Mechanism Of Accident Research Articles

Risk analysis of concrete pouring operation during high dam construction

Due to the close connection of the high dam concrete pouring operation, the frequent risk evolution path of the personnel, construction machinery and the field environment is complex, which leads to high risk cost and frequent accidents. In order to reduce the operation risk and decrease the frequency of accidents, the risk theory needs to be utilized to analyze the risk of high dam concrete pouring operation. In this paper, we put forward the theory of risk interface framework and a fishbone diagram approach to analyze the factors of this operation. The general idea is that find the risk sources,describe risk interface and put forward the mechanism of high dam concrete pouring accident. Secondly, account forenergy carriers, after that the personnel, machine and environment are abstracted as the energy carriers or thedangerous energy carriers, the risk factors are identified. Then risk analysis is carried out according to the theory of risk interface. Meanwhile classify the risk factors according to fishbone diagramand their respective categories. The final risk analysis shows that thedangerous energy carriers are frequently interacted with each other and the risk factors are complex, and the possibility of accidents is extremely high in high dam concrete pouring operation.

Survey-based Impact of Influencing Parameters on Level Crossings Safety

Level crossing (LC) accidents are a significant safety challenge worldwide and for that reason they have been subject of numerous research activities. Joint conclusion is that human behaviour is the main cause of accidents. This study examines how and to which extent certain influential parameters cause accident mechanisms on level crossings. To gain the necessary data we used an on-line survey questionnaire that was sent internationally to key experts in the field of road and railway safety. A total of 185 experts were asked to rank how much certain parameters influence level crossings accident mechanisms and what are the best countermeasures for diminishing accidents at level crossings. To our knowledge, this is the first time that an international survey among key experts was used to gain necessary data about influential parameters regarding level crossings safety. The results of this study could be used by road and railway traffic engineers and policy makers for further enhancement of LC’s safety.

Injury to the upper limbs and prevention in equestrian sports

The upper limb is one of the most frequently injured body regions in equestrian sports, but it is unclear which injuries are involved, and there are no data on the associated accident mechanism. The present study is aimed at evaluating the accident mechanisms, injuries of the upper limbs, and the circumstances of the accident in equestrian sports. We included 218 patients who were all treated between 2006 and 2014 at the levelI trauma center at the Medical University in Hannover because of equestrian-related accidents. The most frequent injuries were fractures and bruising in the shoulder area, fingers and hands, and the distal area of the lower arm, which were mostly caused by the horse kicking. To prevent hand injuries it is recommended that gloves are worn; the potential introduction of strengthened materials could protect the bones from severe bumping. Training in falling techniques to prevent serious injury to the upper limb would be useful. In general, primary prevention in equestrian sports should be extended to counteract the increasing neglect of protective equipment.

Circonstances des traumatismes et accidents de l’enfant : recensement par un thésaurus

Introduction : Injuries and accidents are major causes of morbidity and mortality in children in France. Identification and description of the mechanisms of accidents are essential to develop adapted prevention methods. For this purpose, a specific thesaurus of ICD-10 codes relating to the circumstances of trauma and accidents in children was created in the French Loire department. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relevance and acceptability of the thesaurus in the pediatric emergency unit of Saint-Etienne university hospital.Material and Methods : This study was conducted in two phases. The first, longitudinal phase was conducted over three periods between May and October 2014 to compare codings by emergency room physicians before using the thesaurus with those defined on the basis of the thesaurus. The second phase retrospectively compared coding in July and August 2014 before introduction of the thesaurus with thesaurus-based coding in July and August 2015.Results : The first phase showed a loss of more than half of the information without the thesaurus. The circumstances of trauma can be described by an appropriate code in more than 90% of cases. The second phase showed a 13% increase in coding of the circumstances of trauma, which nevertheless remains insufficient.Discussion : The thesaurus facilitates coding and generally meets the coding physician’s expectations and should be used in large-scale epidemiological surveys.

