Consequences Of Accidents Research Articles

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ СПОСОБОВ ЛИКВИДАЦИИ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ АВАРИЙ С РАЗГЕРМЕТИЗАЦИЕЙ РЕЗЕРВУАРОВ С АММИАКОМ ПРИ ТРАНСПОРТИРОВКЕ ИХ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫМ ТРАНСПОРТОМ

Based on the analysis of the growth of ammonia production and its delivery to terminals by road in Russia, the problems of ensuring the safety of the population in case of accidents of vehicles with ammonia on the routes of its movement in settlements and the specifics of the organization of liquidation of the consequences of accidents with depressurization of reservoirs are considered. Calculated data on the depth of contaminated cloud spreading and height of its rise are given. Methods of localization of the primary cloud of ammonia contamination on the basis of operative use of heat guns and small-sized jet engines by the personnel of the brigades accompanying the dangerous cargo, as well as inclusion in the escort of the convoy of the calculation of State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia with an emergency rescue container for liquidation of the consequences of road traffic accidents associated with ASK-AHOV.

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДИЧЕСКИХ ОСНОВ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ УЧЕНИЙ АВАРИЙНО-СПАСАТЕЛЬНЫХ СЛУЖБ ДЛЯ ОТРАБОТКИ ДЕЙСТВИЙ В ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНОЙ СИТУАЦИИ АВАРИИ ВОЗДУШНОГО СУДНА

The tasks that need to be worked out during exercises to improve the safety and efficiency of the organization of air traffic are considered. The main problem in solving the problems of fire safety is the time to make a single correct decision when carrying out rescue operations. Recently, exercises involving all responding units have become widespread because they can help to work out the practical tasks of rescuing people and the most rational management decisions in conditions of limited initial information and the presence of many criteria that can not be foreseen. This article considers the issues of management and interaction of fire-fighting, rescue, canine and other services during fire-extinguishing and tactical exercises to organize fire-fighting and rescue of people in situations of aircraft accidents. On the basis of the accumulated world experience in aircraft accidents and the analysis of the consequences of various aircraft accidents, the methodological recommendations for training of rescue units in simulating emergency situations of aircraft in various variants of abnormal situations were worked out.

АСПЕКТЫ ТЕХНОСФЕРНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В КОНЦЕПЦИИ СИСТЕМЫ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The need for an independent, sovereign existence of any country requires special attention to national security issues. The current state of mankind is characterized by a symbiosis of technology and nature, the use of various technologies, which are accompanied by the emergence of new threats and technosphere hazards, which actualizes the problem of understanding the concept of «national security». These circumstances required generalization and concretization of concepts used in the field of security at the system level. In the study of the issues under consideration, systematic, historical-retrospective, and cybernetic approaches were chosen as a methodological basis. The evolution of the human habitat is considered, the importance of the problem of ensuring technosphere safety is determined, due to the contribution of technosphere funds and technologies to maintaining the management processes of critical infrastructure facilities (potentially dangerous objects) of the state, as well as the catastrophic consequences of accidents at such facilities. A concept is proposed describing the national security system of the state as an organizational and technical management (socio-cyberphysical) system that allows integrating efforts to ensure various types of national security into a single complex.

СВЕДЕНИЯ ПО ЧАСТОТАМ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ АВАРИЙНЫХ СОБЫТИЙ НА ОБЪЕКТАХ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА И ОБРАЩЕНИЯ ВОДОРОДА

The research is devoted to solving the problem of risk assessment at hydrogen-containing gas production and handling facilities by obtaining calculated data on the frequencies of realisation of accidental events on the basis of statistical data on accidents at the facilities under consideration depending on the type of equipment of the facilities, the industry area and the striking effect. In this work, the collection, processing, verification, analysis of statistical data on the objects of production and circulation of hydrogen-containing gas, obtained from the official Hydrogen incidents and accidents database (HIAD 2.1), created by the European commission for hydrogen safety. On the basis of data analysis the frequencies of accident events realisation were obtained depending on the type of facility equipment, industry area and the impact effect on hydrogen-containing gas production and handling facilities.

