Consequences Of Accidents Research Articles

Dento-alveolar trauma rehabilitation using fixed prosthesis: clinical case report

Dental trauma is an unexpected, accidental event and requires immediate emergency attention. There are several etiological factors and almost any collision between the face and an object can result in a dental trauma. Objective: The objective of this study is to report a case of dento-alveolar trauma and its dental management, promoting the patient's well-being, restoring health, function and aesthetics. Case report: A 20-year-old male patient came to the dental clinic of CEUNI - FAMETRO complaining of dissatisfaction with his broken tooth after a sports collision. Intraoral clinical examination revealed a large coronary loss below the gingival level in element 15, leaving only the buccal and lingual faces. In the initial radiographic examination, it was verified the presence of an endodontic treatment already performed, but endodontic retreatment was necessary, due to exposure and contamination of the filling material. The treatment plan proposed to the patient consisted of rehabilitation with an intraradicular retainer and then the cementation of a ceramic crown. Conclusion: The study concluded that the rehabilitation with the use of an intraradicular retainer, the fiberglass pin and the metal-free ceramic crown also obtained good results. Thus, it was observed that these materials were able to return the functionality of the tooth, oral health and aesthetics with a natural aspect to the element, the patient reported that he was very satisfied with the final result of his treatment.

Dynamic risk assessment method for urban hydrogen refueling stations: A novel dynamic Bayesian network incorporating multiple equipment states and accident cascade effects

Hydrogen refueling stations are increasingly being built in densely populated urban areas and operating under high temperature and pressure conditions. Therefore, the safety of hydrogen refueling stations has received great attention. In present work, a new dynamic quantitative risk assessment method is established for hydrogen leakage at refueling stations based on Bayesian networks (BN). Firstly, risk factors are identified using a fault tree, considering multiple equipment operating states. A Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) is established, and event tree analysis is combined to determine accident consequence probabilities. Furthermore, a Bayesian Domino Model is constructed to assess the impact of accident consequence propagation on the probability and risk of hydrogen leakage accidents. Through a typical case study of an off-site hydrogen refueling station, the practicality of the proposed method is validated, the risk factors and safety barriers, the dynamic evolution of hydrogen leakage probabilities within a three-year period are obtained. The probability of hydrogen leakage in hydrogen station is 2.69 × 10−2 in the first month and 2.45 × 10−2 in the 36th month. Simultaneously, the maximum personal risk value for the first month is 5.07 × 10−4. When the Domino effect is considered, the maximum accident probability is 1.96 × 10−3 is obtained in the first month, and the equipment unit with the greatest impact of the accident is A2. Measures were also proposed to reduce hydrogen leakage risks during the operation of off-site hydrogen refueling stations, with an emphasis on prioritizing safety measures for hydrogen storage bundles and risk mitigation strategies.

Risk assessment of liquid ammonia tanks based on Bayesian network and Probit model

AbstractThis paper presents a quantitative risk assessment method to predict the potential risks of liquid ammonia tanks. The method combines probabilistic prediction and consequence assessment: the former is predicted by Bayesian networks derived from bow‐tie mapping, in which the conditional probabilities are determined by analytic hierarchy process, the latter is calculated based on numerical simulation of accident consequences and Probit probability model. The application results show that the method can be used for quantitative risk assessment of liquid ammonia storage tank, and the Bayesian network model is efficient and stable, which can realize risk prediction, accident causes analysis and risk mitigation analysis. Human errors during production or maintenance and corrosion are the main causes of liquid ammonia leakage. Toxicity has the greatest effect on the risk of liquid ammonia tanks. Risk mitigation measures can significantly reduce individual risk and societal risk. The obtained results provide meaningful guidance for the prevention and risk mitigation strategies of liquid ammonia leakage accidents, so as to improve the safety level of liquid ammonia during storage.

