resulting in an improved stratigraphic analysis and prediction of chronologically less constrained non-marine successions.

Progradational slope architecture and sediment distribution in outcrops of the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Bone Spring Formation, Permian Basin, west Texas

AbstractSediment transport and distribution are the keys to understanding slope-building processes in mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediment routing systems. The Permian Bone Spring Formation, Delaware Basin, west Texas, is such a mixed system and has been extensively studied in its distal (basinal) extent but is poorly constrained in its proximal upper-slope segment. Here, we define the stratigraphic architecture of proximal outcrops in Guadalupe Mountains National Park in order to delineate the shelf-slope dynamics of carbonate and siliciclastic sediment distribution and delivery to the basin. Upper-slope deposits are predominantly fine-grained carbonate lithologies, interbedded at various scales with terrigenous (i.e., siliciclastic and clay) hemipelagic and gravity-flow deposits. We identify ten slope-building clinothems varying from terrigenous-rich to carbonate-rich and truncated by slope detachment surfaces that record large-scale mass wasting of the shelf margin. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data indicate that slope detachment surfaces contain elevated proportions of terrigenous sediment, suggesting that failure is triggered by changes in accommodation or sediment supply at the shelf margin. A well-exposed terrigenous-rich clinothem, identified here as the 1st Bone Spring Sand, provides evidence that carbonate and terrigenous sediments were deposited contemporaneously, suggesting that both autogenic and allogenic processes influenced sediment accumulation. The mixing of lithologies at multiple scales and the prevalence of mass wasting acted as primary controls on the stacking patterns of terrigenous and carbonate lithologies of the Bone Spring Formation, not only on the shelf margin and upper slope, but also in the distal, basinal deposits of the Delaware Basin.

Changes in anterior segment parameters of normal subjects during accommodation using a Scheimpflug imaging system

Background: Accommodation changes ocular parameters, such as the anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and pupil diameter (PD), which can reflect a risk of angle-closure glaucoma. Previous studies of changes in ocular anterior segment parameters, have used high diopters or maximum amplitude. Here, we focused on normal accommodation at a reading distance of 30‒40 cm. The aim of this study was to assess changes in anterior segment parameters during a normal accommodative state, using a Scheimpflug imaging system.&#x0D; Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 40 emmetrope subjects (mean ± SD of age: 22 ± 4.0 years) who met the inclusion criteria and provided informed consent were enrolled. Clinical history, refraction, amplitude of accommodation, slit lamp examination, Goldman applanation tonometry, and Pentacam investigations were performed on all subjects. Accommodative and non-accommodative targets were induced via the Pentacam. Two seconds were allowed for accommodation or relaxation prior to measurements in each eye.&#x0D; Results: Eighty normal eyes were evaluated; a small but statistically significant change in ACV, ACA, and PD during accommodation (P &lt; 0.01, &lt; 0.01, and &lt; 0.05, respectively) was observed. The ACD did not change substantially with accommodation (P = 0.29). The mean ± SD values of ACV, ACD, ACA, and PD before and after accommodation were 151.85 ± 24.04 mm3 and 145.38 ± 23.30 mm3, 2.87 ± 0.28 mm and 2.86 ± 0.27 mm, 35.06° ± 3.68° and 33.84° ± 3.72°, and 3.46 ± 0.57 mm and 3.41 ± 0.53 mm, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusions: Accommodation changes ocular parameters, such as ACV, ACA, and PD, in healthy young emmetropes. Interestingly, the ACD remains unaltered during accommodation. Nevertheless, although these changes were statistically significant, they were not clinically significant in our study.

Assessing accommodative presbyopic biometric changes of the entire anterior segment using single swept-source OCT image acquisitions.