Integrated management of safety and security barriers in chemical plants to cope with emerging cyber-physical attack risks under uncertainties

Chemical facilities face threats from accidental and intentional events, including the rising concern of cyber-physical (C2P) attacks in the digitized industrial control system era. Addressing major accident risks from safety hazards and C2P attacks requires an immediate unified framework for safety and security barrier management. This study presents a systematic risk-based approach to integrate conventional safety risks with emerging C2P attack risks. Adverse scenarios are identified, integrated into an attack-tree-bow-tie diagram, and modelled using a Bayesian network (BN). A vulnerability assessment model is developed to quantify industrial control system vulnerability to C2P attacks, considering uncertainties in attackers' knowledge levels. Monte Carlo simulations are used to handle uncertainty propagation in risk assessment, allowing the use of probability distributions for BN root nodes. Sensitivity analysis identifies critical factors/events, guiding the proposal of candidate strategies for barrier improvements. Combining cost-effectiveness analysis with a risk matrix yields the optimal strategy for safety and security barrier enhancements based on risk estimations. A hypothetical case study demonstrates the proposed approach's effectiveness in integrated safety and security barrier management, considering security vulnerability patching and safety barrier maintenance scheduling from a cost-effective perspective.

The role of trust in occupational safety: research results

This article presents the concept and results of a study on the effects of organizational trust on the safety level in an enterprise. The research results presented provide valid and reliable statistical evidence that employees’ trust in management is an important factor that significantly affects safety in a company. In particular, the research findings prove that employees’ trust in management affects safety outcomes indirectly (full mediation), due to the improvement in their engagement in safety citizenship behaviour (SCB); but also that better engagement in SCB should directly or indirectly contribute to the reduction of accident event occurrence through improvement in employees’ health and safety (H&S) regulation compliance (partial mediation). Moreover, the research findings prove that improvement in perceived management commitment in H&S will additionally strengthen positive relationships between trust in management and SCB engagement (interaction effect).

Comparative Study on PSD and HHT Techniques for Condition Assessment of Steel Truss Bridge Using Acceleration Data

Bridge structures deteriorate over time due to factors like corrosion, fatigue, aging of materials, and unexpected natural or accidental events. Consequently, the vibrations measured in these structures exhibit time-varying and non-stationary characteristics. Additionally, non-linearities are inherent in these structures due to material behavior, boundary condition changes, and joints or connections. Analysis of non-linear and non-stationary structural vibration data is necessary to extract information on the condition of the bridge. Most methods assessing bridge conditions from acceleration responses rely on the Power Spectral Density (PSD) which is based on the Fourier Transform. However, the accuracy of the Fourier transforms for non-linear and non-stationary signals limits its application potential. The Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) has emerged as an alternative for handling these non-stationary signals due to its time-frequency-energy representation. This study provides a comparative study of both techniques by utilizing the data obtained from continuously monitored Pamban Bridge. This steel truss bridge was fitted with accelerometers to record bidirectional acceleration time histories at twenty bottom node points on the bridge. This study examines the continuous variations in the frequency component by both methods for 136 days. A linear best-fit trendline is obtained for the frequency parameters at different sensor positions. The slope and intercept values of this linear best fit trendline is further studied. The HHT showcases various evolving dominant frequency components over time in contrast to the PSD representation. The frequency spectrum from the HHT displays less variation over time at each sensor position compared to the predominant peak value derived from the PSD of the acceleration signal. The spatial variability in the predominant frequency obtained from HHT is also less than the PSD. Therefore, the ability of HHT to discriminate damages needs further investigations.

Dynamic response analysis of ship reef hard grounding

Abstract With the rapid growth of the world economy, the shipping industry has developed rapidly on a global scale, and the water traffic has become increasingly busy. Therefore, the risk of ship transportation has become bigger and bigger, and ship grounding and collision occupy about 50% of the total number of all accidents, among which the consequences of oil tanker grounding accidents are more serious, which not only jeopardize the safety of the personnel but also cause a large area of pollution to the sea. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the ship grounding and collision of oil tankers. Based on the nonlinear finite element software ABAQUS, a calculation model for oil tanker grounding is established, and simplified boundary conditions that can be used for grounding simulation analysis are determined. At the same time, material strain rate sensitivity and material hardening properties are considered. Based on the quasi-static tensile test data of Q235 steel used in ships, material parameters that meet the requirements of collision simulation calculation are calibrated and calculated. The dynamic response of hard grounding is analyzed from both external and internal mechanisms. The research results can provide a reference for improving the grounding collision performance of oil tankers.

