Accessory Cusp Research Articles

Proviverrine hyaenodontids (Creodonta: Mammalia) from the Eocene of Myanmar and a phylogenetic analysis of the proviverrines from the Para‐Tethys area

SYNOPSIS Recent expeditions in the Pondaung Formation have revealed an assemblage of hyaen‐odontid creodonts from the late middle Eocene of Myanmar. Among the three proviverrines known from the fauna, Kyawdawia lupina gen. et sp. nov. is represented by the most complete dental materials. Kyawdawia is similar to the proviverrines known from the Eocene and middle Miocene of India‐Pakistan and from the late Eocene to middle Miocene of Africa, in that it has a short protocone and strong buccal cingulum on M1–2, a small metaconid on m2–3 and a well‐basined talonid on p4‐m2. In addition, it lacks an anterior accessory cusp on p4 and the distinction between the hypoconulid and entoconid on the lower molars. It is unique among the Afroasian proviverrines in lacking a protocone lobe on P4 and in having a broader paracone relative to the metacone on M1–2. This species is one of the largest proviverrines and was estimated to be the size of a red wolf. The type specimen includes postcranial materials. The well‐developed deltopectoral crest, supracondylar ridge and medial epicondyle of the humerus and the relatively short gracile tibia suggest some digging adaptations, while the two well preserved caudal vertebrae indicate the presence of a long tail. The cladistic analysis of 14 proviverrines from Europe and Afroasia based on dental morphologies supports the monophyly of proviverrines from Africa and South and Southeast Asia. This group must have originated from the European forms by the early Eocene and dispersed into South and Southeast Asia. Kyawdawia is phylogenetically closest to Masrasector from the late Eocene to early Oligocene of Egypt and Oman, and the second closest to Paratritemnodon from the middle Eocene of India‐Pakistan. The other two Pondaung proviverrines, Yarshea cruenta and an indeterminate proviverrine, are also close to these genera.

A new galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa

A new galesaurid cynodont, Progalesaurus lootsbergensis gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of a well‐preserved skull, lower jaw, right scapula and left atlantal neural arch. Autapomorphies of Progalesaurus include postcanine teeth bearing numerous mesial and distal accessory cusps that flank a recurved main cusp, a post‐temporal fenestra bordered by the squamosal ventrally and a large external naris. Progalesaurus is similar to Galesaurus in possessing a poorly defined masseteric fossa on the dentary, a strongly recurved main cusp of the postcanine dentition, an incomplete secondary palate and a similar basisphenoid‐parasphenoid morphology. A cladistic analysis of ten early cynodont genera resolves a monophyletic Galesauridae encompassing Cynosaurus, Progalesaurus and Galesaurus, although support for this clade is weak. Procynosuchus and Dvinia are placed at the base of Cynodontia whereas Thrinaxodon and Platycraniellus are positioned higher, but outside of Eucynodontia. The holotype and only known specimen of Progalesaurus was collected during systematic prospecting of Permo/Triassic boundary strata at New Lootsberg Pass, Graaff‐Reinet District, South Africa. The discovery of Progalesaurus increases the number of valid Early Triassic cynodonts to four and sheds light on the tempo of early cynodont diversification after the end‐Permian mass extinction.

A new species of Prosansanosmilus: implications for the systematic relationships of the family Barbourofelidae new rank (Carnivora, Mammalia)

A new barbourofelid species, Prosansanosmilus eggeri, is described from the Middle Miocene (MN 5) locality of Sandelzhausen, Germany. It differs from all other European barbourofelid species in being smaller and showing a more plesiomorphic morphology, especially in the relatively less developed sabretooth adaptations, low accessory cusps on the premolars, and the remnant of a very small talonid on the carnassial. The species is, however, stratigraphically later than the more apomorphic P. peregrinus, which is known from MN 4 of Germany and France. A phylogenetic analysis based on dental characters of early nimravids, barbourofelids and felids supports previous results on skull morphology of Barbourofelis that Barbourofelinae is not closely related to the Late Eocene and Oligocene Nimravinae. Instead, both subfamilies should be treated as separate families, with the Barbourofelidae closely related to the Felidae. The Barbourofelidae differ from the Felidae as well as from the Nimravidae s.s., particularly in the unique morphology of their basicranium. They presumably originated in Africa; P. eggeri sp. nov. is interpreted as part of a Miocene immigration of African faunal elements into Europe that took place at the beginning of MN 5.

