Accessory Lobe Research Articles

‘Hybrid’ Bronchopulmonary Malformation – Lobar Emphysema and Extra Lobar Sequestration

Background: Idiopathic lobar emphysema (ILE) and bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) are two of the well-characterized pulmonary malformations. Case report: An antenatally detected case of a left bronchopulmonary malformation (BPM) was clinicoradiologically diagnosed to be a left upper lobar emphysema with isolated dextrocardia in the neonatal period. Besides the emphysematous left upper lobe, an accessory lobe akin to an extra lobar BPS was an operative surprise. Histopathological examination of both excised lobes led to a revised diagnosis of a ‘hybrid’ malformation comprising lobar emphysema and extra lobar BPS. The postoperative recovery was uneventful. Discussion/conclusion: The observations suggest that BPS and ILE may be interim entities in a continuum of abnormal embryogenesis. Such a hybrid malformation has not been hitherto reported.

Machima itatiaia sp. nov.: a new species of lichen-mimic katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

The Brazilian genus Machima Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 includes three valid species: M. paranensis Rehn, 1950 and M. scalprum Rehn, 1950 distributed on Southern and M. phyllacantha (Burmeister, 1838) from Northeastern Brazil. Herein we analyzed eleven male specimens of Machima from Parque Nacional de Itatiaia and propose a new species. Machima itatiaia sp. nov. is characterized by its main lobe of the cercus curving abruptly on apical two-thirds and accessory lobe as long as wide. The new species is the first record of the genus from Southeastern Brazil. Finally, we also present a key to species of Machima based on males.

Orcokinin in the central complex of the locust Schistocerca gregaria: Identification of immunostained neurons and colocalization with other neuroactive substances.

The central complex is a group of highly interconnected neuropils in the insect brain. It is involved in the control of spatial orientation, based on external compass cues and various internal needs. The functional and neurochemical organization of the central complex has been studied in detail in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. In addition to classical neurotransmitters, immunocytochemistry has provided evidence for a major contribution of neuropeptides to neural signaling within the central complex. To complement these data, we have identified all orcokinin-immunoreactive neurons in the locust central complex and associated brain areas. About 50 bilateral pairs of neurons innervating all substructures of the central complex exhibit orcokinin immunoreactivity. Among these were about 20 columnar neurons, 33 bilateral pairs of tangential neurons of the central body, and seven pairs of tangential neurons of the protocerebral bridge. In silico transcript analysis suggests the presence of eight different orcokinin-A type peptides in the desert locust. Double label experiments showed that all orcokinin-immunostained tangential neurons of the lateral accessory lobe cluster were also immunoreactive for GABA and the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Two types of tangential neurons of the upper division of the central body were, furthermore, also labeled with an antiserum against Dip-allatostatin I. No colocalization was found with serotonin immunostaining. The data provide additional insights into the neurochemical organization of the locust central complex and suggest that orcokinin-peptides of the orcokinin-A gene act as neuroactive substances at all stages of signal processing in this brain area.

Fgf10-CRISPR mosaic mutants demonstrate the gene dose-related loss of the accessory lobe and decrease in the number of alveolar type 2 epithelial cells in mouse lung.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing often generates founder generation (F0) mice that exhibit somatic mosaicism in the targeted gene(s). It has been known that Fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10)-null mice exhibit limbless and lungless phenotypes, while intermediate limb phenotypes (variable defective limbs) are observed in the Fgf10-CRISPR F0 mice. However, how the lung phenotype in the Fgf10-mosaic mutants is related to the limb phenotype and genotype has not been investigated. In this study, we examined variable lung phenotypes in the Fgf10-targeted F0 mice to determine if the lung phenotype was correlated with percentage of functional Fgf10 genotypes. Firstly, according to a previous report, Fgf10-CRISPR F0 embryos on embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5) were classified into three types: type I, no limb; type II, limb defect; and type III, normal limbs. Cartilage and bone staining showed that limb truncations were observed in the girdle, (type I), stylopodial, or zeugopodial region (type II). Deep sequencing of the Fgf10-mutant genomes revealed that the mean proportion of codons that encode putative functional FGF10 was 8.3 ± 6.2% in type I, 25.3 ± 2.7% in type II, and 54.3 ± 9.5% in type III (mean ± standard error of the mean) mutants at E16.5. Histological studies showed that almost all lung lobes were absent in type I embryos. The accessory lung lobe was often absent in type II embryos with other lobes dysplastic. All lung lobes formed in type III embryos. The number of terminal tubules was significantly lower in type I and II embryos, but unchanged in type III embryos. To identify alveolar type 2 epithelial (AECII) cells, known to be reduced in the Fgf10-heterozygous mutant, immunostaining using anti-surfactant protein C (SPC) antibody was performed: In the E18.5 lungs, the number of AECII was correlated to the percentage of functional Fgf10 genotypes. These data suggest the Fgf10 gene dose-related loss of the accessory lobe and decrease in the number of alveolar type 2 epithelial cells in mouse lung. Since dysfunction of AECII cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of parenchymal lung diseases, the Fgf10-CRISPR F0 mouse would present an ideal experimental system to explore it.