Construction accidents: identification of the main associations between causes, mechanisms and stages of the construction process

Objective. To identify the most frequent causes of accidents in the construction sector in order to help safety practitioners in the task of prioritizing preventive actions depending on the stage of construction. Methods. Official accident investigation reports are analysed. A causation pattern is identified with the proportion of causes in each of the different possible groups of causes. Results. Significant associations of the types of causes with accident mechanisms and construction stages have been identified. Conclusions. Significant differences have been found in accident causation depending on the mechanism of the accident and the construction stage ongoing. These results should be used to prioritize preventive actions to combat the most likely causes for each accident mechanism and construction stage.

Traffic Accidents Involving Cyclists Identifying Causal Factors Using Questionnaire Survey, Traffic Accident Data, and Real-World Observation.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of traffic accidents involving cyclists. The focus is on the characteristics of cyclist accidents and scenarios, because the number of traffic accidents involving cyclists in Tokyo is the highest in Japan. First, dangerous situations in traffic incidents were investigated by collecting data from 304 cyclists in one city in Tokyo using a questionnaire survey. The survey indicated that cyclists used their bicycles generally while commuting to work or school in the morning. Second, the study investigated the characteristics of 250 accident situations involving cyclists that happened in the city using real-world bicycle accident data. The results revealed that the traffic accidents occurred at intersections of local streets, where cyclists collided most often with vehicles during commute time in the morning. Third, cyclists' behavior was observed at a local street intersection in the morning in the city using video pictures. In one hour during the morning commute period, 250 bicycles passed through the intersection. The results indicated that one of the reasons for traffic accidents involving cyclists might be the combined effect of low visibility, caused by the presence of box-like building structures close to the intersections, and the cyclists' behavior in terms of their velocity and no confirming safety. It was observed that, on average, bicycle velocity was 3.1 m/s at the initial line of an intersection. The findings from this study could be useful in developing new technologies to improve cyclist safety, such as alert devices for cyclists and vehicle drivers, wireless communication systems between cyclists and vehicle drivers, or advanced vehicles with bicycle detection and collision mitigation systems.

Investigation of powered 2-wheeler accident involvement in urban arterials by considering real-time traffic and weather data

ABSTRACTObjective: Understanding the various factors that affect accident risk is of particular concern to decision makers and researchers. The incorporation of real-time traffic and weather data constitutes a fruitful approach when analyzing accident risk. However, the vast majority of relevant research has no specific focus on vulnerable road users such as powered 2-wheelers (PTWs). Moreover, studies using data from urban roads and arterials are scarce. This study aims to add to the current knowledge by considering real-time traffic and weather data from 2 major urban arterials in the city of Athens, Greece, in order to estimate the effect of traffic, weather, and other characteristics on PTW accident involvement.Methods: Because of the high number of candidate variables, a random forest model was applied to reveal the most important variables. Then, the potentially significant variables were used as input to a Bayesian logistic regression model in order to reveal the magnitude of their effect on PTW accident involvement.Results: The results of the analysis suggest that PTWs are more likely to be involved in multivehicle accidents than in single-vehicle accidents. It was also indicated that increased traffic flow and variations in speed have a significant influence on PTW accident involvement. On the other hand, weather characteristics were found to have no effect.Conclusions: The findings of this study can contribute to the understanding of accident mechanisms of PTWs and reduce PTW accident risk in urban arterials.