Nuevo registro de Conepatus primaevus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) del Pleistoceno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

. A new specimen referred to Conepatus primaevus Burmeister, 1864, from the Pleistocene of Buenos Aires province, is described. The specimen consists of a very well preserved skull with the associated mandible. This species differs from the others of the genus in the following features: skull large and robust; tympanic bulla and squamosal area dorsal to the meatus acusticus externus less inflated; paracondylar process well developed; mandibular condyle thickened laterally; with small diastemata between the upper incisors; lingual cingulum and accessory cusps of the upper and lower canines well defined; M1 with an accessory cusp posterolingually to the metacone; and hypocone aligned with the posterior edge of the metacone. The living species show great intraespecific variation; nevertheless, the differences between the new material and the species compared lead to infer that C. primaevus corresponds to a valid species.

Studies of fossil hyaenas: affinities of Lycyaenops rhomboideae Kretzoi from Pestlörinc, Hungary

Abstract The holotype of the lower-middle Pliocene hyaenid Lycyaenops rhomboideae is redescribed and compared with contemporaneous hyaenids of the genera Lycyaena, Hyaenictis, Chasmaportheles and Pliocrocula . These comparisons show that the material represents a valid and distinct genus and species. The genus Lycyaenops is referred to the Chasmaporthetes lineage on the basis of its two-cusped ml talonid with reduced entoconid, reduced posterolingual cingulum cusp on p4 and premolar accessory cusps set in a straight line. It is distinguished from all other genera of that lineage by its smaller premolar accessory cusps, broad premolars and squared-off and very broad posterior premolar shelves. The species L. silberbergi , previously assigned to Chasmaporthetes , is also referred to Lycyaenops . It differs from L. rhomboideae in its greater development of the premolar accessory cusps and less developed posterior premolar shelves, but shares the broad, squared-off premolars. The interrelationships of Hyaenictis, Chasmaporthetes and Lycyaenops are at present best described by an unresolved trichotomy, with Lyeyaena as its sister taxon.

Studies of fossil hyaenas: affinities of Lycyaenops rhomboideae Kretzoi from Pestlörinc, Hungary

The holotype of the lower-middle Pliocene hyaenid Lycyaenops rhomboideae is redescribed and compared with contemporaneous hyaenids of the genera Lycyaena, Hyaenictis, Chasmaportheles and Pliocrocula. These comparisons show that the material represents a valid and distinct genus and species. The genus Lycyaenops is referred to the Chasmaporthetes lineage on the basis of its two-cusped ml talonid with reduced entoconid, reduced posterolingual cingulum cusp on p4 and premolar accessory cusps set in a straight line. It is distinguished from all other genera of that lineage by its smaller premolar accessory cusps, broad premolars and squared-off and very broad posterior premolar shelves. The species L. silberbergi, previously assigned to Chasmaporthetes, is also referred to Lycyaenops. It differs from L. rhomboideae in its greater development of the premolar accessory cusps and less developed posterior premolar shelves, but shares the broad, squared-off premolars. The interrelationships of Hyaenictis, Chasmaporthetes and Lycyaenops are at present best described by an unresolved trichotomy, with Lyeyaena as its sister taxon.

AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMEN IN A PATIENT WITH QUADRICUSPID AORTIC VALVE-A CASE REPORT-

A 58-year-old male presented with a diastolic heart murmur was found to have a severe aortic regurgitation on cardiac evaluation. He was transferred to our department, and underwent an aortic valve replacement. During the operation, the aortic valve was recognized quadricuspid, including three equal cusps and one smaller accessory cusp. The finding was consistent with Hurwitz type b quadricuspid aortic valve. It was etiologically thought that the relatively small cusp decreased in size with the aging to produce some space, causing aortic regurgitation. Aortic valve was replaced with Carbomedics 23mm prosthetic valve uneventfully. Thirty-five reported cases are reviewed in terms of clinical features and surgical therapy.

A new middle Eocene protocetid whale (Mammalia: Cetacea: Archaeoceti) and associated biota from Georgia

A shallow-marine fossil biota was recovered from the Blue Bluff unit (formerly part of the McBean Formation) in the Upper Coastal Plain of eastern Georgia. Biochronologically significant mollusks (e.g.,Turritella nasuta, Cubitostrea sellaeformis, Pteropsella lapidosa) and calcareous nannoplankton (e.g.,Chiasmolithus solitus, Reticulofenestra umbilica, Cribocentrum reticulatum) indicate a latest Lutetian-earliest Bartonian age, or about 40 to 41 Ma.Georgiacetus vogtlensisnew genus and species is described from a well-preserved, partial skeleton.Georgiacetusis the oldest known whale with a true pterygoid sinus fossa in its basicranium and a pelvis that did not articulate directly with the sacral vertebrae, two features whose acquisitions were important steps toward adaptation to a fully marine existence. The posterior four cheek teeth ofG. vogtlensisform a series of carnassial-like shearing blades. These teeth also bear small, blunt accessory cusps, which are regarded as being homologous with the larger, sharper accessory cusps of basilosaurid cheek teeth.