Consequence Analysis and Safety Assessment of an Ethylene Oxide Unit in a Petrochemical Complex

Abstract Aim: This study focuses on the consequence analysis and safety assessment of an ethylene oxide (EO) unit in a petrochemical complex. This study evaluates the potential consequences of process accidents in the tankage, tank truck loading, and cylinder filling areas of an EO unit. Methods: The analysis was conducted using DNV’s PHAST software (2023), which models and quantifies the consequences of chemical releases by considering various factors such as material characteristics, storage tanks, weather conditions, and the number of people at risk. This study considers scenarios such as fire, flammable and toxic gas dispersion, and vapor cloud explosion. Results: The results provide insights into the safety measures and precautions required in different areas of the petrochemical complex. The analysis of hazard zones allows for the prioritization of protective measures and ongoing monitoring of operational hazards. Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the consequences and risks associated with the use of the EO unit in a petrochemical complex.

Biogas plants accidents: Analyzing occurrence, severity, and associations between 1990 and 2023

Biogas plants numbers are increasing worldwide, but their safety record is rarely investigated. This paper analyzes 75 occurrences of various types of accidents in biogas plants worldwide between 1990 and 2023. The study comprehensively reviewed accident reports and research literature with input from plant operators and safety experts. We aim to identify the common causes and consequences of accidents (occurrences) and suggest preventive measures to improve safety. The occurrences’ primary causes were component failure > maintenance error > natural and technological disasters (NaTech) > equipment failure > operational error > no personal protective equipment (PPE). The most common occurrences were gas explosions 69.3%, toxic gas releases (biohazard) 21.3%, asphyxia (biohazard) 4%, malfunctioning (electric and mechanical hazard) 2.7%, and fires 2.7%. The accident consequences ranged from minor injuries (76) to fatalities (51) and extensive property damage. Lack of PPE and gas pipelines (mechanical and biohazards) correlated positively and significantly (R2 = 0.70), while operational errors and asphyxia (biohazard) scenarios correlated positively and moderately (R2 = 0.55). The plant design, operating procedures, and maintenance practices strongly influence the occurrences’ likelihood and severity. This study provides valuable insights for stakeholders, researchers, and policymakers interested in promoting biogas’ safe and sustainable development. Future studies should investigate the relationship between plant size and accident frequency and assess the effectiveness of safety management and risk assessment methodologies in mitigating such occurrences.

Three-dimensional reconstruction computed tomography in thoracoscopic segmentectomy: a randomized controlled trial.

Thoracoscopic segmentectomy is the recommended treatment option for small peripheral pulmonary nodules. To assess the ability of preoperative three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction computed tomography (CT) to shorten the operative time and improve perioperative outcomes in thoracoscopic segmentectomy compared with standard chest CT, we conducted this randomized controlled trial. The DRIVATS study was a multicentre, randomized controlled trial conducted in 3 hospitals between July 2019 and November 2023. Patients with small peripheral pulmonary nodules not reaching segment borders were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 3D reconstruction CT or standard chest CT before thoracoscopic segmentectomy. The primary end-point was operative time. The secondary end-points included incidence of postoperative complications, intraoperative blood loss and operative accident event. A total of 191 patients were enrolled in this study: 95 in the 3D reconstruction CT group and 96 in the standard chest CT group. All patients underwent thoracoscopic segmentectomy except for 1 patient in the standard chest CT group who received a wedge resection. There is no significant difference in operative time between the 3D reconstruction CT group (median, 100 min [interquartile range (IQR), 85-120]) and the standard chest CT group (median, 100 min [IQR, 81-140]) (P = 0.82). Only 1 intraoperative complication occurred in the standard chest CT group. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of postoperative complications between the 2 groups (P = 0.52). Other perioperative outcomes were also similar. In patients with small peripheral pulmonary nodules not reaching segment borders, the use of 3D reconstruction CT in thoracoscopic segmentectomy was feasible, but it did not result in significant differences in operative time or perioperative outcomes compared to standard chest CT.