Application of invasive medical and pharmacological measures by German emergency paramedics

IntroductionGerman emergency paramedics are to avert serious damage to the patient's health in the event of acute illness or accidents. For this purpose, they have a variety of invasive medical and pharmacological measures at their disposal in addition to their three-year professional training. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the use of invasive medical and pharmacological measures by emergency paramedics in the German rescue service by means of instruments of professional scientific research. In doing so, the motivations of emergency paramedics to refrain from using these measures will be investigated for the first time.MethodsFor this study, rescue missions were analyzed during the period July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023. The chosen method involved a quantitative document analysis of the deployment protocols to investigate the use of invasive and pharmacological measures by emergency paramedics and the reasons against their use.ResultsDuring the period, N = 10,102 (100%) rescue missions could be evaluated. Analysis of the data revealed that invasive medical measures were used by emergency paramedics in n = 1,211 (11.9%) missions and pharmacologic measures were used in n = 1,403 (13.8%) missions. Most frequently, emergency paramedics concluded that invasive medical measures were not required.DiscussionIn summary, the use of invasive medical measures is not a standard part of the emergency medical services mission. Rather, the focus is on diagnostics and transport of patients to an appropriate destination hospital. An adjustment of prehospital care structures based on evidence-based data and an update of the catalog of indications for emergency physician interventions would be elementary for this goal. Further studies of professional fields of action in emergency and rescue medicine are necessary in order to analyze and optimize care structures. This would not only allow conclusions to be drawn about the future education, further education and training of rescue service personnel, but also allow care structures to be adapted to the current state of science and the care needs of patients.

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING IN PRESERVING CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ART WORKS VIA VIRTUAL RESTORATION

Abstract. Artifacts including paintings, drawings, prints, mosaics, sculptures, historical structures and monuments, as well as archaeological sites present a key part of our cultural heritage. It consists of Intangible culture (such as folklore, traditions, language, and knowledge), tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, archival materials, books, works of art, and artifacts), and natural heritage (such as biodiversity and culturally significant landscapes) .Now we will concentrate on tangible culture and its problems and how to handle them. One of its biggest problems is that over the years the nature of the materials used in the creation of the artwork make them prone to cracks, fractures, stains, and colors fading and blurring. The causes of their damage could be of natural or human- related reasons. The natural causes range from war, fires, earthquakes, natural disasters and the human-related causes range from accidental events like to pollution which results of climate changes, which like acid rain. It is a must to consider the environment in which you store your artwork. Our regular environment's light, heat, moisture, and pollution levels can lead to harmful chemical and physical reactions in artwork. There are several reasons why it is necessary to preserve ancient works of art. The fact that it enables us to comprehend the historical and cultural context of the era in which it was made is one of the key factors. Then preserving our artworks is a must and this can be done by manual techniques or using machine learning algorithms.

Clinical variables associated with major adverse cardiac events following radical cystectomy.

The objective of this study is to investigate the association between major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and clinical factors of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer. A retrospective analysis using the 2015-2020 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was performed on patients who underwent RC for bladder cancer. MACE was defined as any report of cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, or thromboembolic events (pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis). A multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was conducted to identify clinical predictors of postoperative MACE. A total of 10 308 (84.2%) patients underwent RC with incontinent urinary diversion (iUD), and 1938 (15.8%) underwent RC with continent urinary diversion (cUD). A total of 629 (5.1%) patients recorded a MACE, and on the multivariable-adjusted logistic regression, it was shown that MACE was significantly associated with increased age (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.024-1.046, p < 0.001), obesity (OR = 1.583, 95% CI: 1.266-1.978, p < 0.001), current smokers (OR = 1.386, 95% CI: 1.130-1.700, p = 0.002), congestive heart failure before surgery (OR = 1.991, 95% CI: 1.016-3.900; p = 0.045), hypertension (OR = 1.209, 95% CI: 1.016-1.453, p = 0.043), and increase the surgical time (per 10min increase, OR = 1.010, 95% CI: 1.003-1.017, p = 0.009). We also report that increased age, obesity, and patients undergoing cUD (OR = 1.368, 95% CI: 1.040-1.798; p = 0.025) are associated with thromboembolic events. By considering the preoperative characteristics of patients, including age, obesity, smoking, congestive heart failure, and hypertension status, urologists may be able to decrease the incidence of MACE in patients undergoing RC. Urologists should aim for lower operative times as this was associated with a decreased risk of thromboembolic events.