Trauma Training for Journalists: Developing and Implementing an Intercultural Medical Curriculum for Journalists Working in Regions of Conflict

University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, Austrian Board of Alpine Safety, Innsbruck, Austria, Alpine Police, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Vienna, Austria, Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Introduction.—Since November 1, 2005, the Austrian Alpine Police records data for every mountain accident, which is reported to an emergency dispatch center, in a digital database. Still, no medical data on lightning injuries in the Austrian mountains are available. Objective.—To analyze lightning casualties in the Austrian mountains with respect to accident mechanism, injury pattern, and medical outcome. Methods.—The database was evaluated regarding emergencies caused by lightning that occurred from November 1, 2005, to December 31, 2014. Additionally, data for lightning strike victims who were treated at the Innsbruck University Hospital in Western Austria were included. This tertiary level hospital in the Eastern European Alps has a catchment area of approximately 25,000 km and 3 million inhabitants. Data included sex, age, victim’s activity at the time of the injury, severity of injury, and time and location of the accident. Results.—In the study period, 67,807 alpine accidents were registered in the database, and 70,675 casualties were involved. The search for lightning casualties revealed 96 persons. Sixty-four of these fulfilled inclusion criteria for this study. Sixty of the victims (94%) survived the lightning accident. Four people died; among these were 2 hunters who were killed while in a high seat and a ranger who was felling trees. The fourth person was a hiker who was hiding from the thunderstorm below a mountain peak when he was hit. Conclusions.—Most lightning accidents happen in late afternoon in summer. Climbers, mountaineers, and hikers are most commonly hit; however, they also make up the highest share of people who are active in the mountains. People next to trees seem to be at high risk of being struck by lethal lightning. Lightning accidents affecting humans should be better interlinked with hospital data to gain better insight into accident mechanism and outcome.

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Vehicle Damage Level in Fatal Truck-Related Accidents and Differences in Rural and Urban Areas

Accidents involving large trucks very often end up with deadly consequences. Innocent people getting killed are acknowledged globally as one of the traffic safety greatest problems and challenges. While risk factors on truck-related accidents have been researched extensively, the impact on fatalities has received little or no attention, especially considering rural and urban areas, respectively. In this study, the generalized ordered logit model was used in Stata 11.0 to explore the complex mechanism of truck-related accidents in different areas. Data were obtained from The Trucks in Fatal Accidents database (TIFA). The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) indicates that the model used in this paper is superior to traditional ordered logit model. The results showed that 9 variables affect the vehicle damage level in a fatal crash in both areas but with different directions. Furthermore, 23 indicators significantly affect the disabling damage in the same manner. Also, there are factors that are significant solely in one area and not in the other: 12 in rural and 2 in urban areas.

C-spine injury and mandibular fractures: lifesaver broken in two spots

BackgroundTrauma is a leading cause of injury and mortality and may involve mandibular fractures and cervical spine injuries. Manipulation of the spine during trauma protocols and operative treatment has the potential to cause serious spinal cord injuries. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with cervical spine injury (CSI) in patients with mandibular fractures. MethodsThe National Trauma Databank (2007-2010) was used to identify patients with mandibular fractures. ResultsA total of 59,028 patients were identified and separated into adult and pediatric cohorts. There were 50,711 adults (86%) and 8317 children (14%). There were statistically significant lower rates of associated CSI in pediatric patients than adults (3.5% versus 7.3%, P < 0.01). Predictors of associated CSI in mandible fractures for both adults and children were older age, lower Glasgow Coma Scale, thoracic injuries, firearm or motor vehicle accident mechanisms, and symphyseal fractures. In the pediatric cohort, body, ramus, and subcondylar fractures were significantly associated with CSI. In adults, female gender, and upper extremity, abdominopelvic, and head injuries were also significantly associated with CSI. ConclusionsMultiple mandibular fractures were inversely correlated with CSI. One possibility is that energy dissipation in the mandible with multiple fractures is protective of the C-spine leading to fewer fractures. Children and adults had different associations in the pattern of mandible fractures concomitant with CSI. This has implications in management, imaging, and workup of trauma patients.

