School Accidents Research Articles

Causes and types of traumatic tooth injuries treated in a public dental health clinic.

Abstract A total of 1152 patients under 20 yr of age with 1611 accidentally traumatized teeth treated at the Helsinki Health Center oral surgery clinic in 1979 and 1980 were studied with respect to the etiology, type, extent and severity of their injuries. The mean age of the patients was 11 yr and the male: female ratio was 2.7:1. The prevalence was highest in the age group 7‐10 yr for girls and in the age group 11–15 yr for boys. More injuries were recorded as having taken place outside school or kindergarten and in the fall and winter months. Most of the injuries were exclusively hard tissue traumas; 81% were estimated as mild, 15% as moderate, and only 4% as serious and needing specialized treatment. Typical causes were accidents at school (28%) or at home (27%), while only 11% were traffic accidents, 21% were due to sports and 11 % due to acts of violence. These last three etiologies were more common among the boys (p< 0.001). Violence was the main etiology for tooth injuries among patients aged 16–20 yr (p<0.001), resembling the findings regarding causes of facial bone injuries. The proportion of home or school accidents seemed to be decreasing in relation to traffic and sports accidents, which were more numerous in 1980 than in 1979. Most accidents were single‐tooth injuries, but the youngest and oldest age groups involved more cases of 3 or more simultaneous tooth traumas than did the other age groups.

Accidents in the school environment in Milan, a five year survey.

Data regarding 11,541 cases of school accidents (from kindergarten to senior high school) that required hospital attention for treatment were examined. The information was obtained from the records of the "School Medicine Service of the City of Milan", and covered five school years (from 1980-81 to 1984-85). The surveyed population included over 160,000 subjects for each year. After computer processing, data regarding type of school, year, age of the victim, place of the accident and type of lesions were obtained. The frequency of accidents was highest (about 2%) among kindergarten pupils, while in senior high school the lowest frequency (less than 1%) was accompanied by the greatest percentage of hospitalizations (about 6%). From our results it appears that most accidents occur in school gyms (around 50%), and that the percentage of sprains and fractures is also highest in this area. School gyms can therefore be considered as a primary target for any prevention activity.

One year's incidence of school accidents and their severity in a Swedish municipality.

The aim of this one-year investigation of school accidents was to determine the incidence and severity and to calculate the proportion of school accident cases in relation to all accident cases and to estimate their medical care consumption. All patients were interviewed. The degree of severity was evaluated according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). Case-histories and X-ray reports were examined. School accidents constituted five per cent of all accidents in the whole population (including grown ups). In the age group 7-19 years 30% of all accidents were school accidents. One fourth was relatively severe. Our estimations assume that school accidents constitute 5-10% of the total consumption of medical care in the age group. In conclusion, school accidents constitute an important group with regard to incidence and severity. Preventive measures should be targeted towards activities during sports hours and breaks.

IN A CLASS APART? 'Educational Negligence' Claims Against Teachers.

In Australia, the concept of negligence in schools is not new; but school litigation involving educators has centred on issues related to the care, safety and supervision of students. Thus the law as to liability for physical accidents in schools and on school excursions is well established.Paradoxically then, teachers and schools have an acknowledged duty for the physical safety and well-being of the children in their charge, but not for their intellectual advancement. Nonetheless, Mr. Justice Michael Kirby has recently said that there is no reason in principle why negligence actions against teachers should be confined to physical injuries. It may be observed, however, that the standard of care so far applied to teachers has been that of reasonable persons concerned for the physical safety of children in their charge and not a professional liability akin to that of doctors, lawyers or architects, for example. Even so, teachers have began to talk about the possible need for 'malpractice' insurance.Given the importance of the social role of education, the threat to the functions and processes of education posed by the American claims, the significance of the impact on daily activities in the classroom should such claims be successful and the similarity of the issues posed in both the American and the Australian context, it seems timely to subject the American 'educational negligence' claims to closer scrutiny.The purpose of this article is to review the relevant American cases, to introduce the legal and policy issues posed by 'educational negligence' claims, to suggest a narrow and limited basis upon which an 'educational negligence' claim might be recognized, and to consider some additional hurdles which might have to be overcome were such claims to be brought to Australia.