To evaluate biometric changes throughout the anterior chamber during accommodation and presbyopia using single image acquisition swept-source anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Anterior-segment images were obtained using a new swept-source AS-OCT device (ANTERION, Heidelberg Engineering) from healthy volunteers (n = 71) across two centers in this prospective observational case series. In one image acquisition, cornea through posterior lens, including the ciliary muscle on both sides of the right eye, was imaged. Subjects undertook no accommodative effort and -1, -3, and -5 D of target vergence. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA modeling was performed for ciliary muscle measurements, lens parameters, aqueous depth (AD), and pupil diameter (PD). The first ANOVA factor was accommodative stimuli, and the second factor included age and refractive status. Maximum ciliary muscle thickness increased with accommodative stimuli (p < 0.001), while the distance from the scleral spur to the maximal point on the ciliary muscle and posterior ciliary muscle thickness (CMT2) decreased (p < 0.001-0.002). Older individuals showed no accommodative changes for ciliary muscle parameters, lens thickness, lens vault, PD, and AD (p = 0.07-0.32). Younger- and middle-aged eyes showed statistically significant accommodative structural alterations for these endpoints (p < 0.001-0.002), but with different patterns, including early loss of CMT2 contraction in middle-aged eyes. Within the middle-aged group, myopic eyes maintained better capacity for accommodative structural change. Swept-source AS-OCT demonstrated multiple simultaneous anterior-segment biometric alterations in single acquisition images, including early loss of posterior ciliary muscle function and better maintained capacity for anterior-segment structural change in myopia.

Background: Females in the hour of menstruation feel visual inconvenience due to the hormone estrogen. Basically, visual disturbances such as obscuring of close to vision after delayed distance and close to work, headache, poor focus, irritability, eye strain, and so forth. &amp;ldquo;At the point when women&amp;rsquo;s estrogen and progesterone levels significantly decline, as is regular with menstruation, vision is typically

Background Females in the hour of menstruation feel visual inconvenience due to the hormone estrogen. Basically visual disturbances such as obscuring of close to vision after delayed distance and close to work headache poor focus irritability eye strain and so forth. ldquoAt the point when womenrsquos estrogen and progesterone levels significantly decline as is regular with menstruation vision is typically less lsquonearsightedrsquo than before menstruation follicular phaserdquo said Dr. Pang.Aim and Objectives To evaluate the changes in accommodative status like accommodative facility accommodative insufficiency excessive accommodation and amplitude of accommodation during ovulation and follicular phase.Method This cross-sectional study involved 60 female understudies undergraduatesstudents aged 18-24 years. They underwent binocular vision evaluation to check the accommodation related changes in ovulation and follicular phases during the cycle. A bunch of inquiries have been identified with symptoms during the monthly cycle and data has been recorded.Results The present study showed that the subjects were not having any problems related to accommodation before menstruation. During the time of menstruation amplitude of accommodation was found to be low 7.1plusmn2 in 66.6 of the subjects 40 students and reduced accommodative facility was observed in 76.6 46 students. Accommodative insufficiency was found among 63.3 of the subjects 38 students. During the time of menstruation head ache poor concentration irritability difficulty in reading and blurring of vision was found among 66.7 of the subjects 40 students.Conclusion The present study showed that during menstruation some subjects were facing accommodative disorders such as low amplitude of accommodation accommodative insufficiency and accommodative infacility. It is clear that because of such changes in accommodation a large number of subjects were facing head ache poor concentration irritability difficulty in reading and blurring of vision during menstruation.

Changes in accommodative function following small-incision lenticule extraction for high myopia.

PurposeTo examine whether the amplitude of accommodation, the accommodative response, and the accommodative facility is affected and correlated with changes in higher-order aberrations for patients with high myopia surgically treated with small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).Methods35 highly myopic eyes (myopic spherical equivalent of at least 6 diopters) of 35 patients treated with SMILE were included. Assessments were made before and 3 months after surgery. Donders push-up-method was used to measure the amplitude of accommodation. The accommodative response was assessed using an open-field autorefractor”Grand Seiko WAM-5500” (Grand Seiko Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan) in combination with a Badal optometer and stimuli of accommodation at 0.0, 0.5, 1.25, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 D, respectively. Accommodative facility was measured at 40 cm with ±2,00D flipper lenses. All measurements of accommodation were performed monocularly with the refractive error corrected with soft contact lenses.ResultsThe amplitude of accommodation did not change statistically significantly (mean difference -0.24 D (SD 0.98), 95% CI of mean difference -0.58 D to 0.11 D, paired-sample t(34) = -1.39; P = 0.17). The accommodative responses at 0.0, 0.5, 1.25, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 D did not statistically significantly change either (F(6,29) = 1.15; P = .36). Finally, the accommodative facility was also unchanged with a mean difference of 1.11 cycles per minute (SD 5.11, 95% CI of mean difference -0.64 to 2.87, paired-sample t(34) = 1.29; P = 0.21). No clinically significant associations between changes in accommodation and higher-order aberrations were found.ConclusionsSMILE does not alter the amplitude of accommodation, the accommodative response, nor the accommodative facility for highly myopic patients, and the surgically induced corneal higher-order aberrations do not affect the accommodative function.