Prevalence of Retinal Hemorrhages in Infants Presenting with Isolated Long Bone Fractures and Evaluation for Abuse

BackgroundFractures are a frequent reason for emergency department visits and evaluation for abusive head trauma is an associated concern in infants. Recent guidelines have suggested that retinal examination may not be necessary in the absence of intracranial injury, but there is a lack of empirical evidence in infants < 1 year of age. ObjectiveOur aim was to evaluate the prevalence of retinal hemorrhages in infants with isolated long bone fractures. MethodsRetrospective chart review of infants < 1 year of age who presented to an urban, tertiary care pediatric hospital between January 2004 and April 2014 with the diagnosis of an acute long bone fracture or retinal hemorrhages. Patients were excluded for head injury, altered mental status, injury mechanism of motor vehicle accident, multiple fractures or injuries outside the fracture area. Patients were identified through trauma registry data and International Classification of Diseases codes. ResultsOne hundred and forty-six patients had isolated long bone fractures, of which 68 patients did not undergo a retinal examination and 78 patients had dilated eye examinations, with no patients identified as having retinal hemorrhages. There were 46 patients identified with retinal hemorrhages concerning for abuse. No patients with retinal hemorrhages had isolated long bone fractures. ConclusionsIn infants < 1 year of age presenting with isolated long bone fractures, a dilated eye examination to evaluate for retinal hemorrhages is not likely to yield additional information. Our results support recent studies that a subset of children and infants may not require dilated eye examinations in the evaluation of possible abuse.

Maxillofacial Traumas in Farmers Caused by Farm Animals, Agricultural Vehicles, and Materials.

It has been aimed at evaluating the relationship of maxillofacial fractures in farmers, which are caused due to traumas while working in farms, with trauma etiologies, maxillofacial fracture areas, age, sex, and seasonal variables. Among the farmers who have come to our emergency service unit as a result of maxillofacial trauma between 2010 and 2012, 146 patients have been analyzed retrospectively. The patients' demographic findings, trauma etiologies, seasonal variables of trauma, and maxillofacial fracture area distribution have been analyzed. Patients' age varies between 12 and 80 and 87 of them are female (59.59%), while 59 are male (40.41%). The subjects' etiological distribution is as follows: 47.5% is traumas caused by cattle among the farm animals; 15.75% is traumas caused by the blows of agricultural tools; 12.33% is traumas caused by tractor accidents; 9.59% is traumas caused by falling from haystacks; 7.53% is traumas caused by falling from agricultural vehicles, and 6.85% is traumas caused by horse kicks. When trauma etiology, age, sex, seasonal distribution, and the maxillofacial fractures were analyzed, statistically significant results have been determined. Although the number of maxillofacial traumas is considerably high in farmers due to farm animals, agricultural devices, and agricultural tools, while these traumas can cause functional and aesthetically minor fractures on the face, they can cause important and serious fractures as well. While knowing the mechanism of etiological fractures and accidents in different study groups can be guiding in the speedy diagnosis and treatment of possible fractures, it can also be helpful in taking precautions against traumas in these groups as well.

Expertise of German paramedics concerning the prehospital treatment of patients with spinal trauma.

Spinal immobilization is a standard procedure in emergency medicine. Increasing awareness of complications associated with immobilization of trauma patients leads to controversial discussions in the literature. Current guidelines require to include considerations of accident mechanism, an assessment of the patient's condition and an examination of the spine in the decision-making process if immobilization of the spine should be performed. This requires sound knowledge of assessing these parameters. The aim of the current study is to analyze German paramedics' subjective uncertainty in terms of their prehospital assessment and treatment of patients suffering from spine injuries. Over a period of 17months participants in a trauma course were asked to complete a standardized anonymous questionnaire about subjective uncertainty of prehospital assessment and management of spinal trauma before participation in that course. Questions about the frequency of application of different immobilization tools and skills training on spinal immobilization were also asked. A total of 465 paramedics were surveyed. The participants did not indicate any uncertainty about the prehospital diagnosis and treatment of spinal injuries. The feeling of confidence was significantly greater in participants who had already attended another course on structured trauma care before. The participants agreed with the statements that standardized algorithms facilitate teamwork and that there is a need for a protocol for the prehospital treatment of spinal injuries. Paramedics do not feel uncertain about the prehospital assessment and treatment of spinal injuries. The feeling of confidence in participants who had already attended a course on the treatment of trauma patients before was significantly higher.