Corioangioma placentario: reporte de un caso en la Unidad de Patología del Hospital San Juan de Dios E.S.E. Rionegro-Antioquia

Dentro de las neoplasias no trofoblásticas gestacionales de tipo vascular, el corioangioma es la más común. Se caracteriza por presentar una proliferación exagerada de estructuras vasculares, con células endoteliales y vellosidades coriónicas que generan una alteración de los vasos sanguíneos tanto arteriales como venosos. Tiene una incidencia menor al 1%, con tasas de mortalidad perinatal aproximadas entre 18% a 40%. Se presenta el caso de un corioangioma placentario diagnosticado a las 26 semanas de gestación en una paciente de 21 años de edad sin controles prenatales previos, el cual generó un lóbulo accesorio de 7 cm con tinción positiva en el análisis inmunohistoquímico para anticuerpos antimúsculo liso y CD34, y negativa para Ki67. El corioangioma desencadenó complicaciones en el embarazo, con parto pretérmino, hidropesía fetal y retardo en el crecimiento intrauterino, que llevaron a la muerte fetal. La falta de control prenatal en nuestra paciente impidió que se detectaran las anomalías placentarias oportunamente, con un desenlace fatal para el feto. Un control prenatal adecuado con seguimiento ecográfico puede evitar eventos fatales como el presentado. El análisis macroscópico y microscópico de la placenta puede favorecer la identificación de los casos y el aporte a las estadísticas de incidencia y mortalidad.

Imaging features of accessory liver lobe torsion

Imaging features of accessory liver lobe torsion

Two new species of the genus Notacanthurus from China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae).

Previously, only three of seven species in the Asian genus Notacanthurus were reported both nymphs and imagoes, and no Chinese species was found. Here two new species collected from China, which are named as Notacanthurus maculatus sp. n. and N. lamellosus sp. n. respectively, are described and pictured in detail. The nymph of N. maculatus sp. n. has following combined characters: posterior margin of sternum IX straight, claws with two subapical denticles, and gills V-VI with arrow-like accessory lobes. The male imago has unspecialized anterior margin of head and Electrogena-like penis lobes. The second species N. lamellosus sp. n. is more distinguishable. Its nymph has pale dots on head, median dorsal ridges on abdominal terga I-IX, claws with five subapical denticles, and dorsal lamellae of gills II-IV divided into two portions. Anterior margin of male imago is not protruding either, forewings have less pigmented crossveins between Sc and R1, and penis lobes have apical and ventral sclerites. A key to all known nymphs of the genus is provided.

Surgical management and outcomes of accessory parotid gland neoplasms: A systematic review.

To evaluate surgical approaches and outcomes associated with accessory parotid gland neoplasms. MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. A systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was performed. Studies were included if they reported surgical management and outcomes of patients with accessory parotid gland neoplasms. After screening 3532 records, 15 studies were included with a total of 187 patients. Benign tumors consisted of 61.5% of cases. External open, transoral, and preauricular endoscopic approaches were used for 82.3%, 11.3%, and 6.5% of cases, respectively. Accessory lobe resection alone, concurrent with partial parotidectomy, and concurrent with total parotidectomy were used in 54.8%, 43.0%, and 2.2% of cases, respectively. Complication rates were similar between histology groups (7.8% benign vs. 8.3% malignant, p=0.82). Accessory lobe resection with concurrent partial parotidectomy had the lowest overall complication rate (6.3%). Resections limited to the accessory lobe were found to have an overall complication rate of 8.7%. The results offer an overview of the surgical management and complications for accessory parotid gland tumors. Overall surgical complication rates found in these case series may be lower for management of accessory gland tumors than rates available in the literature for tumors within the main parotid gland.