Accommodative Exercises to Lower Intraocular Pressure.

Purpose This study investigated how a conscious change in ocular accommodation affects intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular biometrics in healthy adult volunteers of different ages. Methods Thirty-five healthy volunteers without ocular disease or past ocular surgery, and with refractive error between −3.50 and +2.50 diopters, were stratified into 20, 40, and 60 year old (y.o.) age groups. Baseline measurements of central cornea thickness, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber angle, cornea diameter, pupil size, and ciliary muscle thickness were made by autorefraction and optical coherence tomography (OCT), while IOP was measured by pneumotonometry. Each subject's right eye focused on a target 40 cm away. Three different tests were performed in random order: (1) 10 minutes of nonaccommodation (gazing at the target through lenses that allowed clear vision without accommodating), (2) 10 minutes of accommodation (addition of a minus 3 diopter lens), and (3) 10 minutes of alternating between accommodation and nonaccommodation (1-minute intervals). IOP was measured immediately after each test. A 20-minute rest period was provided between tests. Data from 31 subjects were included in the study. ANOVA and paired t-tests were used for statistical analyses. Results Following alternating accommodation, IOP decreased by 0.7 mmHg in the right eye when all age groups were combined (p = 0.029). Accommodation or nonaccommodation alone did not decrease IOP. Compared to the 20 y.o. group, the 60 y.o. group had a thicker ciliary muscle within 75 μm of the scleral spur, a thinner ciliary muscle at 125–300 μm from the scleral spur, narrower anterior chamber angles, shallower anterior chambers, and smaller pupils during accommodation and nonaccommodation (p's < 0.01). Conclusion Alternating accommodation, but not constant accommodation, significantly decreased IOP. This effect was not lost with aging despite physical changes to the aging eye. A greater accommodative workload and/or longer test period may improve the effect.

Out-of-pocket payments by end-stage kidney disease patients on regular hemodialysis: Cost of illness analysis, experience from Sudan.

In Sudan, the number of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) is growing. Patients and their families incur a high out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), given that HD treatment is expensive. There are limited data about OOP spending on HD in the country. This study aims to explore patients' OOP expense on direct medical and nonmedical goods and services and to which extent they can be predicted from sociodemographic characteristics, health insurance status, comorbidity, and accommodation change. This is descriptive a cross-sectional study conducted in Ibn Sina Hospital. One hundred and thirty patients undergo regular HD were randomly selected. Among the study participants (130), the median of the overall total OOP (direct medical and direct nonmedical) spending per patients per year was found to be US$ 3859.1 (interquartile range [IQR]: 2298.1-6261.1). As for the medians OOP expenditure on direct medical and nonmedical costs, they were found to be US$ 2327.6 (IQR: 1421.5-3804.8) and US$ 1096 (IQR: 715.2-2345.2), respectively. The direct medical expenditure (355,586 US$) accounted for 60% of the overall total expenses. Medications and investigations were the primary drivers of direct medical spending. Higher OOPE rates were found among those with one or more of these factors; uninsured patients, patient with comorbidity, female gender, and over 40 years aged. The multivariate analysis showed that the significant predictors of direct medical expenditure were health insurance and comorbid conditions, where as the predictors for direct nonmedical expenditure were accommodation change and gender. This study results in a better understanding of OOP spending on direct medical and nonmedical services and its associated predictors among HD patients within the context of Sudan. Further research is needed in this area.

