Accessory Appendages Research Articles

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in a 21 year-old male patient

Ectodermal dysplasia is a hereditary disease characterized by congenital dysplasia of one or more ectodermal structures and their accessory appendages. Common manifestations include defective hair follicles, eyebrows, frontal bossing with prominent supraorbital ridges, nasal bridge depression and protuberant lips. Intraorally, most common findings are anodontia or hypodontia, conical teeth and generalized spaces. The patient may suffer from dry skin, hyperthermia, and unexplained high fever as a result of deficiency of sweat glands. This case report is about a 2 year-old male patient with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia who presented with complain like difficulty in speech and mastication since childhood due to absence of teeth and wanted to have the replacement of teeth for speech, function and aesthetics. When indicated, appropriate care needs to be rendered throughout the patient life to maintain oral functions as well as to address the esthetic needs of the patient.

Multidetector CT of left atrium

MDCT angiography has enabled visualization of left atrium in addition to coronary arteries. CT images can be utilized to demonstrate normal anatomy and pathologies. Left atrium variations and pathologies include atrial septal pouch, patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, atrial band, lipomatous hypertrophy, cor triatriatum, diverticulum, accessory appendages, atrial thrombus and masses. Left atrium should be carefully evaluated in patients undergoing coronary CT angiography. MDCT is becoming an alternative modality for the evaluation of left atrium.

Assembly of a functional Machupo virus polymerase complex

Segmented negative-sense viruses of the family Arenaviridae encode a large polymerase (L) protein that contains all of the enzymatic activities required for RNA synthesis. These activities include an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and an RNA endonuclease that cleaves capped primers from cellular mRNAs to prime transcription. Using purified catalytically active Machupo virus L, we provide a view of the overall architecture of this multifunctional polymerase and reconstitute complex formation with an RNA template in vitro. The L protein contains a central ring domain that is similar in appearance to the RdRP of dsRNA viruses and multiple accessory appendages that may be responsible for 5' cap formation. RNA template recognition by L requires a sequence-specific motif located at positions 2-5 in the 3' terminus of the viral genome. Moreover, L-RNA complex formation depends on single-stranded RNA, indicating that inter-termini dsRNA interactions must be partially broken for complex assembly to occur. Our results provide a model for arenavirus polymerase-template interactions and reveal the structural organization of a negative-strand RNA virus L protein.

Accessory left atrial diverticulae: contractile properties depicted with 64-slice cine-cardiac CT

To assess the contractility of accessory left atrial appendages (LAAs) using multiphasic cardiac CT. We retrospectively analyzed the presence, location, size and contractile properties of accessory LAAs using multiphasic cardiac 64-slice CT in 102 consecutive patients (63 males, 39 females, mean age 57). Multiplanar reformats were used to create image planes in axial oblique, sagittal oblique and coronal oblique planes. For all appendages with an orifice diameter >or= 10 mm, axial and sagittal diameters and appendage volumes were recorded in atrial diastole and systole. Regression analysis was performed to assess which imaging appearances best predicted accessory appendage contractility. Twenty-three (23%) patients demonstrated an accessory LAA, all identified along the anterior LA wall. Dimensions for axial oblique (AOD) and sagittal oblique (SOD) diameters and sagittal oblique length (SOL) were 6.3-19, 3.4-20 and 5-21 mm, respectively. All appendages (>or=10 mm) demonstrated significant contraction during atrial systole (greatest diameter reduction was AOD [3.8 mm, 27%]). Significant correlations were noted between AOD-contraction and AOD (R = 0.57, P < 0.05) and SOD-contraction and AOD, SOD and SOL (R = 0.6, P < 0.05). Mean diverticulum volume in atrial diastole was 468.4 +/- 493 mm(3) and in systole was 171.2 +/- 122 mm(3), indicating a mean change in volume of 297.2 +/- 390 mm(3), P < 0.0001. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed SOL to be the strongest independent predictor of appendage contractility (R(2) = 0.86, P < 0.0001) followed by SOD (R(2) = 0.91, P < 0.0001). Accessory LAAs show significant contractile properties on cardiac CT. Those accessory LAAs with a large sagittal height or depth should be evaluated for contractile properties, and if present should be examined for ectopic activity during electrophysiological studies.