Studies of fossil hyaenids: the genera Hyaenictis Gaudry and Chasmaporthetes Hay, with a reconsideration of the Hyaenidae of Langebaanweg, South Africa

The fossil hyaenids from Langebaanweg in South Africa are revised taxonomically using both morphological comparisons and measurement data. Ictitherium preforfex is found to be a synonym of Ikelohyaena abronia. Other hyaenid taxa in this fauna are Hyaenictitherium namaquensis, Chasmaporthetes australis and a new taxon similar to Chasmaporthetes australis in the size and shape of the M 1 trigonid and other characters, but differing from this taxon in having short P 3 relative to P 2, a smaller anterior accessory cusp on P 4 and M 2 present. This taxon has previously been referred to Euryboas sp., but comparison with Eurasian hyaenids indicates that it shares diagnostic characters with Hyaenictis graeca, type species of the genus Hyaenictis. This genus is poorly known and its content is reviewed. We find that only the new species from Langebaanweg, formally described as Hyaenictis hendeyi sp. nov. , and the Spanish Hyaenictis almerai probably belong in this genus, while other taxa intermittently referred to Hyaenictis belong to other genera. Thus, neither Leecyaena bosei nor Chasmaporthetes silberbergi belong in Hyaenictis .

Studies of fossil hyaenids: the genera Hyaenictis Gaudry and Chasmaporthetes Hay, with a reconsideration of the Hyaenidae of Langebaanweg, South Africa

Abstract The fossil hyaenids from Langebaanweg in South Africa are revised taxonomically using both morphological comparisons and measurement data. Ictitherium preforfex is found to be a synonym of Ikelohyaena abronia . Other hyaenid taxa in this fauna are Hyaenictitherium namaquensis, Chasmaporthetes australis and a new taxon similar to Chasmaporthetes australis in the size and shape of the M 1 trigonid and other characters, but differing from this taxon in having short P 3 relative to P 2 , a smaller anterior accessory cusp on P 4 and M 2 present. This taxon has previously been referred to Euryboas sp., but comparison with Eurasian hyaenids indicates that it shares diagnostic characters with Hyaenictis graeca , type species of the genus Hyaenictis . This genus is poorly known and its content is reviewed. We find that only the new species from Langebaanweg, formally described as Hyaenictis hendeyi sp. nov. , and the Spanish Hyaenictis almerai probably belong in this genus, while other taxa intermittently referred to Hyaenictis belong to other genera. Thus, neither Leecyaena bosei nor Chasmaporthetes silberbergi belong in Hyaenictis .

Oligokyphus(Cynodontia: Tritylodontidae) from the Lower Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Yunnan, China

ABSTRACT We describe Oligokyphus lufengensis sp. nov. from the Dull Purplish Beds of the Lower Lufeng Formation, Yunnan, China. The holotype of O. lufengensis is similar to Oligokyphus from Germany, England, and North America in possessing two longitudinal rows of three principal cusps and a posterolingual accessory cusp on the lower postcanines. By contrast, all other known tritylodontids have two principal cusps on the lower postcanines. O. lufengensis is distinguished from other species of Oligokyphus by lacking the anterior cingulum on the lower postcanines. The discovery of Oligokyphus lufengensis suggests that the Dull Purplish Beds are coeval with the Kayenta Formation of North America and the fissure deposits yielding Oligokyphus in England, and that they are no older than Hettangian in age (Early Jurassic). The broad distribution of Oligokyphus indicates that there were interchanges among the terrestrial vertebrate faunas of North America, Europe, and China during the Early Jurassic.

A quantitative investigation of irregular cuspules in human maxillary permanent molars

The frequency of occurrence of anomalous cusps or tubercles on human upper first molars was investigated in seven racial populations using moiré contourography, which permits the three-dimensional measurement of minute cusps. Tubercles on the mesial marginal ridge were more frequently found in Mongoloid populations (Japanese and Eskimo) than in others. The frequency of the protoconule was high in Eskimos and Negroids (Bantu and San). The lingual paracone tubercle (mesial cusp) showed a particularly high frequency in Australian aborigines. The metaconule was rare or absent in all of the populations. Caucasoid groups (Dutch White and Asiatic Indian) showed generally low frequencies of all these abnormal tubercles, especially the distal accessory cusp (C5). Racial differences in the frequencies of occurrence may offer a key to understanding the adaptive significance of these traits and human microevolution. Confusion in nomenclature for upper molar tubercles is also discussed.