Clinically significant observations of hepatic lobe morphology in adult human cadavers

To determine and analyse clinically significant changes in hepatic lobe morphology. An observational study was conducted over 42 adult human livers which were acquired during routine dissections conducted for the first MBBS students over a period of two years (2017-2019) at Dr. PSIMS & RF. Macroscopic thorough examination of the liver specimens was done through borders, surfaces and changes the in parenchymatous tissue was duly documented and photographed. The common finding was prevalence of accessory fissures(50%) followed by pons hepatis (19%) which was identified as bridging the fissure for ligamentum teres(9.5%) and encapsulating the inferior vena cava in 9.5% of liver specimens. Accessory lobes account for a total of 16.6%,with incidence of Riedel's lobe being 7.1%. Tongue like process of left lobe were encountered in 9.5% specimens. Unique finding in the present study was of a liver specimen which had multiple variations on visceral, anterior and superior surfaces. Present study comprised of multiple variations in hepatic lobe morphology, which are of great clinical significance and are interest for radiologists and gastroenterologist. Studies on liver morphology would expand the knowledge for surgical inventions and help in preventing diagnostic errors in imaging techniques.

Inferior Hepatic Fissures: Anatomic Variants in Trinidad and Tobago

Classic descriptions of the visceral surface of the human liver only define three fissures: transverse, sagittal and umbilical fissures. Any additional fissures that are present on the visceral surface of the liver are considered variant inferior hepatic fissures (IHFs). This study was carried out to document the prevalence of IHFs in the Eastern Caribbean. Knowledge of these variants is important to clinicians who treat liver disorders in persons of the Caribbean diaspora.In this study, two independent researchers observed all consecutive autopsies performed at the facility over a period of 10 weeks. They examined the visceral surface of the unfixed liver in situ. Any specimen with variant IHFs was selected for detailed study. We documented the relation of the variant IHFs to nearby viscera and then explanted the livers using a standardized technique. The following details were recorded for each liver: number, location, depth, length, and width of IHFs. All measurements were checked independently by two researchers and the average measurement was used as the final dimension. Each liver was then sectioned in 1 cm sagittal slices to document the relationship of intraparenchymal structures.We observed 60 consecutive autopsies in unselected cadavers. Variant IHFs were present in 21 (35%) cadavers at a mean age of 68.25 years (range: 61 - 83; median 64.5; standard deviation (SD) ± 8.45). The variants included a deep fissure in the coronal plane between segments V and VI in 19 (31.7%) cadavers (related to the right branch of the portal vein in 63.2% of cases), a well-defined segment VI fissure running in a sagittal plane in four (6.7%) cadavers, a well-defined fissure incompletely separating the caudate process from the caudate lobe proper in five (8.3%) cadavers, a consistent fissure that arose from the left side of the transverse fissure and coursed between segments II and III in three (5%) cadavers, and a deep coronal fissure dividing the quadrate to form an accessory quadrate lobe in one (1.7%) cadaver.Almost one in three unselected persons in this population have anatomically variant fissures on the visceral surface of the liver. The variants include Rouvière’s sulci (31.7%), caudate notches (8.3%), segment VI fissures (6.7%), left medial segment fissures (5%), and quadrate fissures (1.7%). The clinical relevance of these variants is discussed. Any clinician treating liver diseases in persons of Caribbean extract should be aware of their presence.

Delayed diagnosis of fatal pneumonic canine plague: clinical and pathologic features in two naturally infected Colorado dogs