Studi Keselamatan PLTN dalam Sistem Hibrida Tenaga Nuklir dan Energi Terbarukan

Electricity demand in Indonesia is steadily increasing, and it is predicted to reach 390 TWh with 103.06 million customers by 2030. However, Indonesia is also committed to addressing climate change through Act Number 16 of 2016, which ratifies the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change. Therefore, it is essential to ensure stable and environmentally friendly energy availability to meet people's needs. One proposed solution is the Nuclear-Renewable Energy Hybrid System (NREHS), which combines Nuclear Power Plants to meet the base load of electricity and other renewable energy sources for energy storage that will be used for the peak electricity load. This system has numerous benefits, particularly regarding environmental friendliness and economic value. However, due to the use of nuclear power in the system, specific attention needs to be paid to nuclear safety issues. This paper describes various safety issues that must be considered when implementing this system. The study analyzed the relationships and influences of nuclear power plants (NPPs) and other power generators concerning safety. This analysis was conducted by referencing international documents and standards regarding external hazards and relevant safety literature in different power generation facilities such as solar and wind power plants. From the studies conducted, it was found that several aspects of nuclear safety must be considered in this system, including external events, Optimization of Specifications for Other Power Plants for Nuclear Reactors, Handling Non-Nuclear Consequences in Nuclear Accidents, and Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response. Keywords: NPP, Renewable Energy, Nuclear Safety, Renewable Energy Hybrid System

Flammable gas leakage risk assessment for methanol to hydrogen refueling stations and liquid hydrogen refueling stations

Due to its excellent combustion properties and environmental performance, the development of hydrogen energy has become an international trend in recent years. However, hydrogen refueling stations, which are the infrastructure for hydrogen energy development, contain flammable gases such as hydrogen and methanol, which are highly susceptible to explosion and may threaten people's health and property safety. In this paper, a dynamic risk assessment method based on Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) is established for combustible gas leakage accidents in hydrogen refueling stations, and the methanol to hydrogen refueling stations and liquid hydrogen refueling stations are taken as research objects to quantitatively analyze their leakage risks and accident consequences. It is found that the leakage accident probability and consequences of methanol to hydrogen refueling stations show periodicity with a period of three months, while there is no periodicity for liquid hydrogen refueling stations. The probabilities of leakage accident and serious consequences in methanol to hydrogen refueling stations show a sudden increase within a cycle, on the other hand, those in liquid hydrogen refueling stations tend to increase linearly over three years with time. In addition, based on the diagnostic reasoning function of DBN, this paper identifies the two most critical hazard sources for flammable gas leakage accident in hydrogen refueling stations: human factors and corrosion factors, and provides guidance for relevant enterprises to reduce the risk.

ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТЬ САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 2 ТИПА И РИСК ЕГО ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ У ЛИКВИДАТОРОВ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ АВАРИИ НА ЧАЭС, В ТОМ ЧИСЛЕ РАБОТНИКОВ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ АТОМНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