Cardiac CT Assessment of Left Atrial Accessory Appendages and Diverticula

The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence, morphology, size, and location of left atrial abnormalities including diverticula and accessory appendages in consecutive patients undergoing cardiac-gated CT for coronary artery evaluation. Routine retrospectively gated contrast-enhanced 64-MDCT angiography (0.75-mm collimation, 330-milliseconds gantry rotation time) was performed in 529 consecutive patients. CT data sets were evaluated using axial, sagittal, coronal, and interactive multiplanar reconstructions; maximum intensity projections (MIPs); and interactive volume rendering. The presence, type, and location of left atrial appendages and diverticula were recorded. One hundred twenty-one patients had left atrial accessory appendages (n = 20) or left atrial diverticula (n = 81) or both (n = 20). One hundred four left atrial diverticula were found in 101 of the 529 patients (20%) and 44 accessory appendages in 41 patients (8%). Of the atrial diverticula, 88% were superior and anterior, 9% were right lateral superior, and 3% were inferior. Of accessory appendages, 34% were inferior posterior, 32% were left inferior, 18% were superior anterior, 14% were inferior posterior, and 2% were right inferior posterior. The average sizes of diverticula were 6.4 +/- 2.5 x 6.2 +/- 2.4 mm, and accessory appendages were 4.9 +/- 2.1 x 3.9 +/- 2.4 mm. Left atrial diverticula and accessory appendages are commonly found on cardiac-gated CT.

Ectopic Focus in an Accessory Left Atrial Appendage

A 65-year-old man with symptomatic atrial fibrillation refractory to medical therapy was referred for repeat pulmonary vein (PV) isolation. Clinical symptoms included paroxysmal palpitations once to twice per week with associated light-headedness and chest pain. Initial PV isolation had been performed 6 months earlier without cessation of atrial fibrillation despite combined medical therapy with oral flecainide and bisoprolol. His past medical history was significant for hypertension, and in his family history, 1 brother had experienced a stroke at the age of 57 years. Physical examination, ECG, chest radiography, and coronary angiography were normal. Holter 24-hour ECG recordings revealed occasional atrial premature beats and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. A magnetic resonance imaging study of the patient’s PVs and left atrium (LA) was performed before the repeat radiofrequency ablation. Images were acquired with a 1.5-T whole-body magnetic resonance system (Siemens Avanti, Siemens Medical Solutions, Forcheim, Germany) with an 8-element cardiac synergy coil for radiofrequency signal reception. First-pass breath-hold 3-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the PV was obtained after pump injection (3 mL/s) of 15 mmol of …

Multiple accessory left atrial appendages along a semi-circular path

A 51-year-old man with suspected coronary artery disease was referred for coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography study by using a 64 detector-row multidetector CT scanner. There were no significant coronary stenoses. However, multiple accessory left atrial appendages (Panels A–D, arrowheads) were incidentally noted in the left atrium along a semicircular path, from anterior roof adjacent to the septal ridge (Panel C, arrow) …

Treatment Considerations for a Patient with Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: A Case Report

This clinical report describes the oral rehabilitation of a 6-year-old male ectodermal dysplasia (ED) patient diagnosed with hypodontia. ED is a hereditary disease characterized by a congenital dysplasia of one or more ectodermal structures and their accessory appendages. Common manifestations include defective hair follicles and eyebrows, frontal bossing with prominent supraorbital ridges, nasal bridge depression, and protuberant lips. Intraorally, most common findings are anadontia or hypodontia, conical teeth, and generalize spaces. The patient may suffer from dry skin, hyperthermia, and unexplained high fever as a result of deficiency of sweat glands. A six-year-old boy who exhibited many of the manifestations of ED as well as behavioral problems and a severe gag reflex. The treatment was designed to improve his appearance and oral functions and included the fabrication of several removable prostheses and acid-etched composite resin restorations during his growth and development. Young patients with ED need to be evaluated early by a dental professional to determine the oral ramifications of the condition. When indicated, appropriate care needs to be rendered throughout the child's growth cycle to maintain oral functions as well as to address the esthetic needs of the patient. This clinical report demonstrates that removable partial dentures associated with direct composite restorations can be a reversible and inexpensive method of treatment for young ED patients.

Accessory appendages of the left atrium as seen during 64-slice coronary CT angiography

To document the frequency and variations in number and anatomical shape of accessory appendages of the left atrium as seen on 64-slice cardiac CT. Retrospective review of the anatomy of the left atrium as depicted by cardiac CT using the acquisition protocol designed for coronary CT Angiography and performed in 166 patients over a 6-month period with a 64-slice ECG-gated CT scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions). The local IRB provided a waiver of informed consent for this retrospective study. Structures less than 5 mm in shape were excluded, as well as large accessory pulmonary veins. Seventeen (17) of 166 patients (10%) had 18 accessory left atrial appendages (only one patient had two). Fifteen (15) accessory appendages were located along the right upper atrial wall and measured 0.9 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm(3) +/- 0.2 x 0.2 x 0.1 (Type 1). Three (3) were located along the left lower atrial wall, and were larger (0.9-2.5 cm cross-section) (Type 2). The right upper accessory appendages were mostly shaped like small diverticuli and the left lower ones were shaped like flat cauliflower expansions. Accessory left atrial appendages were visualized in 10% of 166 patients during 64-slice coronary CT angiography.