A Better Knowledge of Powered Two Wheelers Accidents

In France, the knowledge about road accidents is mainly based on the data collection and subsequent feeding of the national road accident database by the police. This is a very comprehensive database from a quantitative point of view which needs to be improved from a qualitative point of view. Indeed, some data are necessary to have a very precise understanding of the accidents (accident mechanisms, vehicle maneuvers, etc.) but they are not present in the French national accident database. In order to get some qualitative data, the partners of VOIESUR project have analyzed fatal and injury accidents that occurred in the year 2011. This analyze is reported in a database. From this database, thorough analyses have been carried out on different topics (children, older road users, etc.). The present study addresses the powered two-wheelers (PTW). His objective is to strengthen the knowledge about PTWs accidents, in order to improve PTWs safety.This study has shown how specific were PTWs in terms of dynamics or other factors such as alcohol impairment, speed, short practice of vehicle. The analysis of the different accident factors, and in particular the new knowledge brought by VOIESUR (speed used in accidents, maneuvers performed in emergency situations, etc.) should enable the decision makers to implement concrete actions towards PTW users, for whom safety improvements are identified, and also for other users involved in PTW accidents. The elements provided in the present study should encourage the implementation of measures adapted to PTW diversity and usage, in terms of categories (customs, roadsters, etc.), and engine sizes (mopeds, light and heavy motorcycles). Lastly, the role of road infrastructure has also been scrutinised, and a greater vulnerability of PTW is put forward. The study shows a great potential that could be grasped by road managers to improve the safety of PTW users (roadside obstacle management, provision of hard shoulders in case of run-off-the-road situations, etc.). From a global viewpoint, the richness of the variables shed a new light on both the nature and complexity of PTW accidents in France.

2C33 学校教育における柔道初心者の頭部外傷事故の発症メカニズムと対処法の考察

2C33 学校教育における柔道初心者の頭部外傷事故の発症メカニズムと対処法の考察

전복사고 운전자를 대상으로 자동차 안전장치에 대한 행동특성 분석

Abstract This is to analyze of driver behavioral and the accident characteristics in rollover. The study period was January 2011 to May 2014 and the subject of study was 102 person who were drivers visited the emergency room.Research tool includes a damage information of the vehicle, accident mechanism, damage to the patient clinical information with the injury data from the ROAD Traffic Authority. For data analysis, SPSS 18.0 was used for t-test,ANOVA and Chi-square test. Injury Severity Score average score according to the vehicle type is 6.00 points in the smaller vehicle, at high vehicle 11.78 points, from the other vehicle that showed 14.70 points. Significant differencesbetween the three groups did not show ( P =.267). Men did not use a seat belt significantly compared to women( P =.007). Vehicle type and weather, this was no correlation with whether or not use the seat belt( P =.755, P =.793). But showed a tendency to smaller size vehicles drivers do not use a seat belt, the weather could see a little more inclined to use a seat belt rather than a sunny day. Finally, in rollover accidents as in other types of accidentit was confirmed that the seat belt has a great influence on the damage.

A STAMP-based causal analysis of the Korean Sewol ferry accident

The increased complexity of socio-technical systems has revealed the limited contributions of existing event-based accident analysis methods on sustainable safety improvements. Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) – constructed upon Systems Theory – deploys a holistic approach to safety and provides broad insights into accident causality via the integration of the analysis from both direct and indirect factors involved. A dedicated STAMP-based analysis is conducted in this paper by taking the recent Sewol ferry tragedy as an example, to illustrate the utility of applying the STAMP-Model to the maritime transportation domain and to stimulate a broader view of accident mechanisms that expands casual analysis beyond immediate physical failures to a systemic view. Some recommendations are developed for continuous improvements and corrective actions to prevent such catastrophic accident from future occurrences.