BackgroundPlague caused by Yersinia pestis is a highly infectious and potentially fatal zoonotic disease that can be spread by wild and domestic animals. In endemic areas of the northern hemisphere plague typically cycles from March to October, when flea vectors are active. Clinical forms of disease include bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. All clinical forms are uncommon in dogs and the pneumonic form is exceedingly rare.Case presentationTwo mixed breed young-adult male domestic dogs presented to Colorado veterinarians with fever and vague signs that progressed to hemoptysis within 24 h. Case 1 presented in June 2014, while Case 2 occurred in December 2017. Thoracic radiography of Case 1 and 2 revealed right dorsal and right accessory lobe consolidation, respectively. In Case 1 initial differential diagnoses included pulmonary contusion due to trauma or diphacinone toxicosis. Case 1 was euthanized ~ 24 h post presentation due to progressive dyspnea and hemoptysis. Plague was confirmed 9 days later, after the dog’s owner was hospitalized with pneumonia. Case 2 was treated as foreign body/aspiration pneumonia and underwent lung lobectomy at a veterinary teaching hospital. Case 2 was euthanized after 5 days of hospitalization when bacterial culture of the excised lobe yielded Yersinia pestis. Both dogs had severe diffuse necrohemorrhagic and suppurative pneumonia at post mortem examination.ConclusionsBoth dogs were misdiagnosed due to the atypical lobar presentation of an extremely rare form of plague in a species that infrequently succumbs to clinical disease. Presentation outside of the typical transmission period of plague was also a factor leading to delayed diagnosis in Case 2. Erroneous identification by automated bacterial identification systems was problematic in both cases. In endemic areas, plague should be ruled out early in febrile dogs with acute respiratory signs, hemoptysis, lobar or diffuse pathology, and potential for exposure, regardless of season. Seasonal and geographic distributions of plague may shift with climate change, so vigilance by primary care veterinarians is warranted. Timely submission of samples to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory could expedite accurate diagnosis and reduce potential for human and domestic animal exposure.

Case Report: The Fifth Liver Lobe; A Hybrid Left‐Sided Anatomical Variation of Accessory Liver Lobes

Accessory liver lobes (ALL) are supernumerary lobes in the liver. Although their origin is not completely understood, they appear to be due to a congenital anomaly caused by hyperplasia, trauma, and/or surgery. Two types of accessory lobes are documented in the literature: continuous and ectopic accessory lobes, differing in that the ectopic lobe is anatomically separate from the normal liver as opposed to the continuous subtype. Although rare, several reports exist with Riedel’s Liver Lobe being among the most well‐known. In these cases, the ALL is normally continuous with the right side of the liver and exists as either a sessile or pedunculate attachment. In our case, a rare ALL was found on the left lobe during a routine dissection of a male cadaver. However, structurally it is different from both continuous and ectopic ALL in that it is not joined to the liver via a connecting stalk nor is completely separate. Rather, this variant, a 7.5cm long ‐ 7.0cm wide‐2cm tall ALL displays a ligamentous attachment alongside the lateral edge of the left lobe. Most cases of ALL are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. In imaging studies, ALL may be confused with tumors leading to misdiagnosis and errors in treatment. Although infrequent, there are reports of complications of ALL including infarction, hemorrhage, biliary atresia, and gallbladder torsion. Hypotheses for the embryological process of an ALL include heteroplastic embryological development as well as increased intraabdominal tension. Awareness of this variant will help decrease risk of iatrogenic injury in suspected ALL cases.

Connecting brain to behaviour: a role for general purpose steering circuits in insect orientation?

The lateral accessory lobes (LALs), paired structures that are homologous among all insect species, have been well studied for their role in pheromone tracking in silkmoths and phonotaxis in crickets, where their outputs have been shown to correlate with observed motor activity. Further studies have shown more generally that the LALs are crucial both for an insect's ability to steer correctly and for organising the outputs of the descending pathways towards the motor centres. In this context, we propose a framework by which the LALs may be generally involved in generating steering commands across a variety of insects and behaviours. Across different behaviours, we see that the LAL is involved in generating two kinds of steering: (1) search behaviours and (2) targeted steering driven by direct sensory information. Search behaviours are generated when the current behaviourally relevant cues are not available, and a well-described LAL subnetwork produces activity which increases sampling of the environment. We propose that, when behaviourally relevant cues are available, the LALs may integrate orientation information from several sensory modalities, thus leading to a collective output for steering driven by those cues. These steering commands are then sent to the motor centres, and an additional efference copy is sent back to the orientation-computing areas. In summary, we have taken known aspects of the neurophysiology and function of the insect LALs and generated a speculative framework that suggests how LALs might be involved in steering control for a variety of complex real-world behaviours in insects.