Summary: Investigation purposes Diabetes mellitus (DM) occupies the largest share in the structure of endocrine system diseases, nutritional disorders and metabolic disorders, which is currently one of the important priorities of national health systems. Research on certain groups of the population with their own harmful occupational risk factors is relevant. Analysis of the incidence of diabetes mellitus of the second type - T2DM (ICD 10: E11-E11.9) of liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident ‒ workers of nuclear industry enterprises for 30 years of observation and assessment of the radiation risk of its occurrence. Material and methods: The study includes data from the Industry register of persons exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident over a thirty-year period, having a verified dose of external radiation received during work in the 30 km zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, men – 12663 people, 1327, of whom have data on the dose of occupational irradiation. The Poisson process with an intensity parameter was chosen as a statistical model of morbidity. Results: The incidence of T2DM in liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident was estimated by age and sex groups. On the basis of the obtained file of individual unstratified data, an analytical likelihood function for the Poisson process was constructed and the value of the excess relative risk (ERR) of T2DM incidence was calculated and the nature of the dose dependence of RR was investigated. A cohort epidemiological study of a group of liquidators in 1986–1990 was carried out. over a thirty-year period, depending on the dose, both received during the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, and during professional work with radioactive substances (RS) and sources of ionizing radiation (IRS). Direct estimates of the radiogenic risk of diabetes mellitus are given. Different values ​​of risk were noted when using doses from different types of radiation. There was no significant increase in the risk of disease per dose unit (ERR / Sv). Conclusion: With the aging of the cohort of liquidators, an increase in the incidence of T2DM was noted in both men and women. The results obtained on the assessment of the radiation risk of T2DM at this stage are taken as preliminary, since the use of radiation risk in the development of radiation safety regulations requires a total dose from all types of exposure (professional, emergency, medical, natural).

Radiographic Positioning Standards for Joint Radiography Quality Assessment at Al Makkased Hospital-Jerusalem

The fact that anatomical structures overlap makes imaging the body challenging. Radiograph diagnostic accuracy generally refers to the degree to which an examination can be used to forecast the existence (or absence) of an illness or condition. By supplying diagnostic images, the technologist plays a crucial part in increasing diagnostic accuracy. To isolate and provide a clearer view of a body area being scanned, a technologist must be knowledgeable about the many postures and techniques needed. Different projections not only make anatomical parts easier to perceive, but they also aid in the anatomization of abnormalities and the localization of foreign bodies. This study focused on the precise positioning of patients’ X-rays in the Al-Makkased Hospital emergency room when they reached there as a consequence of various accidents, falls, or other causes. Emergency photos from January to June (2020) were examined as part of our examination of digital radiography (DR) imaging, and problems with the photos were discovered. Our research revealed that the percentage of examination errors is just 14.6%, which is not a very significant number. The four joints that were evaluated in this investigation were the elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle. The three fundamental flaws that were examined while assessing projections were parallelism, location, and anatomy additional exposure errors were also found. Specifically, this project discussed standards for joint radiography quality, technique, framework, structure, and findings.

A Novel Hybrid Battery Thermal Management System for Prevention of Thermal Runaway Propagation

Lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in electric vehicles because of their high energy density and long service life. Designing a battery thermal management system (BTMS) that prevents thermal runaway propagation in the event of abusive accidents is crucial. The goal of this study is to design a novel hybrid BTMS with both active liquid cooling and passive cooling for preventing thermal runaway propagation in the battery module. A numerical model for a battery module (16 cylindrical 18650 cells) was developed in COMSOL multi-physics software to examine the thermal runaway propagation caused by a single cell. Copper foam and expanded graphite-paraffin (EG-PCM) composite material were used for passive cooling. In addition to the thermal runaway scenario, the thermal behaviors of the battery module with the hybrid BTMS were also evaluated under the 3C discharging and driving cycle circumstances. A conventional BTMS with natural air cooling is chosen as the baseline. The findings reveal that the proposed hybrid BTMS, which uses EG-PCM with a melting temperature of 52 °C and thermal diffusivity of 9.68 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /s and copper foam with a porosity of 0.7-0.9, is capable of limiting the maximum cell temperature below the thermal safety threshold (80 °C) to prevent thermal runaway propagation. Under the NEDC load cycle, the battery module can be maintained within an optimal working temperature range by passive cooling only. By applying active liquid cooling with a flow rate of 0.3 m/s for BTMS, the average temperature reduction of the battery module at a 3C discharging rate can be up to 72.5% and 52.7% compared to passive cooling with copper foam and EG-PCM, respectively. The study highlights that the combination of active liquid cooling and appropriate passive cooling is an efficient thermal management solution for Li-ion battery applications in electric vehicles, notably in the consideration of thermal safety.