Large Pool Fires in the Process Industry. A Simple Model for Safety Distances Estimation

In recent years, the global production growth and the complexity of processes operation have increased safety concern, especially during the design project, considering potential accidental events as fires, explosions, and their related domino effects. Pool fire is one of the most frequent accidental events. Some procedures for safety distances estimation from pool fires were reported. However, there is a lack of adequate simple models to directly estimate safety distances covering a wide range of substances and pool diameters, considering a continuous interval of receptor vulnerabilities (from damage to people to domino effect prevention). In this paper, a simple model to estimate safety distances is proposed, suitable to be incorporated into complex models (e.g. safety management systems, layout optimization). A surrogate model is achieved by adopting a reference one. Methodologically, the main variables that play a key role modelling a pool fire were selected and their influence on the safety distance was analyzed to propose simple mathematical expressions. NLP optimization problems were solved to optimize the model parameters. A conservative, accurate and easy-to-use model was achieved with the aim of developing safer plants or for their safe operation by improving the optimal process design, or implementing safe management systems, considering risks.

Meta-Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents in Bangladesh: A Health and Safety Perspective

Road traffic accidents represent a complex challenge with far-reaching implications for public health and safety in Bangladesh. This meta-analysis undertakes a comprehensive exploration, positioning the investigation within the expansive context of health and safety. Drawing upon data repositories from both authoritative channels, exemplified by the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), and independent platforms such as the Bangladesh Jatri Kalyan Samity, this study endeavors to provide an intricate understanding of the multifaceted health implications stemming from road accidents. By adopting a nuanced approach that amalgamates official and independent datasets, the study seeks to transcend traditional analyses and offer a holistic perspective on the impact of road accidents on public health. A focal point of this meta-analysis is the meticulous scrutiny of monthly trends, recognizing that temporal variations can significantly influence the health outcomes of road accidents. The aim is to discern patterns, identify peaks and troughs, and elucidate the interplay between seasonal, temporal, and health-related factors. This temporal analysis is pivotal for formulating targeted interventions and policies that align with dynamic patterns and effectively address health challenges associated with road accidents. Addressing the challenge of disparities in reporting between official and independent sources, this meta-analysis accentuates the critical need for standardized data collection methodologies. By acknowledging and reconciling variations in reported statistics, the study aspires to enhance the accuracy of health impact assessments, ensuring a more precise understanding of the consequences of road traffic accidents.

Nitrous oxide as a party drug

In recent years, reports of health problems associated with nitrous oxide consumption have significantly increased. In Germany, nitrous oxide (N2O) is easily available in cartridges without legal restrictions. The main reason for its popularity in the party scene are the euphoric, psychedelic effects of the gas. In addition to severe and sometimes irreversible health problems associated with long-term use of nitrous oxide, e.g., anemia and nerve damage, life-threatening or fatal consequences of acute nitrous oxide consumption can also occur: accidents under the influence of nitrous oxide, pneumothorax, pneumopericardium and shock due to an explosive increase in airway pressure when inhaled directly from the cartridge. But the most common cause of severe complications is asphyxia as the gas is usually inhaled pure from large balloons and without oxygen. The resulting hypoxia during use may be perpetuated by the diffusion hypoxia that occurs during the reoxygenation period. Nitrous oxide as acause in accidental or intoxication events is usually not detectable but can only be identified as atrigger based on the patient's history or the circumstances. Acute medical treatment is symptomatic.

Development of a Potential Facility Risk Index for Nuclear Safety and Security Using a Terrorism Scenario with a Hypothetical Nuclear Facility

Risk assessment involves analyzing potential accident scenarios to identify hazards and assess associated risk factors. Nuclear safety and security both aim to protect against radiation exposure, but they have developed separately with distinct risk assessment methodologies. As a result, there is a need for a comprehensive risk assessment method that covers both the safety and security aspects. The Potential Facility Risk Index (PFRI) was developed in 2020 to provide a quantitative approach to evaluating the security risk of nuclear facilities, but it does not consider safety risks. This study aims to enhance the PFRI framework by incorporating probabilistic risk assessment methods to include safety risks. It assesses the risk of a hypothetical incident caused by adversaries at a hypothetical nuclear facility after a successful theft of nuclear material, followed by the construction and detonation of a radiological dispersal device. To achieve this goal, the study utilized event tree analysis and pathway analysis for loss event assessment and consequence analysis using the MELCOR accident consequence code systems for loss magnitude. New risk criteria were also established to determine the PFRI risk score. Based on the results, the study found that the PFRI score for the hypothetical facility was 1, indicating that the risk level was negligible. Future studies incorporating other scenarios, such as sabotage and transportation, will help assess the total security risk of the facility. This method can also help facilitate the integration of risk assessments for nuclear safety and security.

