Accommodation Problems Research Articles

Optical and retinal changes influenced by different lighting conditions

Retinal morphology, specifically in its curvature, and ocular aberrations change when the eye adapts to different lighting conditions, including photopic, scotopic, mesopic, blue light, and red light. Sixty healthy young subjects with refractive error less than ±4.00D of sphere and 3.00D of cylinder, not suffering from accommodative problems, ocular or systemic pathology, and not having used electronic devices half an hour before or having taken substances that alter the retina during the 2 hours prior to the study were included. The subjects adapted to five lighting conditions, each for 5 minutes, in a controlled environment. Ocular aberrometry and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) were taken to capture images of the central and peripheral retina before (baseline measurement) and after adaptation to each lighting condition. The OCT images were exported and processed to analyze retinal curvature, obtaining parameters such as eccentricity, asphericity and shape factor. The results showed that the shape of the retina is hyperbolic prolate, becoming flatter in scotopic and blue light conditions, and more curved in mesopic conditions. Retinal curvature was closest to baseline under red light and photopic conditions. Aberrometric differences, particularly in the C(2,0) polynomial for defocus, showed higher values in mesopic, baseline, and scotopic conditions, and lower values in photopic, blue light, and red light. Significant differences were also observed in spherical aberrations C(4,0) and C(6,0), vertical coma C(3,-1), and trefoil C(3,-3). The spherical equivalent indicated more myopic values in mesopic, baseline, and scotopic conditions, and more hyperopic values in blue, photopic, and red light, suggesting a link between myopia and lower luminosity. The study concludes that illumination affects retinal curvature and ocular refraction, influencing myopia.

Professional perspective of vision therapy worldwide among optometrists and ophthalmologists

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Perception of optometrists and ophthalmologists of vision therapy (VT) as well as their methods for performing the sessions is of great importance for understanding the problems that professionals face and what should be improved in their clinical practice. Background The objective of this study was to determine the perception of VT and protocols used by eye care professionals globally. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed among eye care professionals internationally. The participants completed via online (Google Forms) a questionnaire of 40 questions on their perception and clinical practice of VT. The survey only permitted one answer per email address and was only collected if professionals gave their consent to participate. Results A total of 205 professionals from 43 countries answered the questionnaire (171 optometrists and 34 ophthalmologists). Accommodation and convergence problems were the main indication reported for VT (47.8%), followed by amblyopia (26.3%). The principal negative factor associated to VT was the limited number of professionals dedicated to this field (55.6%). The most common program of VT was the combination of VT sessions at home and at office (85.5%), with a great variability in terms of duration. Few professionals made use of the new technologies when programming VT, such as eye trackers (2.7%) or virtual reality (6.4%). European professionals surveyed had a more negative perception of VT (p < 0.031). Conclusions Eye care professionals globally perceive VT as a scientifically based procedure. Overall, they believe that it has low recognition and prestige, especially ophthalmologists. A great variability in the programming of VT sessions was found, which highlights the need for standardised protocols that professionals could follow in their clinical practice.