Beyond the concept of “Gestalten” – Kurt Lewin and Lev Semënovic Vygotsky as methodologically related

Abstract The relationship between Kurt Lewin and Lev S. Vygotsky is important for many methodological questions raised by the two psychologists such as distinguishing a genetic and an accidental event type. The concept of „Gestalt“ is another important issue. The present article analyzes and contextualizes the significance of this concept in their discussions since they met in Berlin in 1925. It can be shown that a difference between Lewin’s and Vygotsky’s approach becomes salient in the ways they refer to Gestalt theory as a holistic approach. While Lewin understands the here-and-now of situation in which an event occurs as depending on the present field forces as a whole, Vygotsky agrees largely with Lewin’s postulate to consider all field forces, but then moves on from the field as an originally spatial model to introduce a semantic model. According to Vygotsky this is necessary to theorize fluidity and flexibility in behavior and thus to understand the necessary psychologically preconditions for free will and independency.

Complicated intracranial hypotension as a consequence of electric scooter accident. Case report

The article presents the case of a 41-year-old man who was hospitalised because of neck and occipital pain with nausea. The patient had previously suffered an injury while riding an electric scooter. Computed tomography showed subdural haematomas and cerebral venous sinuses thrombosis, while magnetic resonance imaging confirmed intracranial hypotension. Anticoagulants were introduced. After two months, the patient was readmitted to hospital due to a sudden deterioration in his condition. Computed tomography revealed subacute subdural haematoma with mass effect. The patient was treated neurosurgically. After the procedure, consciousness disorders and left-sided paresis occurred. Follow-up computed tomography showed the presence of recurrent haematoma with intracranial hypertension. Reoperation with osteomeningeal decompression was necessary. During the following days of hospitalisation, the patient’s condition gradually improved and he was transferred to the neurological rehabilitation department. One should remember about possible consequences of intracranial hypotension, such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis or intracerebral bleeding, which, if left untreated, may be dangerous to the life and health of patients.

화재대응 모의훈련평가시스템 개발에 관한 연구

This study developed a simulated fire response training evaluation system based on the Internet of Things to acquire training participants' initial response skills through realistic and practical fire response training, and continuously improve the response activities of training participants based on a quantitative and objective training evaluation system. With the goal of minimizing the scale of fire damage through rapid and accurate response in the event of an unexpected fire accident by establishing a research process for this purpose, developing a fire response training evaluation system based on the overall technical investigation required for research After the operation test, the evaluation system was installed in the test place, and fire response simulation training was conducted for 20 occupants. Prior to training, the evaluation system smartphone app was used to input the training date and time, and after explaining how to use the evaluation system device to the participants, the training was conducted and the results were analyzed.&#x0D; As a result, the fire response simulation training evaluation system developed in this study can produce the behavior of fire smoke and measure the time required for each response step of training participants through the system device as a quantified value, enabling quantitative training evaluation. was derived.&#x0D; Through this system development and operation experiment, 1) it is possible to implement a fire training situation similar to an actual fire situation using the fire initial response training evaluation system, and 2), it is possible to evaluate fire training quantitatively by response stage, based on the results As a result, future training feedback and continuous improvement activities are possible, and 3) training participants can learn accurate response behaviors, and evaluation can be objectively and quantitatively measured.

Underwater Positioning Analysis and System Establishment of the Towed Underwater Hydrophone Array System

The aim of this study is to establish an underwater towed hydrophone array detection and positioning system, which serves as a rescue device for detecting flight recorders in the event of a maritime accident. By using Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) to calculate the azimuth of the underwater locator beacon (ULB) which is located inside the black box, the position of the flight recorder can be obtained. The underwater towed hydrophone array detection and positioning system was tested for a three-day experiment in the waters off the southwest coast of Taiwan. The azimuth of the sound source was determined by using two frequencies generated by different types of underwater locator beacons (37.5 kHz and 8.8 kHz) and post-processing. The accuracy of the positioning was achieved by controlling the depth of the underwater hydrophone array. This study can deduce the location of the underwater locator beacon through subsequent positioning analysis, which can be used by search and rescue teams in the future to improve the efficiency of the rescue process.