A prefabricated free flap for eyelid reconstruction.

Patients with severe soft-tissue trauma to the ipsilateral upper and lower eyelid and surrounding structures represent a reconstructive challenge. The authors present a new approach to eyelid reconstruction, by creating a prefabricated free flap from the contralateral lower eyelid. New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized, and the central artery and vein of the ear were mobilized and placed in a subcutaneous tunnel in the lower eyelid. After a delay procedure, flaps were made that measured 50 percent of the lower lid area. In an initial group (n = 9), the flaps were harvested at 3 weeks, and injected with Microfil, to demonstrate visual and radiologic patency and perfusion from the neopedicle. In a subsequent group of animals (n = 6), full-thickness defects of 50 percent of the left upper lid were created. Prefabricated free flaps from the right lower lid were transferred, anastomosing to the central artery and vein on the side of the eyelid being reconstructed. Tissue removed from the upper eyelid was placed in the defect of the lower lid donor site to serve as a control. Flaps were followed for periods of up to 6 months, documenting results photographically and by injection. Prefabricated free flaps from the lower eyelid maintained long-term patency and full-thickness perfusion from the pedicle, and also maintained size, shape, and accessory skin appendages better than composite graft controls. The authors concluded that prefabricated free flaps may be used to reconstruct eyelid defects; a surgical technique for application to human subjects is proposed.

Correlation of anti-HIV potency with lipophilicity in a series of cosalane analogs having normal alkenyl and phosphodiester chains as cholestane replacements.

In order to define the role of the cholestane moiety in the anti-HIV agent cosalane, a series of cosalane analogs was synthesized in which the cholestane ring system was replaced by normal alkenyl and phosphodiester substituents having varied chain lengths and lipophilicities. The compounds containing simple alkenyl substituents were found to be more potent as inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 in cell culture than the phosphodiesters. In addition, the potencies of the alkene congeners correlated positively with chain length and lipophilicity of the alkene. The results indicate that the cholestane moiety of cosalane functions as a lipophilic accessory appendage to escort the dichlorodisalicylmethane pharmacophore to a lipid environment.

Sexual Dimorphism in the Lobster (Homarus americanus)

In relation to total length of body, the longer carapace and the accessory copulatory appendage of the male and the longer fourth swimmeret of the female are seen in the immature but develop further during and after sexual maturity. The small sternal spines and long second swimmeret of the female and the wider carapace of the male develop with sexual maturity and become more pronounced with increase in body size.

The Nasal Bot Fly, Cephenomyia auribarbis Meigen (Diptera, Tachinidae) of the Red Deer, Cervus elaphus L

1. Cephenomyia auribarbis Mg., a tachino-oestrid parasite of the red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), is distributed throughout the deer forests of Scotland. The adult is found on the wing during June and July.2. The larva normally occurs attached to the walls of the nasal passages and pharynx, where it remains for 10 or 11 months. At maturity it drops to the ground and pupates beneath the surface. The adult emerges in 3–4 weeks.3. In January, 1931, a larva of the early third instar was recovered from a stag shot at Blair Atholl, Perthshire. It was found in fat in the pelvic region and not in the nostril or pharynx as might have been expected.4. It is suggested that the larva may have been swallowed by the host and bored its way through the wall of the gut into the peritoneal cavity, whence it had wandered to the pelvic region; or else that a first-stage larva had been accidentally deposited by a female on the hide and had bored through the body wall to the peritoneal cavity.5. The adult female and the early third-stage larva are described and illustrated.6. A comparison is made between the cephalo-pharyngeal apparatus of Cephenomyia auribarbis, Cephalomyia ovis, and Gastrophilus intestinalis. It is noted that the basilar sclerite of the first two species is provided with an accessory lateral appendage on each side. A greater surface is thus furnished for the attachment of the large depressor muscles of the buccal hooks. The larva thus securely holds its ground in the nasal cavities and pharynx, where the risks of summary ejection are always present. In G. intestinalis the accessory appendage is absent. The chances of the larva of this species losing its hold on the gastric mucous membrane of the host are very slight.