Collecting information from the scene of a motor vehicle collision: The mechanism of injury

While dealing with motor vehicle collision (MVC) victims, the Paramedics on-scene make patient management decisions based on assessment of the physiological parameters, anatomic site of injury, mechanism of injury (MOI), and some special considerations (age and underlying illnesses). In victims with normal physiological and anatomical parameters, and no alarming consideration, the MOI alone is found to be an independent predictor of mortality and functional impairment (2, 3); the Emergency Physician can utilize such information to guide further management of the MVC victims. Information concerning the MOI mostly comes from the Paramedics who retrieved the patient from the crash scene. The purpose of this review is to explore the injury-predictive mechanisms of MVC and to guide the Paramedics in conveying such vital information to the Emergency Physician during handover process. A literature search was made using the online search engine PubMed to identify studies exploring the injury-predictive mechanisms of MVC. Keyword combinations were used that included: Motor/Vehicle/Collision/Road/Traffic/Accidents/Trauma/Mechanism of injury. Auto vs. pedestrian and Motorcycle crashes were excluded. A total of 8 articles were found to be relevant. The mechanisms of MVC which are highly predictive of a significant occult injury include ejection from vehicle (1,4,5), intrusion of the passenger compartment more than 12 inches (1,2,4), prolonged extrication time &gt;20 minutes (4,5), death in the same passenger compartment (1,5), high speed crashes (4), deformity of the steering wheel (2), and rollover causing significant intrusion or ejection of the victim (1). Paramedics reporting the aforementioned crash-specific variables would alert the Emergency Physician and help him better deal with MVC victims who have normal physiological and anatomical parameters, and no alarming considerations. Provision of MVC scene photographs to the emergency physician could be a future research project to assess its impact on altering patient management and outcome.

Road Safety Barriers, the Need and Influence on Road Traffic Accidents

Constantly increasing intensity of road traffic and the allowed speed limits seem to impose stronger requirements on road infrastructure and use of road safety systems. One of the ways to improve road safety is the use of road restraint systems. Road safety barriers allow not only reducing the number of road traffic accidents, but also lowering the severity of accidents. The paper provides information on the technical requirements of road safety barriers. Various types of road safety barriers and their selection criteria for different types of road sections are discussed.The article views an example of a road traffic accident, which is also modelled by PC-Crash computer program. The given example reflects a road accident mechanism in case of a car-to-barrier collision, and provides information about the typical damage to the car and the barrier. The paper describes an impact of the road safety barrier type and its presence on the road traffic accident mechanism. Implementation and maintenance costs of different barrier types are viewed. The article presents a discussion on the necessity to use road safety barriers, as well as their optimal choice.

Estimation of the relative risks of musculoskeletal injuries in the Andalusian manufacturing sector

BackgroundHigher injury rates of workers with specific characteristics can show areas of interest for intervention. Worker characteristics can be a risk factor because there is a differential distribution of exposure or because a particular worker characteristic affects the worker's behavior and the effects of work in the musculoskeletal system. ObjectiveTo estimate the relative risk for the most frequent accident mechanisms and to present the usefulness of the information from the Continuous Sample of Working Lives for a better estimation of the relative risk based on epidemiological analysis of specific types of accident controlling for possible confounders. Materials and methodsThe most frequent accident mechanisms were identified by analyzing the official accident notifications. To estimate the exposed workers, the Continuous Sample of Working Lives dataset is used. The dataset contains employment variables such as occupational levels, sector of activity, contract type and duration of employment. It also includes relevant variables related to demographics such as location, age, sex and nationality. ResultsAdjusted relative risk confirms that female workers, foreign, non-manual and older workers have lower injury rates. ConclusionsThe use of the Continuous Sample of Working Lives is useful in the analysis of the risk factors for particular types of accidents and allows a better estimation of the relative risks of accident.