Enhancing flammable gas dispersion and explosion prediction: A novel hybrid analytical-numerical approach with exploCFD

The analysis of explosion consequences involves two primary approaches: analytical methods and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Analytical methods offer a simplified one-dimensional model of overpressure, while CFD provides a more detailed numerical analysis capturing asymmetric and inhomogeneous overpressure distribution. However, CFD simulations can be computationally demanding and require additional sub-grid models to enable calculations to be carried out in realistic timeframes. Both approaches have large irreducible uncertainty. The hybrid analytical-numerical approach aims to simplify and speed up the calculation process, yet producing results that remain within this irreducible uncertainty. This study describes the theoretical basis and demonstrates the successful implementation of the hybrid methodology in exploCFD for predicting flammable gas dispersion and explosions with special focus on hydrogen. The methodology combines analytical source terms with numerical simulations, capturing the inhomogeneity of explosion overpressure distribution in realistic explosion cases, and gas release dispersion cases, which can only be achieved by taking obstacles and obstructions into account. We then compare the predictions of exploCFD with dispersion and explosion experiments with experimental results, with a special focus on Hydrogen. The focus on hydrogen utilization in recent years necessitates the development of predictive capabilities to assess the consequences of hydrogen-fuelled accidents in industrial facilities due to its unique properties. The methodology exhibits good agreement with experiment, for maximum and transient overpressure readings as well as dispersion concentrations. The study demonstrates that exploCFD's hybrid methodology is well-suited for modeling flammable gas releases, particularly hydrogen, and simulating explosion events resulting from the ignition of premixed gas clouds. This approach offers a superior alternative to more time-consuming and costly purely numerical methods, as well as crude analytical methods still in use today.

A case of complex asphyxia sheds light on problems in the classification of asphyxias

Death from positional asphyxia is often an accidental event occurring when the victim’s body assumes a position which can compromise an effective respiration. Its diagnosis is usually not simple, because it needs to know the exact circumstance in which the body was found and the original positioning of all the body segments. In this case, a 41-year-old man with a history of opioid drugs abuse was found dead in a knee-chest position; the head was down on the floor with the face resting on a plastic bag. Pictures of the scene of death was taken while the body was still in its original position. At first, the main suspicion was that of a fatal overdose. Following the autopsy examination, completed by histological and toxicological examinations, the cause of death was determined as postural asphyxia secondary to intoxication by methadone, in the presence of ischemic heart disease. Some features, moreover, were typical of the death in head down position, and the prolonged knee-chest position was also associated with the obstruction of mouth and nose by the plastic bag, which may have contributed to the asphyxiation. These cases of “combined” asphyxia represent a challenge for the current classifications of asphyxia, which are very variable and not standardized, as we observe from a brief review of the literature. The elaboration of new systems of classification for asphyxias, which must be clear, simple and shareable, is necessary to avoid confusion in categorizing cases that present overlapping between several types of asphyxiation modalities.

Integration of Level 3 probabilistic risk assessment for nuclear power plants with transportation simulation considering earthquake hazards