Accessory appendages and other abnormalities produced in amphibian larvae through the action of centrifugal force

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 18, Issue 3 p. 433-451 Article Accessory appendages and other abnormalities produced in amphibian larvae through the action of centrifugal force Arthur M. Banta, Arthur M. BantaSearch for more papers by this authorRoss Aiken Gortner, Ross Aiken GortnerSearch for more papers by this author Arthur M. Banta, Arthur M. BantaSearch for more papers by this authorRoss Aiken Gortner, Ross Aiken GortnerSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1915 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400180303Citations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume18, Issue3April 1915Pages 433-451 RelatedInformation

The production of accessory appendages and other abnormalities in amphibian larvae through the action of centrifugal force

A year ago after centrifuging some eggs of Rana sylvatica it was noted that all of the survivors in one lot had accessory tail-like appendages. This seemed to be a sufficiently striking modification to merit some effort to learn just what was responsible for their occurrence. After many trials similar modifications were produced again this season. Eggs were treated in various stages from unsegmented eggs to the gastrula, and the different lots were given three different treatments. In this note the earlier stages will not be considered. In a stage at which the blastopore had just become evident, or soon afterward became evident, the eggs which were subjected to a centrifugal force equivalent to 1,700 times gravity for two minutes were mostly killed. Accessory tail-like appendages developed in the survivors. 1,350 times gravity killed very few and accessory tail-like appendages developed in all of the survivors. 200 times gravity for ten minutes produced all normals in cases where the blastopore was not yet evident at the time of treatment. Where the blastopore was just evident all produced the accessory appendages. All survivors of similar treatments in the advanced gastrula and later stages were normal and accessory appendages were not produced in earlier stages than the blastula. The accessory appendages, usually one to each animal although in some instances as many as four have been noted, occurred on different parts of the body. By far the commonest location was the mid-ventral region although they were in all positions from the anal region to the under side of the head. In many cases the position was more or less lateral, or even dorso-lateral, the appendage usually extending ventrally however. The appendages in the positions described were all distinctly tail-like having the characteristic myomeres seen in the normal tail and having a fin-likekeel on one or both margins.

Scientific Serials

THE Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna Imperial Academy of Sciences (Natural History Section, vol. Ixxvi. parts 1—5, and vol. Ixxvii. parts 1—4) contain the following more important papers:—Addenda to our knowledge of annelids, by Dr. Aug. v. Mojsiso-vics.—On the orthoptera of the Senegal River, by Dr. H. Kraus.—On the fauna of the Cypris slates of the Eger tertiary strata, by O. Novak.—On the natural history of glimmer, by G. Tschermak.—Researches on cystolithes and some similar formations in the vegetable kingdom, by K. Richter.—On the genesis of salt deposits, particularly of those in western North America, by F. Posepny.—On the fresh-water fish of South-Eastern Brazil, by Dr. F. Steindachner.—On the “Salse di Sassuolo” and the “Argille scagliose,” by Theodor Fuchs.—On the flora of the countries round the Mediterranean and their dependence from the soils, by the same.—On the fossil flora of Parschlug, in Styria, by Dr. C. von Ettingshausen.—On the development of the embryo of Asplenium shepherdi, S pr., by F. Vouk.—On the internal cells in the antheridium cell of the pollen gram of certain coniferse, by A. Tomaschek.—On the origin of aptychus-Hmestone, by Th. Fuchs.—On the light line in the prism cells of seed scales, by Dr. R. Junowics.—On the encircled specks in the wood of trees, by Dr. J. Kreuz.—On the firmness and elasticity of vegetable tissues and organs, by Th. Weinzierl.—On the resinous ducts of certain coniferae, by Dr. Kreuz.—On the development of the pollen of Colckicum autumnale, L., by A. Tomaschek.—On some accessory appendages to the skull of Leporidse, by Dr. A. von Mojsisovics,—On cork and cork tissues, by Dr. F. von Höhnel.—Histo chemical researches on xyllophiline and coniferine, by the same.—On the phanerogamic flora of the Sandwich Islands, by Dr. H. W. Reichardt.—On the protoplasm of the pea, by Dr. Ed. Tangl.—On the undulating nutation of the internodes of the stems of plants, by J. Wiesner.—On the behaviour of Phloroglucine and of some similar substances towards the woody cell membrane, by the same.—On the degeneration in the leaf-shoots of some Amygdalese, caused by species of Exoascus, by E. Rathay.-Researches on Tunicata, by C. Heller.—On some new genera and species of Neuroptera, by Dr. F. Brauer.—On the originals to Ign. von Bern's Testaceis Musei Csesarei Vindobonensis, found in the Imperial Zoological Museum, by the same.—On the embryology of ferns, by H. Leitgeb.—Geological researches in the western part of the Balkan and the surrounding districts, by Franz Toula.—On some peculiar apertures in the corolla leaves of Francjscea macrantha, Pohl, by M. Waldner.—On the basaltic lava of the Eifel Mountains, by E. Hussak.—On the origin of holes and inden. tures in the leaf of Philodendron pertusum, Schott, by F. Schwarz.—Ichthyological researches, by Dr. F. Steindachner.—On the subterranean water-courses and basins, a.s well as on the clearness and transparency of certain lakes, and on the formation of lakes generally, by Dr. A. Boué.