Exergaming With Beat Saber: An Investigation of Virtual Reality Aftereffects.

BackgroundVirtual reality (VR) exergaming has the potential to target sedentary behavior. Immersive environments can distract users from the physical exertion of exercise and can motivate them to continue exergaming. Despite the recent surge in VR popularity, numerous users still experience VR sickness from using head-mounted displays (HMDs). Apart from the commonly assessed self-reported symptoms, depth perception and cognition may also be affected. Considering the potential benefits of VR exergaming, it is crucial to identify the adverse effects limiting its potential and continued uptake.ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the consequences of playing one of the most popular VR exergames for 10 and 50 min on aspects of vision, cognition, and self-reported VR sickness.MethodsA total of 36 participants played an exergame, called Beat Saber, using an HMD. A repeated measures within-subject design was conducted to assess changes in vision, cognition, and well-being after short (10 min) and long (50 min) durations of VR exposure. We measured accommodation, convergence, decision speed, movement speed, and self-reported sickness at 3 test periods—before VR, immediately after VR, and 40 min after VR (late).ResultsBeat Saber was well tolerated, as there were no dropouts due to sickness. For most participants, any immediate aftereffects were short-lived and returned to baseline levels after 40 min of exiting VR. For both short and long exposures, there were changes in accommodation (F1,35=8.424; P=.006) and convergence (F1,35=7.826; P=.008); however, in the late test period, participants returned to baseline levels. Measures on cognition revealed no concern. The total simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) scores increased immediately after VR (F1,35=26.515; P<.001) and were significantly higher for long compared with short exposures (t35=2.807; P=.03), but there were no differences in exposure duration in the late test period, with scores returning to baseline levels. Although at a group level, participants’ sickness levels returned to baseline 40 min after VR exposure, approximately 14% of the participants still reported high levels of sickness in the late test period after playing 50 min of Beat Saber. We also showed that the participants who experienced a high level of sickness after a short exposure were almost certain to experience a high level of symptoms after a longer exposure.ConclusionsIrrespective of the duration of exposure, this study found no strong evidence for adverse symptoms 40 min after exiting VR; however, some individuals still reported high levels of VR sickness at this stage. We recommend that users commit to a waiting period after exiting VR to ensure that any aftereffects have deteriorated. Exergames in HMDs have the potential to encourage people to exercise but are understudied, and the aftereffects of exergaming need to be closely monitored to ensure that VR exergames can reach their full potential.

FischerLab: An Application for Generating Fischer Plots and Dynamic Fischer Plots from Wireline Well-Logs and Stratigraphic Data

Fischer plots are a technique that is used to graph changes in accommodation in cyclic carbonate successions. They typically depict the cumulative departure from the average cycle thickness as a function of the cycle number or stratigraphic depth. Many applications of Fischer plots focus on their construction from exposed cyclic carbonate successions. No published programs allow the direct construction of Fischer plots from digital wireline well-logs or dynamic presentations of Fischer plots. Here, we introduce a program known as FischerLab, which facilitates the generation and analysis of Fischer plots. In addition to accepting interpreted stratigraphic data input, FischerLab facilitates the interpretation of digital wireline logs for the generation of Fischer plots in cycle and depth domains, as well as in a dynamic evolving cycle and relative depth domain from an easy-to-use interface. The dynamic construction facilitates the correlation of specific stratigraphic packages to parts of the accommodation cycle while simultaneously tracking the locus of the mean subsidence vector. We demonstrate the use of FischerLab on data derived from the carbonate succession outcrops of the Al-Athrun Formation, Libya, and the Glen Rose Formation, Central Texas, USA, as well as on wireline well-log data from the Western Great Bahama Bank, the Bahamas.

Caregiver accommodation in adolescents with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and anorexia nervosa: Relationships with distress, eating disorder psychopathology, and symptom change.