Research on the consequences of hydrogen leakage and explosion accidents of fuel cell vehicles in underground parking garages

Explosion risks in confined spaces hinder the widespread use of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. This study investigates the consequences of hydrogen leakage and explosion accidents from fuel cell vehicles parked in underground garages. Results indicated that downward leaks generate a larger flammable gas cloud size, peak value of VQ8, and areas of danger 3, 1.2, and 2 more times than upward leaks. Meanwhile, upward leaks result in more extensive damage to steel structures and glass. Flammable gas cloud continuous accumulation occurs between beams owing to parking near a wall, whereas the flammable gas cloud maximum extent decreases by half upon parking adjacent to side walls. However, the radius of burns and minor injuries does not vary with parking position. Compared to a single-vehicle situation, multiple surrounding vehicles considerably expand the range of flammable gas clouds and burn hazard area with increases of 57.9% and 53%, respectively.

The importance of road safety inspection for the improvement of pedestrian safety in traffic

Road safety inspection is a modern tool for improving road safety, that is, a preventive tool that is applied on roads in use. The goal of preventive action in road safety is to improve road safety, through reducing the number and consequences of traffic accidents. The road safety inspection involves the analysis of general data about the section, the analysis of traffic accidents, but also the analysis of specific road defects. 11 specific elements are analyzed, including vulnerable road users, including pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists. Vulnerable road users are particularly at risk because in the event of a traffic accident, they suffer more severe consequences because their body is not physically protected. This paper shows the importance of road safety inspections for the improvement of pedestrian safety in traffic.

Optimal Allocation Model for Maritime Emergency Resource Considering the Spatial Correlation between Accident Hotspots

For effective maritime traffic emergency rescue (MTER) operations in the event of maritime traffic accidents (MTAs) and to improve rescue efficiency, it is necessary to analyze the MTER synergy problem and the cooperation between port states. First, the spatial information of accidents under the geographic information system data structure is clarified from the global integrated shipping information system of the International Maritime Organization, and the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise algorithm is used to conduct hotspot mapping analysis of MTAs to establish the clustering and classification of accident characteristics in key areas. Second, the classification characteristics of accident samples are extracted based on spatial information, and the correlation attributes between MTA hotspots are analyzed. Furthermore, by introducing complex network measurement technology, a topological model of the MTER network is established considering the correlation of accident hotspots, and this model is combined with the sample data of MTAs in Southeast Asian waters from 1990 to 2022. Third, the MTER topological network model is quantitatively analyzed under the accident space of Southeast Asia, and the degree of correlation of traffic accidents in key areas is obtained to reveal the inevitable demand for MTER between regions. The results of the analysis show that there is a network correlation between inter-regional accident hotspots, and thus the degree of correlation between accident hotspots needs to be considered for MTER in key areas. Countries in densely connected regions would set up joint rescue exercises and consider rescue assistance between port country stakeholders, thus improving protection for accident emergency responses. The method of complex network topology based on spatial correlation between accident hotspots suggests a new approach for solving the MTER problem.

Accidents at Waste Storage Facilities: Methods of Struggle with the Consequences of Accidents

The article deals with such issues as storage of industrial waste, causes, examples and prevention of accidents, NGO operation and reclamation, and methods of dealing with the consequences of accidents. When storing industrial waste in large volumes, various complications arise, including accidents in waste storage facilities. The article provides examples of accidents for specific objects and analyzes their causes and consequences. The methods of dealing with the consequences of accidents and their prevention are considered. The materials of the article can help specialists improve the design and operation of waste storage facilities.

Household Refundable Utility by taking out refundable insurance: Empirical study in the Spanish auto insurance market

This study investigates the expected benefits for Spanish households if they choose to purchase a refundable insurance policy that covers the deductible in the event of vehicle accidents. Using data obtained from the Spanish Survey of Household Finances alongside market data, this paper provides valuable empirical insights concerning the impact of refundable insurance policies on the overall expected utility of households (referred to as Household Refundable Utility) both from a technical-actuarial and a microeconomic point of view.