AVIATION PLANT IN THE MARI ASSR IN 1941–1944: PROBLEMS OF EVACUATION, ACCOMMODATION AND PRODUCTION

The topic of industry evacuation, including aviation, the problems of locating enterprises and organizing their production in the rear regions remains relevant. At this stage, it is worth paying attention to the problem of locating specific enterprises and other problems they faced during evacuation. The purpose of the study is to study, based on the analysis of sources, one of the regional aspects in the history of the Great Patriotic War – evacuation of aviation plant No. 168 in Volzhsk, the Mari ASSR. Materials and methods. The sources were identified in the State Archive of the Republic of Mari El, the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History. The main methods were the analysis and systematization of documents. Study results. According to the resolution of the Evacuation Council dated November 11, 1941, Plant No. 168 of the People’s Commissariat of Aviation Industry of the USSR, which had arrived from Ryazan, was located on the production areas of the Volga (Lopatinsky) Woodworking Plant. 10 main workshops were located on the territory of the woodworking plant. The assembly of KC-20 troop-carrying gliders began immediately. In accordance with the decision of the State Defense Committee dated September 13, 1942, plant No. 168 began serial production of UT-2MV light bombers, which required an increase in space and the number of workers, and creation of new production facilities. Special difficulties were caused by the issues of locating two large enterprises on the same territory – plant No. 168 and the Volga (Lopatinsky) woodworking plant: lack of production facilities, living space, problems with provision, construction deadlines, etc. By the decree of the State Defence Committee of the USSR dated October 1, 1944 and by the order of the USSR People’s Commissariat of Aviation Industry and the USSR People’s Commissariat of Railways dated October 31, 1944, Plant No. 168 was relocated to Rostov-on-Don. All production buildings and structures, including unfinished construction of the production building, were transferred to the Volga (Lopatinsky) woodworking plant. Conclusions. Evacuation of enterprises is one of the main issues in the history of the rear regions during the Great Patriotic War. The common problems for all industrial enterprises during this period were the lack of production facilities, electricity, fuel, raw materials, manpower, transport, etc. Despite all the difficulties, plant No. 168, being evacuated to the Mari ASSR, was able to organize the production and output of aircraft.

The status of binocular visual functions among Taiwan high-tech industry engineers and its correlation with computer vision symptom

To analyze the status of binocular visual functions, the relationship between binocular visual function and computer vision-related symptoms in the high-tech industry group. The study sample was comprised of 33 participants aged between 20 and 40 years of age. After completing basic information and the Computer Vision Symptom Scale (CVSS-17) questionnaire, the participants underwent a comprehensive examination of binocular visual function. All data were statistically analyzed with SPSS V26.0 software. The value of the binocular vision function of the Taiwan high-tech industry group was significantly different compared with the Scheiman and Morgan standard value. Study subjects were generally found to exhibit larger exophoric at distance, which in turn might lead to a lower ability to maintain binocular fusion to a single image, or recover from fusional disruption at distance. Subjects also experienced accommodation and convergence problems at near at the same time. Age, gender, and refractive errors had no significant impact on CVSS-17 scores, only the duration of computer usage showed a significant effect, particularly for internal symptom factor (ISF) dimensions. In addition, the interaction between the ISF and external symptom factor resulted in more severe visual symptoms. Long-term use of electronic devices may lead to an imbalance in binocular vision function, thereby increasing or exacerbating visual symptoms. If the use of electronic devices is an unchangeable trend, interventions in prescription, visual training or the visual design of electronic products become worthwhile topics for development.

STUDENT HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION CHALLENGE IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES AND THE PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP OPTION

One of the most cherished educational assets for students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria and the world is hostel accommodation. This asset provides students with an environment for intellectual development and easy interaction with fellow peers and fosters teamwork and communal spirit among students. Hostel accommodation in most Nigerian tertiary institutions is problematic and scarce too; as such, many students tend to be affected academically and psychologically; this study investigated the challenges of hostel accommodation in Benue State University, Makurdi and suggested the Public Private Partnership (PPP) option. The objectives of the study are to ascertain the causes of hostel accommodation challenges in Nigerian tertiary institutions with Benue State University, Makurdi, in sight, to ascertain the impact of hostel accommodation problems on students' academic performance and welfare and to suggest options best for hostel accommodation challenge in Nigeria tertiary institution. Three research questions guided the study. The study is anchored on the stakeholders' theory by Edward Freeman (1983). A mixed-method research design was adopted for this study. Simple random sampling was used, and questionnaire administration and Oral interviews were conducted to obtain information from 45 respondents. The study found out, among other things, that the over-enrollment of students causes a shortage in student hostel accommodation, inadequate hostel facilities, and a lack of maintenance culture by management/government, which are identifiable sources of accommodation challenges. The study recommends the PPP option and privatization of hostel facilities as the way forward for the best quality and quantity of accommodation in tertiary institutions in Nigeria.