Relative Risk

The article on injuries in a large, urban school district, provides valuable information regarding school accidents and injuries. Indeed the authors have carried out the most extensive analysis to date of the nature of school injuries and they have undertaken some interesting analyses in an attempt to understand the influence of a variety of school factors on accident rates. However some of the data they report, specifically data in their tables 4, 5, and 6, may cause readers to misunderstand the concept of relative risk.

Student Accidents in Hawaii's Public Schools

A survey of the student accident report forms was conducted in Hawaii public schools. Review of the data gathered during one school year revealed that the intermediate grade level had the highest number of school accidents with males, in a 2.1:1 ratio, more involved in accidents than females. Although no deaths occurred, there were a significant number of school accidents and school days lost to warrant the need for safety education. The accident report forms were reviewed and data summarized by the school nurses working within the schools. Because the information provided in the accident report forms was so varied, it was not possible to make a recommendation as to any specific restriction of activities. However, the survey revealed a need to strengthen the criteria for reporting accidents.

The System Builders: A Critical Appraisal of Modern American Tort Theory

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe System Builders: A Critical Appraisal of Modern American Tort TheoryIzhak EnglardIzhak Englard Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Legal Studies Volume 9, Number 1Jan., 1980 Sponsored by The University of Chicago Law School Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/467627 Views: 12Total views on this site Citations: 11Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Gemma Turton Risk and the damage requirement in negligence liability, Legal Studies 35, no.11 (Jan 2018): 75–95.https://doi.org/10.1111/lest.12043Sandra Sperino The Tort Label, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2013).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2200990Doug Stewart Compensating students for injuries incurred in school accidents, Education and the Law 6, no.33 (Jul 2006): 143–152.https://doi.org/10.1080/0953996940060303N. E. Simmonds Epstein's Theory of Strict Tort Liability, The Cambridge Law Journal 51, no.11 (Jan 2009): 113–137.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008197300016780Stephen R. Perry The Impossibility of General Strict Liability, Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 1, no.22 (Jun 2015): 147–171.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0841820900000692Aharon Yoran Tax Aspects in Tort Compensation, Israel Law Review 22, no.11 (Feb 2016): 37–96.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223700011237Peter C. Williams Abandoning medical malpractice, Journal of Legal Medicine 5, no.44 (Jul 2009): 549–594.https://doi.org/10.1080/01947648409513423A.I. Ogus Social costs in a private law setting, International Review of Law and Economics 3, no.11 (Jun 1983): 27–44.https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8188(93)90044-6Bruce Chapman Ethical Issues in the Law of Tort, (Jan 1983): 13–43.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7203-2_2George P. Fletcher The Search for Synthesis in Tort Theory, (Jan 1983): 97–122.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7203-2_4 Alan Schwartz Security Interests and Bankruptcy Priorities: A Review of Current Theories, The Journal of Legal Studies 10, no.11 (Oct 2015): 1–37.https://doi.org/10.1086/467669

Locomotor Skills and School Accidents

This is a report of the association of immature or deficient locomotor skills with school accidents, predominantly falls, in children aged 6 to 9. An association of superior physical skills with increased accidents was not apparent until grades 4 to 6 (ages 9 to 12). Medical care of an accidental injury is given each year to 30% of children aged 5 to 15. Falls and collisions account for 60% of annual accidental injuries. The frequency of injury from falls is highest in the young boy; fatalities, however, increase at the extremes of the age spectrum and relate to the poor locomotor skills and decreased tissue resistance of the very young and the very old.

Are Schools Safe?

A study of 409 school accidents from elementary schools showed that boys have more accidents than girls, nonwhites more than whites, and second graders more than children in other grades from kindergarten through grade six. More accidents happened during the lunch hour and recesses than at other times during the day. Sixty-four per cent were head injuries. It is recommended that schools report and analyze school accidents and organize a safety committee.

Psychological Factors in High School Accidents

The role of human characteristics in accident‐engendering behavior was studied in 146 high school students by evaluating the relationship between Aviator (Av) scores on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank with records of accidents over three consecutive years. Students with a history of one or more accidents had a mean Av score of 44.89 which was significantly higher (.001 level) than the mean of 37.86 for those without a recorded accident. Follow‐up on 22 juniors in their senior year for subsequent accidents showed that high Av scores yielded a significant relationship (.05 level) to future accidents. The available data also suggested that accident‐engendering behavior may be different in rural and urban settings.