New species of the Miocene rodentCupidinimus(Heteromyidae) and some evolutionary relationships within the genus

ABSTRACT Geographic position strongly influenced evolution of species within Cupidinimus, a Miocene genus of pocket mice. One group of species evolved in the Californias–Nevada–Arizona region from about 16 to 5 million years ago (Barstovian through Hemphillian land-mammal ages), and includes C avawatzensis n. sp., C. halli (holotype illustrated), C tertius, C eurekensis, C quartus (holotype illustrated), C cuyamensis, and C bidahochiensis. High molar crowns and relatively frequent accessory cusps on P4 characterize this western group. A second group evolved farther to the northeast, in the Great Plains and north-central Rocky Mountains, from about 16 to 12 million years ago (Barstovian). This eastern group includes C. whitlocki n. sp., C. madisonensis, C. nebraskensis, and C. saskatchewanensis, which differ from Barstovian species to the southwest in possessing lower molar crowns and relatively infrequent accessory cusps on P4. A population from California previously referred to C. nebraskensis represents...

Deciduous dental morphology and the biological affinities of a late Chalcolithic skeletal series from western India

Morphological variations of the dental crown and roots provide valuable data for determining the genetic affinities and evolutionary adaptedness of prehistoric human skeletal populations. This paper documents morphological variations of a sample of deciduous teeth from the late Chalcolithic farming village of Inamgaon (1600-700 B.C.) in western India. Hanihara's (1963) grading system of deciduous dental traits was employed in assessing the degree of expression of shovel-shape of incisors, cusp number of upper and lower first molars, hypocone variation, Carabelli's trait, cusp number of lower second molars and the protostylid. Turner's (1970) classification was used to determine presence and size of accessory cusps: entoconulid (C-6) and metaconulid (C-7). Comparative evaluation of the Inamgaon deciduous dental data is hampered by the absence of data for dental features of living and prehistoric South Asian populations. Many of the traits observed in the Inamgaon series exhibit a frequency of occurrence intermediate between figures characteristic of the "Mongoloid" dental complex and the "Caucasoid" dental complex.

Human Dental Remains From Early Neolithic Levels at Mehrgarh, Baluchistan

Previous articleNext article No AccessResearch ConclusionsHuman Dental Remains From Early Neolithic Levels at Mehrgarh, BaluchistanJohn R. LukacsJohn R. Lukacs Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 24, Number 3Jun., 1983 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/203015 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 13Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1983 The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Sujitha P, R. Bhavyaa, Muthu M S, Latha Nirmal, Sneha S. Patil Crown dimensions of primary teeth—A systematic review and meta‐analysis, Journal of Forensic Sciences 67, no.44 (Mar 2022): 1348–1356.https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15015Hameem Bin Hameed, Yousaf Ali, Amin Ullah Khan Regional Development through Tourism in Balochistan under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, Journal of China Tourism Research 18, no.11 (Jul 2020): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2020.1787910Bahata A. Mukhopadhyay Metal-smithy, Bead-making, Jeweler’s weight, Trade-permit, Tax-stamp: Indus Script’s Semasiography Partly Decoded, SSRN Electronic Journal 2 (Jan 2021).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3778943Bahata Ansumali Ancient Tax Tokens, Trade Licenses and Metrological Records?: Making Sense of Indus Inscribed Objects Through Script-Internal, Contextual, Linguistic, and Ethnohistorical Lenses., SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3189473Kenneth A.R. Kennedy Paleoanthropology of South Asia, Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 8, no.55 (Jan 1999): 165–185.https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:5<165::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-0Kurt W. Alt, C. Loring Brace, Jens C. Türp The History of Dental Anthropology, (Jan 1998): 15–39.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7496-8_3John R. Lukacs Dental paleopathology and agricultural intensification in South Asia: New evidence from Bronze Age Harappa, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87, no.22 (Feb 1992): 133–150.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330870202Kenneth A. R. Kennedy Skeletons in the Closet: Recent Recovery of Lost Human Remains from Iron Age Raigir, Andhra Pradesh, South Asian Studies 6, no.11 (Jan 1990): 201–226.https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.1990.9628412Roberto Macchiarelli Prehistoric “fish-eaters” along the eastern Arabian coasts: Dental variation, morphology, and oral health in the Ra's al-Hamra community (Qurum, Sultanate of Oman, 5th-4th millennia BC), American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78, no.44 (Apr 1989): 575–594.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330780411C. Loring Brace, Karen R. Rosenberg, Kevin D. Hunt GRADUAL CHANGE IN HUMAN TOOTH SIZE IN THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND POST-PLEISTOCENE, Evolution 41, no.44 (May 2017): 705–720.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05847.xKenneth A. R. Kennedy, Siran U. Deraniyagala, William J. Roertgen, John Chiment, Todd Disotell Upper pleistocene fossil hominids from Sri Lanka, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72, no.44 (Apr 1987): 441–461.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330720405Kenneth A. R. Kennedy, John Chiment, Todd Disotell, David Meyers Principal-components analysis of prehistoric South Asian crania, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64, no.22 (Jun 1984): 105–118.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330640203John R. Lukacs Dental Anthropology of South Asian Populations: A Review, (Jan 1984): 133–157.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5001-7_7