Modified African Buffalo for Optimal Accommodation of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) for Annual Energy Loss Minimization in Active Distribution Systems

Abstract. The paper is acquainted with a new optimization technique. Modified African Buffalo optimization (MABO), to solve optimal Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) accommodation problem formulated for annual energy loss minimization esteeming multiple distributed generations and shunt capacitors contemporaneously. To demonstrate the proposed MABO, primitively, the optimal endowment of DERs is obtained for power loss minimization of benchmark 33 – bus test active distribution system (ADN) and simulation resultants are compared with well - established optimization techniques. The optimal DER allocation is also predetermined for depreciation of annual energy loss in conjuration with node voltage deviation over three different load levels. The simulation results obtained are further compared with some of the existing optimization methods. The two-level comparability of optimization methods shows that the Modified African Buffalo method has better searching potency to determine optimal solutions for optimal DERs allocation problems of ADN.

The Beginnings of the Development of Ophthalmology in Slovakia Region Bratislava

The first hospital was founded in Bratislava in the territory of today’s Slovakia, but probably also in the whole of Hungary, already in 1307. One of the very serious disease states, threatening the eyes with blindness, was an infectious eye disease – trachoma. According to preserved historical sources, the large spread of trachoma in the territory of Slovakia occurred during the Turkish wars. A fundamental and extremely important moment for ophthalmology was the construction and opening of the new landscape “State” Hospital in Bratislava in the years 1857-1864 (still within Austria-Hungary). The landscape “State” Hospital was built and equipped very modernly for the given period. The fact that among its first “founding” departments: internal, skin-genital, surgical-obstetrical, psychiatric was also ophthalmic department is extremely important, because this made Bratislava one of the first cities in Europe to have a separate inpatient unit for the treatment of eye diseases. Dr. Kanka in 1882-1892 was also the director of the landscape “State” Hospital, as a royal councilor in Bratislava, he also served as regional ophthalmologist and was awarded the 3rd degree of the Iron Crown. Scientifically he dealt with the problems of accommodation of the eye, operating instruments and eye operations, the effect of poisonous substances on the eyes, but also general problems of health care in Bratislava and in some counties of Hungary. Dr. Kanka was among the doctors who were also very active in publishing. The landscape “State” Hospital in Bratislava, which at the time of its foundation was the largest not only in Upper Hungary, but in Hungary as a whole, became, together with the activities of the “Medical and Natural Science Society” in Bratislava, a center of intensive medical-professional and scientific life.

생활숙박시설의 법적 쟁점에 관한 헌법적 연구

In Korea, a house is meaningful as a basic place in people's lives. People put all their effort into purchasing housing that is equivalent to food, clothing, and shelter. For that reason, in our country, the price of real estate, especially housing, fluctuates depending on people's needs over time. Korea has achieved economic development through industrialization, but with the urban concentration phenomenon and the rapid increase in urban housing demand, housing supply and demand has become an important national task.&#x0D; Economic development brought about changes in residential culture, giving rise to various housing types, with the emergence of single-family homes, townhouses, and apartment-type apartment complexes. However, as it could not cope with the overwhelming demand, officetel, a combination of an office and a hotel, which was popular abroad, was introduced. This officetel was also resolved after the Oran controversy by separating officetels for office use and residential use. Similar to this issue, controversy arose over residential lodging facilities, which are residential-type lodging facilities.&#x0D; Accommodation facilities are for people to stay for a short period of time, and there are various types. Among them, there are condos where you can stay for a while and cook, but most of them are short-term lodging facilities. Then, the form of residential accommodation emerged as a way to solve the problem of surplus accommodation and insufficient housing in cities. Living accommodation facilities, which began in the early 21st century, were initially used for long-term stays like officetels, with cooking facilities installed, and used for residential purposes.&#x0D; Living accommodation facilities are lodging facilities, but as people live there for a long period of time, they are used like houses, and their number gradually increases. However, because there was no legal basis, it spread indiscriminately, and from the public's perspective, it came to be perceived as purchasing housing at a low price. It was only in 2012 that living accommodation facilities gained their basis in the Enforcement Decree of the Public Sanitation Management Act. However, living accommodations were only a type of accommodation and not housing.&#x0D; Since the legal basis for living accommodation facilities is that only one type of accommodation facility is specified in the Enforcement Decree of the Public Health Management Act, there are no regulations regarding this, so in reality, they are continuously built and sold. Meanwhile, in 2020, the legal status of residential lodging facilities, a type of lodging facility, became an issue, and issues began to be raised about the fact that these facilities were being used for residential purposes rather than lodging facilities. As a result, it became a problem as it was regulated through a two-year transition provision.&#x0D; Living accommodation facilities are equivalent to housing for citizens who live there. This will not be resolved by postponing administrative dispositions for two years and an additional year without fundamentally resolving the issue. Rather than allowing people who purchased it for residential purposes to change its use to officetel, which is impossible, we need to find appropriate standards that fit the reality, guarantee property rights, and protect trust. Therefore, we need to actively work to guarantee the basic rights of people who are users of living accommodation facilities. There must be action.