Difficulties in the descriptive epidemiology of school accidents.

Several difficulties in the descriptive epidemiology of school accidents which have been found through a study on accidents of primary school children have been discussed.1. It is generally not easy to know the relative frequency of accidents in a given group of accidents or in a given situation of school life. This is because of lack of information available to determine the reference population (person-hours) in every group of children or in every situation of school life. Careful investigation of the school life of children will be necessary to get this information.2. When accidents are classified into several groups according to a given factor to see the effects of the factor on characteristics of accidents, it must be kept in mind that these groups of accidents are not only different in respect to the given factor, but also different in respect to many other factors. The same consideration will be necessary in the comparison of the relative frequency of accidents among several groups of reference population classified according to one factor. These groups of reference population are not only different in the concerning factor, but also may be different in respect to many other factors. Some of the multivariate statistical methods may be useful to detect the effects of a given factor in such situations. Their proper application should be studied in the future.3. The great variety in school accidents makes us suspect that various essentially different events are to be found mixed in school accidents. If such be the case, it might be unreasonable or at least unwise to study school accidents regarding them as a single group of events, thus trying to find the principle of accident causation common to all school accidents. It is recommended that the object of study be restricted to accidents in a specific group of children and in a specific situation of school life. When information obtained from these separately performed studies is accumulated step by step, the principle of accident causation common to all school accidents can finally be detected, if it is in existence.

Pleistocene geology of eastern Long Island, New York

OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of injuries sustained by children in school accidents and suggest preventive measures. DESIGN: A five month prospective study of children attending an urban accident and emergency (A&E) department. SUBJECTS: 500 children who sustained injuries in school due to a variety of activities. RESULTS: 10 and 12 year old pupils suffered most injuries in school grounds/playgrounds, on concrete, or on grass/soil surfaces due to random activities resulting in striking or being struck by objects/persons, tripping or slipping, and sports (mainly football); 65.5% of these activities were not supervised and 67.4% occurred "out of lessons"; 22% sustained fractures or dislocations, 28.2% needed follow up treatment, and 1.4% were admitted. CONCLUSIONS: Injuries to children in school are a cause for concern. Effective preventive measures should concentrate on (a) specific target areas using schemes based on individual school, and (b) establishing a credible system of monitoring of their effectiveness.

Chemistry accidents in high school

Presents the results of a study designed to determine the frequency of chemistry laboratory accidents in secondary schools and identify some of the factors associated with the most serious cases.

School Accidents

School Accidents

Liability for School Accidents: A Manual for Educational Administrators and Teachers

Liability for School Accidents: A Manual for Educational Administrators and Teachers

Accidents Involving School ChildrenLiability for School Accidents: A Manual for Educational Administrators and Teachers. Harry N. Rosenfield

Accidents Involving School Children<i>Liability for School Accidents: A Manual for Educational Administrators and Teachers</i>. Harry N. Rosenfield

Liability for School Accidents

Liability for School Accidents

School Hygiene: The Laws of Health in Relation to School Life

ABOUT the importance of the matters dealt with in this little book there can, of course, be no dispute; and, as Dr. Newsholme points out in his preface, they have engaged the serious attention of many School Boards and Committees, and been made the subject of a good deal of useful legislation. Most school-managers still have something to learn about the principles of school hygiene, and many of them will, no doubt, find in Dr. Newsholme's volume exactly the kind of information they want. He discusses the subject under two heads, “Schools” and “Scholars.” Under the first head he presents his ideas on questions connected with the choice of sites for schools, the construction of school buildings, school furniture, lighting of school-rooms, general principles of ventilation, natural ventilation, ventilation and warming, and draining arrangements. In the part relating to “Scholars” he has chapters on mental exercise, excessive mental exercise, age and sex in relation to school work, muscular exercise and recreation, rest and sleep, children's diet, children's dress, baths and bathing, eyesight in relation to school life, communicable diseases in schools, and school accidents. Dr. Newsholme has studied his subject thoroughly, and his conclusions are all the more valuable because they have been to a large extent suggested by his experience as a medical officer of health, and as a medical referee for various schools and training colleges.