This research improves the realism of Level 3 probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for nuclear power plants (NPPs) to avoid subjective expert judgement by modeling the evacuation behavior of the residents and making two advancements. First, evacuation speed taken from a transportation simulation code was used as an input to the Level 3 PRA code, i.e., the MELCOR Accident Consequence Code System (MACCS). The transportation simulation code uses the Multiagent Transport Simulation (MATSim) evacuation extension software. MATSim is interfaced with MACCS, by generating input-output communication through evacuation routes and speed distributions. Integrating the agent-based transportation simulation with the Level 3 PRA code enables the explicit incorporation of spatiotemporal evacuation processes into NPP offsite risk assessment. Second, this research is the first to explicitly incorporate the probability of seismic damage to roadway bridges into Level 3 PRA of NPPs. The likelihood of seismic bridge damage, given an earthquake, is estimated using the HAZUS program developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The road closure due to seismic damage, estimated by HAZUS, is used as input to the agent-based transportation simulation, where evacuation routes and speed distributions are calculated considering the impact of seismic damage. These advancements can improve the realism of Level 3 PRA for NPPs by enhancing the evacuation analysis resolution and reducing the reliance on subjective judgment to characterize evacuation routes, speed, and seismic impact on Level 3 PRA. Integrating the transportation simulation and the natural hazard risk assessment with the Level 3 PRA code can also provide more in-depth causal insights for offsite risk management, such as recommending optimal evacuation routes in an emergency response plan. These contributions are demonstrated using the Sequoyah NPP case study adopted from the state-of-the-art reactor consequence analyses (SOARCA) conducted by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).

The influence of the construction of tram fronts on the consequences of accidents with passenger cars

In recent years, there has been a large increase in passenger and public transport in cities. An increase in traffic flow results in an increasing risk of accidents. Manufacturers and operators of trams are increasingly subject to higher requirements for ensuring the safety of vehicles. Vehicle safety can be divided into two groups: active and passive safety. Systems and elements of active safety are intended to reduce the risk of accidents. Systems and elements of passive safety are intended to minimize the consequences of accidents. The requirements for the passive safety of newly designed railway vehicles are described in standard EN 15227. Standard EN 15227 was created due to the effort to protect passengers and crew inside railway vehicles in the event of an accident, so it is a so-called self-protection. The standard EN 15227 does not stipulate any requirements for so-called partner protection. Partner protection means an approach in which the vehicle protects passengers inside and outside the vehicle with its deformation elements.This article deals with the issue of how the construction of the front of tram vehicles designed according to the requirements of the standard EN 15227 will affect the consequences of tram´s accidents with passenger cars. The first part of the article describes the requirements of the standard EN 15227 for newly designed trams. Than it describes the creation and evaluation of tram accident statistics in the Czech Republic for the years 2016 to 2018 with regard to the types of collision vehicles, collision directions and consequences of accidents. From the results of the evaluation of the accident statistics, a collision scenario was determined, in which the passengers inside cars were most often injured. The last part of the article is devoted to the creation of simulation models of accidents of three trams with a car and evaluation of simulation calculations with regard to the risk of injury to car´s driver in an accident with trams using human biomechanical criteria.

Technical and Environmental Assessment of the Consequences of Accidents on Offshore Gas Pipelines in the Baltic Sea

The failure of the Nord Stream pipelines in the Baltic Sea in September 2022 had significant technical and economic consequences not only for the European Union energy sector and the gas production and transmission industry of the Russian Federation, but also entailed a number of environmental consequences, the scale of which has yet to be explored. During the preliminary assessment of the consequences of the accident, the team of scientists from the Kant Baltic Federal University, the Atlantic branch of the VNIRO and the Shirshov Oceanology Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences calculated the composition of the gas mixture emitted and assessed its volume, studied potential environmental damage to the biogeocenoses of the Western and Southern Baltic, calculated the impact of the gases emitted on global temperature. The studies were based on data obtained from open sources and allow us to give a preliminary assessment of the environmental impact of the accident. The combination of analytical, evaluation and research methods used is basically a classic approach to accounting for the volume of gas emissions and their subsequent impact. Leakage volume was calculated by first determining the volume of gas that entered the natural environment after impact (before the emergency valves were closed), and then determining the second volume of gas (until pressure stabilization in the cut-off pipe sections and in the environment). Based on the information on the biota in the water area and the nature of the gas movement, an estimated impact on biological organisms in the zone of the Bronholm depression was determined. Based on the models of the influence of methane emissions on climatic parameters, the preliminary consequences of the emission were established. The assessment of the environmental impact on the water area was conducted and the main directions of further research determined. The potential ways to minimize the environmental consequences of the accident in the short and long term have been considered.