Novel prediction and the problem of low-quality accommodation

The accommodation of evidence has been argued to be associated with several methodological problems that should prompt evaluators to lower their confidence in the accommodative theory. Accommodators may overfit their model to data (Hitchcock and Sober, Br J Philos Sci 55(1):1–34, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/55.1.1), hunt for (spurious) associations between variables (Mayo, Error and the growth of experimental knowledge. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1996, pp 294–318), or ‘fudge’ their theory in the effort to accommodate a particular datum (Lipton, Inference to the best explanation. Routledge, London, 2004, pp. 164–183). The converse of accommodation, novel prediction, has been offered as a solution. If theorists novelly predict empirical results rather than accommodate those results, the potential risks of accommodation are avoided, and the theory warrants greater confidence. This paper evaluates if the problems of accommodation justify a preference for novel prediction over accommodation for evaluators of a scientific theory. I argue that there is currently insufficient evidence to conclude that the problems of accommodation result in a predictivist advantage in theory confirmation. Taking into consideration the disadvantages of novel prediction and the advantages of accommodation, the impact of further evidential factors, and recent scientific evidence about the consequences of novel prediction and accommodation, novel prediction and accommodation appear roughly on a par, or accommodation is even superior in the current context.

Accommodation Problem of Higher Education Students from the Past to the Centenary of the Turkish Republic

Türkiye has gone through a significant expansion process in its higher education system, especially since the beginning of the 2000s. However, this expansion brought with itself the problem of student accommodation. This study examines the accommodation problem of Turkish higher education students who have to abandon their hometowns to live in cities where they get an education. The method used is document analysis including refereed journal and newspaper articles, national and international reports and statistics and various online sources. They referred to the proclamation of the Turkish Republic in 1923 and covered the centenary of the Republic in 2023. Briefly, the key findings noted the inadequate bed capacities in university and state dormitories, dramatic increases in the cost of accommodation, and architecture and management problems in dormitories that negatively affect the service quality and the daily routines of students. For a more thorough analysis, a mixed-method study is suggested for future researchers.