A study on the morphological variations of the liver and its clinical significance

Introduction: Liver is a wedge shaped visceral organ in the body, occupies right hypochondrium, epigastric region and extends in to left hypochondrium. A thorough knowledge of anatomy of liver and its variations will avoid errors in diagnostic imaging and will also help the surgeons design appropriate surgical approaches. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of our Institution. A total of 35 numbers of livers removed from cadavers were used for the study. The morphological variations of liver such as changes in size, shape, presence of accessory lobes, fissures, hypoplastic lobes were noted and tabulated. Results: Out of the 35 livers studied, 15 specimens (42.9%) exhibited normal fissures and lobes, 13 (37.1%) had accessory fissures over different lobes. In 3(8.6%) specimens of liver hypoplastic left lobe was observed and in 4(11.4%) specimens lingular process of left lobe was observed. There were 8 accessory fissures were seen in right lobe, 5 in left lobe, 4 in caudate lobe and 5 in quadrate lobe. Out of 35 livers studied, accessory lobes were observed in 9 liver specimens, which can be grouped as 1 in right lobe, 2 in left lobe, 5 in caudate lobe and 1 in quadrate lobe. Conclusion: The authors conclude that morphological variations of liver must be taken in to account by the Radiologist and G a stroenterologist while making various differential diagno sis as these variations can present various clinical manifestations/ implications. Keywords: Liver, Morphology, Variations, Lobes, Fissures.

Study of Variations in the Morphology of Liver in the Nepalese Cadavers

Backgrounds: Liver is the largest viscera, located in the right hypochondrium, epigastrium and left hypochondrium of the abdominal cavity. It is a wedge-shaped organ with its narrow end pointed towards the left. It is convex in the front, to the right, above, and behind, and is somewhat concave inferiorly, where it is moulded to the shapes of the adjacent viscera. Even though the surface is smoothly continuous, liver is customarily apportioned by the anatomists into a larger right and a smaller left lobe by the line of attachment of the falciform ligament anteriorly and the fissure for ligamentum teres and ligamentum venosum on inferior surface. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 50 formalin fixed livers and gall bladders during routine labex of undergraduate students in the dissection hall of Anatomy department of Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospitals, Biratnagar, Nepal in the period of 3 years starting from June 2016 to May 2019. Each of the specimens was studied for morphological variations. Results: In the present study the livers with normal architectures were considered normal. Out of 50 liver specimens, 21 were normal without any gross anomalies with normal architecture. The remaining 29 specimens showed some short of accessory fissures and lobes on the different lobes of the liver. Out of 29 specimens in 2 specimens lingular process was observed arising from the left lobe. Hypoplastic left lobes was also observed in 2 specimens. Conclusions: Knowledge of morphological variations like atrophy, agenesis, presence of accessory lobes and fissures, presence of intrahepatic gall bladder and absence of normal fissure and lobe can cause diagnostic error in interpretation for the anatomists, radiologists and surgeons.

CT and radiographic evaluation of bronchial collapsibility at forced expiration in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs.

Bronchial collapse due to bronchomalacia is an important cause of chronic coughing in dogs. Radiographic and CT evidence of bronchial collapse has previously been reported in healthy Beagle dogs under forced expiration. However, published studies in brachycephalic dog breeds that are prone to bronchial collapse are currently lacking. In the present prospective analytical experimental study, CT and radiography were used to measure the bronchial diameter and collapsibility of each pulmonary bronchus during end-expiratory, 5mL/kg forced-expiratory, and 10mL/kg forced-expiratory phases in 17 asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs and six healthy Beagle dogs. Bronchial collapsibility was significantly greater during forced expiration, than that at the end of expiration in both groups (P<.001). Bronchial collapsibility measurements of the left lung lobes and the right cranial, middle, and accessory lobes were significantly higher in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs than those in healthy Beagle dogs, during all expiratory phases (P<.05). The higher bronchial collapsibility of brachycephalic dogs was also supported using CT multiplanar reconstruction images and radiography. In conclusion, radiographic and CT measures of bronchial collapsibility in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs are higher than measures in healthy Beagle dogs. Therefore, measures of bronchial collapse in brachycephalic dogs should not be evaluated using the same baseline measures as those used for healthy Beagle dogs.

3D Anatomy of the Quail Lumbosacral Spinal Canal-Implications for Putative Mechanosensory Function.