Variation and Homology of the Primate Hypoconulid

The accessory cusp on the posterior surface of M1–2 in Theropithecus gelada is recognized as a hypoconulid, being serially homologous with the hypoconulid on M3. This hypothesis is based on phylogeny, ontogeny, topographic position and occlusal relationships.

ヒトの下顎小臼歯における形態ならびに隣接歯間との関連性について

Studies of the morphology of the mandibular premolars reveal interesting matters from the viewpoint of phylogenesis. The morphology of the mandibular premolars therefore was investigated and their morphological relation with the proximate teeth, or the mandibular canines and first molars were examined. The results were as follows : 1. In the morphology of the crown of the mandibular first molars, growth of the lingual cusp was poor. Consequently, cusps were mostly types 2+ and 2-. In occlusal sulcus type, H- was highest in occurrence. Many of the lingual cusps were positioned mesially and those positioned centrally followed. The first premolars tending to caninize in morphology accounted for 17.4%. 2. In comparison with the first premolars, growth of the lingual cusp of the mandibular seocnd premolars was good and many were types 2+ and 3-. In occlusal sulcus type, H+ was highest and type Y followed. Appearance of the distal lingual accessory cusps accounted for 38.5%. Consequently, the position of the lingual cusps further deviated mesially. 3. In the measurements of the mandibular premolars, the first premolars were longest in length and the second premolars were largest in thickness of the crown. 4. In the correlation of traits among the mandibular canines, the first and second premolars, correlation between the first and second premolars was highest, and between the canines and first premolars next. Almost no correlation was recognized between the canines and second premolars. 5. In the correlation of traits between the mandibular first premolars and second premolars and first molars, close correlation was recognized between the first and second premolars, but no correlation was recognized either between the first premolars and first molars, or between the second premolars and first molars. 6. In the bucco-lingual distance and mesio-distal distance of the crown, significant positive correlation was recognized among the canines, premolars, and molars. 7. On the basis of the foregoing, it was concluded that the first premolars possess morphological features of the canine, and that the second premolar does not possess the morphological features of the molar to the same degree.

Sixth and seventh cusp on lower molar teeth of Icelanders

AbstractThe occurrence of lower molar accessory cusps c6 and c7 is studied in three local populations of known Caucasoid origin in the Northeast of Iceland. The sample comprises 1,010 school‐children, 506 boys and 504 girls. The scoring is made from dental stone casts with reference to standard plaques. Only the frequency of c6 on the second deciduous molar is relatively low as expected in a Caucasoid population. Otherwise both c6 and c7 are more common than expected, the frequencies are in fact comparable to those predicted by the Mongoloid dental complex for Mongoloid populations.

On the carnassial tooth cusps in recent red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in Finland and Denmark.

abstract – The dimensions of the first mandibular molar tooth of 126 Danish and 102 northern Finnish red foxes were measured. Special attention was given to the occurrence and characteristics of the carnassial tooth cusps between the trigonid and the talonid. The dimensions of first mandibular molars showed an evident sexual dimorfism in the red fox. In both Finnish and Danish populations, the females were smaller than the males. In the Finnish material, the proportion of the cuspless m1 was 14.5 % in the males and 14.9 % in the females, whereas the cuspless M1 amounted to 3.2 % of the Danish sample. The Danish foxes had higher accessory cusps than the Finnish ones. The first mandibular molar was slightly larger in the Finnish red fox population than in the Danish one. The occurrence of the accessory carnassial tooth cusp in the Danish fox population is assumed to be due to the maxing of the two morphotypes, the cuspless type having the possibility of wandering in from Sweden.

Mild caloric restriction during the reproductive cycle in rats: its influence on the offspring.

Mild caloric restriction during pregnancy and lactation in rats resulted in lower average birth weights and weaning weights. Male offspring had a slower rate of growth during 60-day postweaning caries assay. No increased susceptibility to dental caries, abnormal development of accessory cusps of third molars, or delayed third molar eruption was evident.