THE PHENOMENON OF SOCIAL ACCOMMODATION AS A SUBJECT OF SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS

In the article, the author conducted a theoretical analysis of modern psychological literature on the problem of social accommodation and determined that social accommodation includes various psychological components that affect the way people interact and adapt to others in social situations. The psychological components of social accommodation may vary from individual to individual, but developing and improving these skills can contribute to improved social accommodation and interactions with other people. Social accommodation is the process by which an individual changes his or her behavior, speech, or thoughts to meet the demands or expectations of another person or social situation. Social accommodation can be conscious or unconscious, sometimes it is use to reduce conflict or ensure harmonious social interaction. Social accommodation usually aims to ensure harmonious social interaction and avoid conflicts in specific situations. The purpose of the article is to conduct a theoretical analysis of modern research in psychological science and reveal the essence of the phenomenon of social accommodation. Social accommodation can be an important element of social adaptability, but it is important to remember that accommodation must balance; sometimes its excessive use can lead to the loss of one's own identity or need. The study of social accommodation in psychology and other social sciences is an important and dynamic direction, since the perspectives of further research may be the study of the influence of cultural factors on social accommodation and the study of social accommodation, which can help to better understand the ways of resolving conflicts and conducting effective negotiations, as well as the influence of social accommodations for attitudes towards oneself and others, etc.

Assessment of the Socioeconomic Challenges Facing Wapemba Out-Migrants in Tanzania

This study investigated the socioeconomic challenges facing Wapemba out-migrants in their new destinations and places of origin. Four wards at the place of origin and three streets in the destination areas were selected as the study area. Further, 74 respondents in the places of destination and 200 heads of households in the areas of origin were selected as a study sample. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research techniques for data collection and analyses. The findings show low income, unemployment, and high dependency as some of the economic challenges encountered by Wapemba migrants at both their places of origin and destination. In addition, the breaking of marriages, accommodation problems, and collapse of families were revealed to be the social challenges facing Wapemba migrants. Additionally, some measures which could facilitate the reduction of the socioeconomic challenges facing Wapemba migrants include joining the Vikoba and SACCOS to accumulate funds. Others were strictly focusing on the expansion of economic investments to employ their relatives and help those remaining behind in their places of origin. This research supplements an understanding of the socioeconomic demographic challenges facing Tanzanians in both rural areas and in the destinations

Professional perspective and practice patterns of vision therapy in Spain

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance An analysis of the professional perspective of vision therapy (VT) by eye care professionals allows understanding the current controversies about this therapeutic option of which aspects can be improved for its correct application in clinical practice. Background The aim of the current study was to analyse the perception of VT and the clinical protocols in this context followed among optometrists and ophthalmologists in Spain. Methods A cross-sectional survey among Spanish optometrists and ophthalmologists. Google Forms tool was used to collect data via an online questionnaire divided into 4 sections (40 questions): consent to participate, demographic characteristics, opinion of the professional perspective of VT, and protocols. Only one submission from each email address was permitted by the survey tool. Results A total of 889 Spanish professionals answered (age, 25–62 years): 848 optometrists (95.4%) and 41 ophthalmologists (4.6%). VT was considered as a scientifically-based procedure by 95.1% of participants, but its recognition and prestige was considered as low. The main cause reported for this was bad reputation or perception of placebo therapy (27.3%). The main indication of VT according to the surveyed professionals was convergence and/or accommodation problems (72.4%). Significant differences were found in the perception of VT among optometrists and ophthalmologists (p ≤ 0.027). A total of 45.3% of professionals reported performing VT in their current clinical practice. A combination of training sessions in office and home was regularly prescribed by 94.5% of them, but with significant variability in the duration of such sessions. Conclusions VT is perceived by Spanish optometrists and ophthalmologists as a therapeutic option with scientific basis, but with limited recognition and prestige, although with more negative perception among ophthalmologists. A great variability was found in the clinical protocols followed between specialists. Future efforts should be focused on creating internationally recognised evidence-based protocols for this therapeutic option.

Impact of strabismus and binocular dysfunctions in the developmental eye movement test and test of visual perception skills: A multicentric and retrospective study

PurposeTo compare the performance in the Developmental Eye Movement test (DEM) and the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS) between three groups: individuals with strabismus and amblyopia, patients with binocular and accommodative dysfunctions, and subjects with normal binocular and accommodative function. MethodsA multicentric, retrospective study including 110 children aged 6–14 years old was conducted to investigate the potential impact of strabismus, amblyopia, and different binocular conditions in DEM results (adjusted time in vertical and horizontal parts) and TVPS (percentiles in the seven sub-skills). ResultsNo significant differences were found in the different subtests of the vertical and horizontal DEM and all the sub-skills in the TVPS between the three groups of the study. We found high variability of performance in the DEM test between participants with strabismus and amblyopia compared with binocular and accommodative problems. ConclusionDEM and TVPS scores have not been found to be influenced by the presence of strabismus with or without amblyopia, nor by binocular and accommodative dysfunctions. A slightly correlation tendency with horizontal DEM and degree of exotropia deviation was observed.