SynopsisBirds are diverse and agile vertebrates capable of aerial, terrestrial, aquatic, and arboreal locomotion. Evidence suggests that birds possess a novel balance sensing organ in the lumbosacral spinal canal, a structure referred to as the “lumbosacral organ” (LSO), which may contribute to their locomotor agility and evolutionary success. The mechanosensing mechanism of this organ remains unclear. Here we quantify the 3D anatomy of the lumbosacral region of the common quail, focusing on establishing the geometric and biomechanical properties relevant to potential mechanosensing functions. We combine digital and classic dissection to create a 3D anatomical model of the quail LSO and estimate the capacity for displacement and deformation of the soft tissues. We observe a hammock-like network of denticulate ligaments supporting the lumbosacral spinal cord, with a close association between the accessory lobes and ligamentous intersections. The relatively dense glycogen body has the potential to apply loads sufficient to pre-stress denticulate ligaments, enabling external accelerations to excite tuned oscillations in the LSO soft tissue, leading to strain-based mechanosensing in the accessory lobe neurons. Considering these anatomical features together, the structure of the LSO is reminiscent of a mass-spring-based accelerometer.

Morphological study of larynx, trachea, and lungs of Didelphis marsupialis (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Background and Aim:From a biomedical point of view, the value of marsupials as a model of primitive mammals is indisputable. Among its species, the possum is a model that allows the study of the ontogeny of different organic systems, as well as their physiological aspects. The relevance of anatomical, functional, evolutionary, and phylogenetic study of marsupials for the development of comparative morphology is extensively documented in the literature. However, there are still many aspects to be further evaluated, as the anatomy and histology of the respiratory tract of this species. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the larynx, trachea, and lungs of Didelphis marsupialis.Materials and Methods:Five adult male animals were donated to the Comparative Animal Anatomy Laboratory – LAAC/CCAA-UFMA, for morphological studies. Specimens were washed in running water to perform biometrics. Then, they were fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution. After the fixation period, the specimens were positioned in dorsal decubitus position, for dissection of the respiratory system organs, by opening the ventral region of the neck and thoracic cavity, with subsequent removal of the pectoral muscles, ribs, and sternum. For histological analysis, fragments of 1 cm2 of the larynx (epiglottis and thyroid cartilages), trachea, and lungs were collected and fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. Right after fixation, the fragments were dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol (70, 80, 95, and 100%), diaphanized in xylene, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned into thin slices of 5 μm using a microtome. Sections were stained using the hematoxylin and eosin technique.Results:Anatomically, the larynx starts right after the pharynx. It consisted of four cartilages: Epiglottis, cricoid, thyroid, and arytenoid. The trachea was made of dorsally incomplete cartilaginous rings. At the entrance of the thoracic cavity, it bifurcated into the left and right main bronchus. The left lung was smaller than the right lung, with two lobes (cranial and caudal). The right lung presents the cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory lobes. Histologically, the epiglottis consisted of elastic cartilage and is covered by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Thyroid cartilage is made of hyaline cartilage covered by smooth muscle. The trachea presents hyaline cartilage, with ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium, serous glands, isogenic groups of chondrocytes, and perichondrium. The lung consisted of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, also presenting blood vessels and arteries.Conclusion:Morphologically, the larynx, trachea, and lungs of D. marsupialis were similar to those of the other Didelphids described in the literature.

The feasibility and effectiveness of thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic approach for lung biopsy in rabbits. A randomized study.

Purpose To assess the feasibility of thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic approach for biopsy of all lung lobes and to determine the optimal intercostal space (ICS) for biopsy of each lung lobe.Methods Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopy lung biopsy was made combined transdiaphragmatic approach and right ICS approaches. A camera port was made in the transdiaphragmatic approach and the instrument port was made of ICS 7 and ICS 9. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to performed a caudal lung lobe biopsy and to simulate biopsies of the others lung lobes.Results Biopsy of the cranial aspect of the right caudal lung lobe was performed at ICS 9. Simulated biopsy of the accessory lung lobe was performed at ICS 9. Simulated lung biopsy of the right cranial and middle lung lobes was performed at ICS 7. The caudal and dorsal aspect of the right caudal lung lobe was not visualized by telescope at transdiaphragmatic approach, and biopsy was not performed.Conclusions Thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic approach for lung lobes biopsies was a feasible technique, except for the caudal aspect of the right caudal lung lobe. An ideal intercostal port for biopsy of each right lung lobe was determined.

Incidental finding of accessory lobe of liver during sleeve gastrectomy: A case report and review of literature

Incidental finding of accessory lobe of liver during sleeve gastrectomy: A case report and review of literature