The role of family and caregiver accommodation is a well-defined maintenance factor for anxiety disorders and OCD. Family accommodation for patients with eating disorders is beginning to be described and characterized, but gaps in the literature remain. The current project compares levels of accommodation in families of those with anorexia nervosa (AN) to those with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). It additionally establishes whether accommodation changes over the course of treatment and the extent to which these changes are related to changes in eating disorder pathology. A total of 39 adolescents with ARFID and 59 with AN presenting to a partial hospitalization program were included, with measures completed at intake and discharge. Caregivers of adolescents with AN and those with ARFID reported similar levels of accommodation, with the exception of the Reassurance Seeking subscale of the Accommodation and Enabling Scale for Eating Disorders (AESED). Additionally, accommodation decreased significantly from intake to discharge for both patient groups. Intake AESED scores were also significantly related to caregiver distress, and changes in AESED scores were related to decreases in relevant eating disorder psychopathology for both groups. The results of the current study highlight the importance of considering family accommodation for ARFID patients and point to the need for future research to capture changes in accommodation over the course of treatment in relation to the delivery of evidence-based interventions and subsequent changes in ED symptoms.

Accommodation changes after strabismus surgery due to anterior ciliary vessel disruption.

To evaluate monocular accommodation changes after strabismus surgery with and without anterior ciliary vessel preservation. Sixty patients with horizontal concomitant strabismus who were scheduled to undergo monocular strabismus surgeries were randomly divided into two groups: A (without anterior ciliary vessel preservation) and B (with anterior ciliary vessel preservation). Group A was further divided into groups A1 (surgical eyes without anterior ciliary vessel preservation) and A2 (corresponding nonsurgical eyes). Group B was further divided into groups B1 (surgical eyes with anterior ciliary vessel preservation) and B2 (corresponding nonsurgical eyes). Monocular accommodative amplitude (AA) and accommodative facility (AF) were evaluated before and 1day after the surgery to assess accommodation. In groups A2, B1, and B2, the AA and AF values showed no significant difference preoperatively or postoperatively. However, compared with preoperative values, both the postoperative AA and AF values were significantly reduced in group A1. Strabismus surgery without anterior ciliary vessel preservation reduces monocular accommodation, whereas strabismus surgery with anterior ciliary vessel preservation protects accommodation.

Seismic stratigraphy and sedimentology of a Miocene carbonate platform in Luconia, South China Sea

The internal architecture and evolution of isolated carbonate buildups rely on multiple forcing factors, including tectonics and eustatic fluctuations. These parameters control the developmental phases of carbonate buildups such as initiation, growth, and termination stages, and give insights into other morphologic patterns such as backstepping and exposure events. The current study shows the evolution of a Middle Miocene isolated carbonate buildup of Central Luconia in the southern South China Sea, and describes it from large‐scale to very fine detail (km to mm) utilizing newly acquired (2016) 3D seismic data along with core lithofacies and thin sections. The buildup morphology and seismic facies are linked to core facies that can help to uncover the complex development of the carbonate platform. Core‐seismic calibration was used to create maps illustrating carbonate depositional settings for each stratigraphic unit. Here, we identified five seismic units that constitute the main stratigraphic stages of buildup development: (a) initiation as several isolated buildups, (b) coalescence, progradation, and aggradation, (c) aggradation and retrogradation associated with minor backstepping events and major karstification events, (d) retrogradation associated with major backstepping events, and (e) drowning stage. Our results demonstrate that Miocene reefal evolution and buildup architecture in Central Luconia were distinctly affected by diverse endogenic and exogenic processes. The initiation of localized carbonate growth appears to be strongly controlled by the morphology of the pre‐carbonate basement of Central Luconia where the SSW–NNE horst and graben structures were inherited from the poly‐stage opening of the South China Sea during the Early Miocene. Furthermore, sea‐level fluctuations, local and regional tectonic events during the Middle Miocene controlled the rates of accommodation changes, which directly impacted the stratigraphic architecture of the platform. The detailed seismic and sedimentological study documented in this work will benefit the understanding of the paleogeographic and stratigraphic evolution of carbonate buildups in the Luconia region of SE Asia, and in the current and future exploration for substantial conventional resources.