Problems of accommodation of free migrants in the Volga-Caspian fishing region in the post-reform period

Problems of accommodation of free migrants in the Volga-Caspian fishing region in the post-reform period

The capacity optimization of the battery energy storage system in the combined cooling, heating and power microgrid

In the microgrid, the battery energy storage system (BESS) is used in combination with renewable energy to solve the problem of renewable energy accommodation. Meanwhile, power sources with the BESS can participate in valley filling and reduce electric generation costs. However, the BESS cannot contribute sufficient capability to the microgrid and reduce costs due to its limited capabilities. To tackle this challenge, the output power model of the combined cooling, heating and power microgrid (CCHPM) with the BESS is proposed in this paper. The model takes the micro-gas turbine, the photovoltaic unit, the wind turbine, the electric refrigerator and the BESS as a whole CCHPM. Meanwhile, a capacity optimization method of the BESS is developed to select the appropriate capacity and promote renewable energy accommodation. The minimum cost of the objective function is established. The electric power balance of the CCHPM, charge state constraints of the BESS, capacity constraints and ramp-up/down constraints of the units are derived to optimize the output power of units and the capacity of the BESS. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the system simulation of YALMIP and GUROBI. Compared with the traditional method, the total cost of the microgrid is decreased by 1.4%, and the microgrid’s renewable energy accommodation is enhanced by 12.2%. This capacity optimization method can enhance the applicability of BESS in CCHPM.

Assessment of The Trend of Rental Returns on Private Hostel Investment in Neighbourhoods of Public Tertiary Institutions in Anambra State (2011-2022)

The increasing number of students in public tertiary institutions in Anambra state has prompted serious accommodation problems and on-campus hostels can no longer cope with the attendant demand. The high rate of demand for housing by students led to the development of private accommodation known as hostels or lodges around these institutions of higher learning. Establishment of private hostels requires huge capital outlay; hence, investors need to have a fair idea of returns from such investment before committing their resources. This research aims to assess the trend of rental returns from private hostels investment in selected neighbourhoods of public tertiary institutions in Anambra state from 2011 – 2022. The study adopts stratified sampling technique that represents the entire population. Data for the study were elicited Estate Surveyors and Valuers practicing in Anambra state through the use of structured questionnaire, and analyzed using tables, graphs and trend analysis. The study indicated that the trend of rental returns of private hostels shows a steady increase in all locations over the study period. The study recommends that intending investors should consult real estate professionals for investment advice before delving into hostel property development, and they should also consider public private partnership (PPP) contractual arrangements such as Design Build Operate and Transfer (DBOT) in hostel development.

Evaluation of Tourists Satisfaction with Ecotourism Services in Six Ecotourism Destination in South West, Nigeria

Satisfaction is an excellent predictor of tourists’ behavior as it influences the choice of destination, consumption of products and services, the decision to return and maintain lasting relationships. The study examined usefulness of producing satisfied tourists to ecotourism destinations in Nigeria by administering 320 well-structured questionnaires at the six selected ecotourism destinations. Data obtained from the study revealed that destination attributes especially the attractiveness of the site (70.0%), staff helpfulness (56.7%), Available varieties of recreational facilities (52.5%), Affordable toll fee (55.0%), Courtesy from staff (58.6%), Signage and available educational guides for tourist (57.5%), Guided educational tour services (60.0%), Interpretative facilities services (56.7%), Food &amp; beverage (55.0%) , Cultural &amp; entertainment services (56.7%), Shopping services (46.7%) Recreation services (53.8%) and Accommodation services (50.0%) were major determinant of visitors’ satisfaction. The result also shows that the quality of tourism services has a positive impact on the level of tourist satisfaction. Prominent amongst the challenges at the sites are difficulty in getting information about the ecotourism destination (100%) and Accommodation problems quality and abundance (76.7%) amongst others were identified as challenges by tourists. Inferential statistical analysis indicated that significant relationship exists between the tourist’s level of satisfaction and willingness to pay for ecotourism services (p&lt;0.05). Therefore, this study suggests that visitors’ satisfaction can be boosted by raising the standard of service quality throughout the destinations’ attractions, facilities and modes of accessibility. Management should upgrade the ecotourism destinations to meet up with International standard so as to increase tourists’ patronage and satisfaction.

Effect of filters on the accommodation and colour discrimination

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate the effect of coloured filters on the accommodative response and colour discrimination in young subjects.Methods: Two long pass filters (LED light reduction and 511 nm filter), two selective absorption filters (ML41 and emerald filter), and no filter condition were evaluated. The photorefractor PowerRef3 (PlusOptix) was used to measure the objective refraction at 3 different distances (40, 100, and 400 cm). The measurement obtained at 400 cm was used as a reference to calculate the accommodative response. The fixation target consisted of five letter length words (size corresponding to 6/12 Snellen) that were presented in black font over white background. Words changed with a frequency of 2 Hz according to the rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. The Cambridge Colour Test (Metropsis) was used to measure the discrimination threshold in a 10‐vector ellipse at a 3 m viewing distance. The measurement was repeated twice, and it was performed monocularly. In total, 20 healthy volunteers with no accommodation problems or colour blindness were included.Results: On average, the accommodative response with no filter condition was larger compared to the measurements with filters for 40 and 100 cm. The differences were in all cases lower than 0.25D, and differences were not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). For the colour discrimination thresholds, the ML41 and 511 filters showed statistically significant different values compared to the other two conditions for most of the vectors. The filter 511 had the highest impact on the colour vision, as the results resemble to a Tritan defect.Conclusions: The accommodative response in healthy young adults was not significantly different than the no filter condition. The colour discrimination thresholds with the filter ML41 and 511 were significantly different compared to the no filter condition.

Time-of-Use Pricing Strategy of Integrated Energy System Based on Game Theory

The integrated energy system is the mainstream energy utilization form of integrating a power system, natural gas system and thermal system, which provides a new way to solve the problem of renewable energy accommodation. The integrated energy system includes a variety of energy generation and conversion equipment, and its internal electricity, gas, cooling and thermal systems must balance the multiple energy supplies required by users. The integrated energy supplier (IES) and integrated energy user (IEU), as different stakeholders, pursue the maximization of their own profit. However, integrated energy suppliers should consider their market share and the sustainability of participating in market competition. Based on the constraints of energy access, conversion and accommodation, and the equipment for energy generation, conversion and consumption, we established an energy flow model. Constrained by the dynamic equilibrium of the supply of integrated energy suppliers and the demand of integrated energy users, a Stackelberg game model of integrated energy suppliers and users was established, and the existence of a Nash equilibrium solution of the game was proved. A genetic algorithm was used to solve the Nash equilibrium solution under two conditions aiming at the integrated energy supplier’s maximum profit and target profit. Considering the demand of integrated energy users in different time periods, we analyzed the time-of-use pricing strategy of the integrated energy based on the balance of the energy supply and demand. The results of a case study show that if integrated energy suppliers adopt the time-of-use pricing strategy of maximum profit, the energy load distribution of integrated energy users can be smoothed, and energy utilization and economic benefits of the system can be improved. If integrated energy suppliers adopt the time-of-use pricing strategy of target profit, enlarge the market by limiting their own profit and obtain the purchase willingness of integrated energy users by reducing the energy price, they can have a larger market share, a more reliable profit and a guarantee of long-term participation in market transactions.